power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-isolation-dat/2025-05-21-16-34-07.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-isolation-dat/2025-05-21-16-36-06.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-isolation-dat/AC-isolation-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
1
+
2
+# AC-isolation-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## 5V Power Isolation
6
+
7
+![](2025-05-21-16-34-07.png)
8
+
9
+- [[B-S-1W-dat]] - [[morsun-dat]] - [[power-isolated-Module-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+## Signal Isolation
14
+
15
+![](2025-05-21-16-36-06.png)
16
+
17
+- [[EL357-dat]] - [[everlight-dat]] - [[Optical-Coupler-DAT]]
18
+
power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-voltage-monitor-dat/AC-voltage-monitor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
1
+
2
+# AC-voltage-monitor-dat
3
+
4
+- [[HLW-dat]]
5
+
power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2023-08-31-18-49-57.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-01-23-14-05-46.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-01-23-14-06-01.png
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-03-21-14-52-51.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-08-28-15-15-13.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2025-02-03-15-20-49.png
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2025-02-03-15-21-51.png
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/ACDC-RC_Buck-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# ACDC RC Buck
3
+
4
+![](2023-08-31-18-49-57.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[ACDC-RC_BUCK]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/ACDC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
1
+
2
+# ACDC dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## Modules
7
+
8
+- [[OPM1178-dat]] - [[OPM1110-dat]] - [[OPM1111-dat]] - [[OPM1016-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[OPM1113-dat]]
11
+
12
+## Chip Solutions
13
+
14
+- [[AP8022-dat]] - [[AP8012-dat]]
15
+
16
+
17
+## Board Function diagram
18
+
19
+![](2025-02-03-15-20-49.png)
20
+
21
+- Power supply principle scheme block diagram
22
+- Mains power 220VAC
23
+- Electromagnetic interference filter
24
+- Rectification and filtering
25
+- Low voltage rectifier filter
26
+- DC output
27
+- Output detection
28
+- Power detection
29
+- PWM switch control
30
+- Temperature detection
31
+- Signal comprehensive analysis/processing
32
+- feedback control
33
+
34
+
35
+## Usage Applciation
36
+
37
+![](2025-02-03-15-21-51.png)
38
+
39
+## peripheral SCH
40
+
41
+![](2024-01-23-14-05-46.png)
42
+
43
+![](2024-01-23-14-06-01.png)
44
+
45
+- [[fuse-dat]] - [[MOV-dat]] - [[NTC-dat]]
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+## SCH ref
52
+
53
+
54
+![](2024-03-21-14-52-51.png)
55
+
56
+- 4x diodes rectify bridge
57
+
58
+
59
+## function map
60
+
61
+![](2024-08-28-15-15-13.png)
62
+
63
+## ref
64
+
65
+- [[ACDC]]
66
+
67
+改成了 - [[AC-DC-RPD]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ac-mains-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
1
+
2
+# ac-mains-dat
3
+
4
+- [[AC-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[acdc-adapter-dat]] - [[acdc-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[power-isolated-Module-dat]] - [[current-transformer-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[sample-resistor-dat]]
10
+
11
+## Measurement
12
+
13
+- [[HLW8012-dat]] - [[HLW8032-dat]]
14
+
15
+## Note
16
+
17
+- The live wire of domestic circuits is usually red and is at high voltage.
18
+- The neutral wire is black and has voltage close to that of the ground.
19
+- The potential difference between these two wires in India is about 220 V.
20
+- The earth or ground wire provides safety against faults and current leaks.
21
+- Earth pin is longer to ensure earth connection happens first while connecting and last while disconnecting any devices.
22
+
23
+
24
+## 1. What is AC (Alternating Current)?
25
+- **AC (Alternating Current)** is the type of electricity commonly used in homes and buildings.
26
+- The voltage **alternates direction** (50 or 60 times per second — 50Hz or 60Hz).
27
+- It powers appliances, lights, outlets, etc.
28
+
29
+---
30
+
31
+## 2. The Three Main Wires in an AC Circuit
32
+
33
+### 🔴 Live (Hot) Wire
34
+- **Carries voltage** from the power source (e.g., 120V or 220V).
35
+- **Dangerous** – touching it can result in electric shock.
36
+- **Color**: Often **black** or **brown** (varies by country).
37
+
38
+### 🔵 Neutral Wire
39
+- **Returns current** back to the power source to complete the circuit.
40
+- **Usually near 0V**, but can still be hazardous.
41
+- **Color**: Often **white** or **blue**.
