Tech-dat/Network-dat/DTU-dat/DTU-dat.md
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+# DTU-dat
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Tech-dat/Network-dat/RF-dat/LORA-DAT/Lora-dat.md
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- [[samtech-dat]]
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+
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## Info
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- LoRa is the physical layer or in simple words is the modulation, the modem or radio, the hardware.
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- [[LoRaWAN-dat]] is the network protocol or architecture that works on LoRa.
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-## Lora
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+### Lora
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LoRa ™ is a long-range radio technology "Lo ng- Ra nge" its main features:
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- Low Consumption (up to 10 years with a battery, good depends on certain characteristics).
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- Low data transfer (up to 255 bytes).
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+- [[networking-dat]] - [[encryption-dat]]
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+
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+
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+[[Semtech-dat]] LoRa is a long-range, low-power wireless platform for IoT, generally referring to RF chips using LoRa technology. Its main features are as follows:
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+LoRa (short for "long range") uses spread spectrum modulation technology derived from Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS). It is a type of long-distance wireless transmission and LPWAN communication technology. Spread spectrum technology trades bandwidth for sensitivity; Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and others also use spread spectrum, but LoRa modulation is close to the Shannon limit, maximizing sensitivity.
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+
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+Compared to traditional [[FSK-dat]] technology, **at the same data rate, LoRa is 8~12dBm more sensitive than FSK**.
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+Currently, LoRa mainly operates in the sub-GHz ISM band.
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+LoRa technology integrates digital spread spectrum, digital signal processing, and forward error correction coding, greatly improving long-distance communication performance.
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+LoRa’s link budget is superior to any other standardized communication technology. Link budget refers to the main factor determining distance in a given environment.
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+The main LoRa RF chips are the SX127X series, SX126X series, and SX130X series. The SX127X and SX126X series are used for LoRa nodes, while the SX130X is used for LoRa gateways. For details, refer to Semtech’s product list.
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+
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+### Lora Tech
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+
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+- [[RSSI-dat]]
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+
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+#### LBT
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+
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+The module actively monitors channel environmental noise before transmitting. If the noise exceeds a threshold, transmission is delayed.
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+This feature improves communication success in harsh environments and can be used for networking and collision avoidance.
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+
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+![](2025-06-26-19-16-44.png)
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+
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+
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## Board
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- [[arduino-dat]] == [[DVA1007-dat]] - [[DVA1008-dat]] - [[loraduino-dat]]
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- [[loraduino-dat]]
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+LoRa devices and networks (such as LoRaWAN) enable smart IoT applications to help address major global challenges like energy management, depletion of natural resources, pollution control, infrastructure efficiency, and disaster prevention. Semtech’s LoRa devices have achieved hundreds of successful application cases in smart cities, homes and buildings, communities, metering, supply chain and logistics, agriculture, and more. LoRa networks now cover hundreds of millions of devices in over 100 countries/regions, aiming to create a smarter planet.
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+## lora frequency
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+
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+| Version | Frequency Range | Applicable Regions |
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+| ------- | --------------- | ------------------------ |
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+| HF | 850~930 MHz | Europe, America, Oceania |
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+| LF | 410~510 MHz | Asia, Europe |
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+
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+
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+## common configuration
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+
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+| Parameter Name | Default Value | Optional Values / Range |
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+| ------------------------ | ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
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+| Spreading Factor | 7 | 7~12 |
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+| Bandwidth | 0: 125KHz | 1: 250KHz, 2: 500KHz |
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+| Coding Rate | 4/5 | 4/5, 4/6, 4/7, 4/8 |
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+| Transmit Power | 22dBm | 10~22dBm |
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+| Network ID | 0 | 0~255 |
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+| LBT (Listen Before Talk) | 0: Disabled | 1: Enabled |
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+| **Working Mode** | 1: Stream Mode | 2: Packet Mode, 3: Relay Mode |
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+| **TX Channel (HF)** | 18 (868MHz) | 0~80 (850~930MHz or 410~490MHz) |
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+| **TX Channel (LF)** | 23 (433MHz) | 0~80 (850~930MHz or 410~490MHz) |
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+| **RX Channel (HF)** | 18 (868MHz) | 0~80 (850~930MHz or 410~490MHz) |
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+| **RX Channel (LF)** | 23 (433MHz) | 0~80 (850~930MHz or 410~490MHz) |
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+| **Address** | 0 | 0~65535 (65535 is broadcast listening address) |
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+| Interface Selection | 3: RS232 | 1: RS422, 2: RS485, 3: RS232 |
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+| Interface Baud Rate | 115200bps | 1200~115200bps |
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+| Interface Parity | None | None, Odd, Even |
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+| Key | 0 (No encryption) | 0~65535 |
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+
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+
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## museum module
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- [[RFM92-dat]]
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+
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## ref
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-- [[meshtastic-dat]] - [[opensource-dat]]
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+- [[DTU-dat]]
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+
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+- [[meshtastic-dat]] - [[opensource-dat]]
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https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp32-lora-rfm95-transceiver-arduino-ide/
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Tech-dat/Network-dat/RF-dat/LORA-DAT/lorawan-dat/lorawan-dat.md
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LoRaWAN is widely used because of its long-range, low-power, and cost-effective connectivity for IoT devices.
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+What is LoRaWAN?
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+LoRaWAN is an open low-power wide-area network protocol built on LoRa radio modulation technology. It is designed to wirelessly connect battery-powered "things" to the Internet in regional, national, or global networks, and addresses key IoT (Internet of Things) requirements such as bidirectional communication, end-to-end security, mobility, and localization services. Nodes connect wirelessly to the Internet with network authentication, essentially establishing an encrypted communication channel between the node and the server. The protocol stack of LoRaWAN is shown in the diagram below.
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+- The MAC layer includes three types of node devices: Class A/B/C, which basically cover all IoT application scenarios. The main difference between them is the timing of node transmission and reception.
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+- The Modulation layer includes EU868, AS430, etc., indicating that different countries use different frequency band parameters. For regional parameters, please refer to the reference link.
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+![](2025-06-26-19-22-12.png)
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+To achieve LoRaWAN network coverage in a city or other area, four components are required: nodes (LoRa node RF chips), gateways (also called base stations, LoRa gateway RF chips), servers, and the cloud, as shown in the diagram below.
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+- DEVICE (node device) must first send a network join request packet to the GATEWAY (gateway), then to the server. Only after authentication can it normally send and receive application data with the server.
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+- GATEWAY (gateway) can communicate with the server via wired networks or 3/4/5G wireless networks.
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+- Main server operators include TTN, etc. For self-hosted cloud services, please refer to lorawan-stack and chirpstack.
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+
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+![](2025-06-26-19-23-18.png)
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## ref
Tech-dat/Network-dat/RSSI-dat/2025-06-26-19-18-14.png
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Tech-dat/Network-dat/RSSI-dat/RSSI-dat.md
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+# RSSI-dat
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+This refers to the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) function.
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+The module supports serial output of packet signal strength, which can be used to evaluate signal quality, improve communication networks, and measure distance.
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+The module also supports serial output of environmental noise signal strength, which can be used to manually implement the LBT (Listen Before Talk) function.
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+![](2025-06-26-19-18-14.png)
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Tech-dat/Network-dat/networking-dat/networking-dat.md
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+# networking-dat
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+## Relay Networking
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+![](2025-06-26-19-14-24.png)
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+Relay mode refers to a transmission mode in which some LoRa devices in a LoRa network act as relay nodes to forward data streams from stream mode or packet mode. The relay mode device's interface does not output any data, achieving the function of extending the wireless communication distance.
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+
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+---
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+## Packet Mode
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+**Packet mode refers to a transmission mode in which the first 3 bytes of the data stream sent by a LoRa device specify the address and channel of the receiving device.**
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+The data stream uses hexadecimal (Hex) data format.