42
+
43
+### 🟢 Ground (Earth) Wire
44
+- **Safety wire**, doesn't carry current under normal conditions.
45
+- **Connected to the earth** – redirects electricity safely during a fault.
46
+- **Color**: Usually **green** or **green/yellow striped**.
47
+
48
+---
49
+
50
+## 3. How They Work Together (Water Analogy)
51
+
52
+| Water System | Electrical System |
53
+|-------------------|---------------------------|
54
+| Water source | 🔴 Live wire (carries power) |
55
+| Drain pipe | 🔵 Neutral wire (returns current) |
56
+| Overflow pipe | 🟢 Ground wire (emergency path) |
57
+
58
+---
59
+
60
+## ⚠️ Safety Notes
61
+- Only **Live** wire carries full voltage.
62
+- **Neutral** may still be dangerous if wiring is faulty.
63
+- **Ground** is for safety and **should not be live**.
64
+- **Never touch wires** unless the power is off and you are trained.
65
+
66
+---
67
+
68
+✅ Use a multimeter to test wiring safely, and always follow local electrical codes and safety standards.
69
+
70
+
71
+- [[ground-wire-dat]]
72
+
73
+## ref
74
+
75
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/acdc-adapter-dat/33-41-16-30-08-2023.png
... ...
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power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/acdc-adapter-dat/acdc-adapter-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
1
+
2
+# acdc adapter dat
3
+
4
+## Technical Parameters:
5
+- Input voltage: AC (AC) 100-240V~50/60Hz
6
+- Output voltage: DC (direct current) 12V
7
+- Output current: DC (direct current) 5A
8
+- Input AC line: 0.5m
9
+- Output DC line: 1 meter
10
+- Output DC interface: 5.5*2.5mm [compatible with 5.5*2.1mm]
11
+- Polarity of power supply: positive inside and negative outside, inside (∩outside) (one) (large quantity and special polarity can be ordered as required)
12
+- Power supply size: length 11.8 width 5.2 height 3.1CM
13
+- Packing: transparent pp bag/white carton (transparent pp bag packaging/100 pcs per box by default)
14
+
15
+https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a21n57.1.0.0.718c523cteZiZt&id=522130135676&ns=1&abbucket=6#detail
16
+
17
+![](33-41-16-30-08-2023.png)
18
+
19
+
20
+
power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ground-wire-dat/ground-wire-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
1
+
2
+# ground-wire-dat
3
+
4
+## ⚠️ Can I Connect the Ground Wire to My Desk?
5
+
6
+### ❌ Short Answer: **No, you should not connect the ground wire directly to your desk.**
7
+
8
+---
9
+
10
+### ⚠️ Why It's Not Safe
11
+
12
+#### 1. **A desk is not a valid ground**
13
+- Most desks are **not connected to the earth** or a certified ground system.
14
+- Connecting a ground wire to the desk can create a **shock hazard** if a live wire touches it.
15
+
16
+#### 2. **It can become dangerous**
17
+- If there's a fault (e.g., short circuit), the desk may become **electrically live**.
18
+- Without a safe ground path, the electricity won’t safely discharge.
19
+
20
+#### 3. **Violates electrical codes**
21
+- DIY grounding like this often **violates local electrical safety regulations**.
22
+- It can lead to:
23
+ - Electric shock
24
+ - Fire hazards
25
+ - Insurance or legal issues
26
+
27
+---
28
+
29
+### ✅ When Can a Desk Be Grounded Safely?
30
+
31
+Only under these conditions:
32
+
33
+- The desk is **metallic and designed for grounding** (e.g., ESD-safe workbenches).
34
+- It is connected to a **known, safe ground point**, such as:
35
+ - The **ground hole** in a 3-prong outlet
36
+ - A **ground busbar** in a lab or industrial setup
37
+- Proper grounding tools (connectors, wires, terminals) are used.
38
+
39
+---
40
+
41
+### 🛠️ Example: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) Protection
42
+
43
+If your goal is **static protection** when working with electronics:
44
+
45
+- Use an **anti-static mat** and/or **wrist strap**.
46
+- Connect the mat or strap to the **ground terminal of a wall outlet** using a proper **ESD grounding plug**.
47
+- Do **not** connect it directly to the desk frame unless the desk is certified and grounded.