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+Suppose there are six LoRa devices: Device A, B, C, D, E, and F, forming a packet mode LoRa communication network. To change the address, channel, and working mode of devices in the LoRa network, refer to the communication diagram and parameter table below. Note: Use the AT command (`AT+MODE=2\r\n`) to switch to packet mode.
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+- Device A and Device C form point-to-point communication in packet mode.
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+ - Device A sends the hex data stream `FF FE 12 AA`, where `FF FE` is the address of the receiving device (Device C), `12` is the channel of the receiving device (Device C), and `AA` is the data (hexadecimal format, e.g., AA, AF, FA, etc.). Device C with matching address and channel receives it correctly.
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+ - Device C sends the hex data stream `00 01 12 CC`, where `00 01` is the address of the receiving device (Device A), `12` is the channel of the receiving device (Device A), and `CC` is the data. Device A with matching address and channel receives it correctly.
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+- Devices A, B, C, D, E, and F form point-to-multipoint communication in packet mode.
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+ - Device B's address is set to 65535 (Hex: 0xFFFF), making it a broadcast listening device in the LoRa network. When Device B broadcasts a data stream, all devices with addresses from 0 to 65535 on the same channel can receive the data stream. When other devices send data streams, Device B can listen to the data streams from devices with addresses from 0 to 65535 on the same channel.
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+ - Device B broadcasts the hex data stream `FF FF 12 BB`, where `FF FF` is the broadcast address, `12` is the channel, and `BB` is the data. Devices A, C, D, and E with matching channel (`18` Hex: `0x12`) receive it correctly. Device F with a non-matching channel (`65` Hex: `0x41`) fails to receive.
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+ - When Devices A, C, D, or E send data streams (e.g., Device A sends `FF FE 12 AA`), Device B can listen and receive the data stream.
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+ - When Device F (with a non-matching channel, `65` Hex: `0x41`) sends a data stream, Device B fails to listen and receive.
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+![](2025-06-26-19-33-23.png)
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+---
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+## Stream Mode
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+### Stream Mode Overview
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+Stream mode means that a LoRa Device (SX1262-LoRa-DTU, USB-TO-LoRa) transmits the data stream received from its interface via LoRa to another device, which demodulates and outputs the data stream from its specified interface. What you send is what you get.
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+### Example Network
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+Suppose there are six LoRa devices: Device A, B, C, D, E, and F, forming a stream mode LoRa communication network.
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+- To change the address, channel, and working mode of each device in the LoRa network, refer to the communication diagram and parameter table below.
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+- Use the AT command to switch to stream mode:
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+ ```
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+ AT+MODE=1\r\n
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+ ```
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+---
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+#### 1. Point-to-Point Communication
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+- Device A and Device C form a point-to-point communication in stream mode.
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+- Device A sends `Hello World` to Device C. Device C with matching **address and channel** receives it correctly.
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+- Device C sends `any World` to Device A. Device A with matching **address and channel** receives it correctly.
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+
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+---
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+#### 2. Point-to-Multipoint Communication & Broadcast Listening
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+- Devices A, B, C, D, E, and F form a point-to-multipoint communication network in stream mode.
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+- Device B's address is set to 65535 (Hex: 0xFFFF), making it a broadcast listening device in the LoRa network.
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+- When Device B broadcasts a data stream, all devices with addresses from 0 to 65535 on the same channel can receive the data stream.
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+- When other devices send data streams, Device B can listen to the data streams from devices with addresses from 0 to 65535 on the same channel.
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+#### Examples
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+- Device B broadcasts `Hi World` data stream. Devices A, C, D, and E with matching channels receive it correctly. Device F with a non-matching channel fails to receive.
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+- When Devices A, C, D, or E send data streams (e.g., Device A sends `Hello World`), Device B can listen and receive the data stream.
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+- When Device F (with a non-matching channel) sends a data stream, Device B fails to listen and receive.
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+
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+---
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+#### Communication Diagram
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+![](2025-06-26-19-28-10.png)
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Tech-dat/encryption-dat/encryption-dat.md
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+# encryption-dat
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+## AES encryption
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+![](2025-06-26-19-15-28.png)
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