48
+
49
+---
50
+
51
+### ✅ Conclusion
52
+
53
+> ⚠️ **Do NOT connect a ground wire directly to your desk unless you are following proper electrical grounding standards.**
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+## ref
58
+
59
+- [[AC-mains-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/DC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
1
+
2
+# DC-dat
3
+
4
+legacy wiki page - https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:DC-DC#Schematic
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[dcdc-dat]] - [[ldo-dat]] - [[dc-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[voltage-supervisor-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+## chip companies
11
+
12
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[consonance-dat]] - [[AMS-dat]] - [[microne-dat]] - [[richtek-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/CV&CC-dat/CV&CC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
1
+
2
+# CV&CC-dat
3
+
power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-boost-dat/dcdc-boost-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
1
+
2
+# dcdc-boost-dat
3
+
4
+legacy wiki page - https://www.electrodragon.com/w/DC-DC_Boost
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[OPM1117-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[OPM1013-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[OPM1032-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[OPM1089-dat]]
14
+
15
+- [[OPM1133-dat]]
16
+- https://www.electrodragon.com/product/mini-boost-buck-dc-board-1-8-5v-3-3v/
17
+
18
+- [[OPM1137-dat]]
19
+
20
+- [[OPM1175-dat]]
21
+- https://www.electrodragon.com/product/step-up-boost-dc-power-module-me6208-0-9-5vin-5vout-0-5a/
22
+
23
+- [[TPS61088-dat]]
24
+
25
+
26
+## compare
27
+
28
+| model | description | peripherals | type |
29
+| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------- | ----------- |
30
+| TPS61040DBVR | TPS6104x Low-Power DC-DC Boost Converter in SOT-23 and WSON Packages | 7 | . |
31
+| LT8364 | Low IQ Boost/SEPIC/Inverting Converter with 4A, 60V Switch | 11 | |
32
+| [[SX1308-dat]] | High Efficiency 1.2MHz 2A Step Up Converter 85T | 6 | |
33
+| SDB628 | | 6 | |
34
+| LGS6302 | | 6 | |
35
+| FP6277 | 500kHz 7A High Efficiency Synchronous PWM Boost Converter | 7 | |
36
+| PW5410A | Output 5V,Regulated Charge Pump DC/Dc Converter | 3 | charge pump |
37
+
38
+fixed 5V output and little periperals
39
+
40
+| **Chip** | **Input Voltage** | **Output Voltage** | **Output Current** | **Efficiency** | **External Components** | **Notes** |
41
+|-----------------|-------------------|--------------------|--------------------|----------------|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
42
+| TPS61072 | 0.9V–5.5V | Fixed 5V | Up to 400mA | Up to 90% | 4 (inductor, 2 caps, diode) | Compact, great for low-current devices |
43
+| MIC2288 | 2.5V–10V | Fixed 5V | Up to 1.2A | Up to 90% | 3 (inductor, 2 caps) | Minimal components, fixed 5V version |
44
+| FP6293 | 2.5V–5.5V | Fixed 5V | Up to 1.5A | Up to 95% | 4 (inductor, 2 caps, resistor) | High efficiency, great for portable devices |
45
+| [[ME2108-dat]] | 2V–6.5V | Fixed 5V | Up to 1A | Up to 90% | 3 (inductor, 2 caps) | Simplest, minimal components needed |
46
+
47
+- [[microne-dat]]
48
+
49
+- [[richtek-dat]] - [[RT9266-dat]]
50
+
51
+## ref
52
+
53
+- [[dcdc-boost-dat]]
54
+
55
+- [[dcdc-boost]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
1
+
2
+# dcdc dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[dcdc-buck-dat]] - [[dcdc-boost-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[ti-power-dat]] - [[silergy-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+## ref
11
+
12
+- [[dcdc]]
13
+
power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/2024-07-10-12-59-29.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/2024-07-10-12-59-29.png differ
power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/dcdc-down-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
1
+# DCDC-down-dat
2
+
3
+- [[dcdc-down]]
4
+
5
+- [[MPS-dat]] - [[MP1658-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[TI-power-dat]] - [[TPS54302-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[silergy-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[XL-dat]] - [[XL4015-dat]] - [[XL1509-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[OPM1192-dat]] - [[OPM1152-dat]]
14
+
15
+- [[richtek-dat]]
16
+
17
+### LM2596 = input 3~40V
18
+
19
+- [[OPM1003-dat]] - [[LM2596-dat]] ADJ Display version
20
+
21
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/lm2596-adj-dc-dc-step-module-high-power-wdisplay/
22
+
23
+- [[OPM1026-dat]] - ADJ version
24
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/lm2596s-adj-dc-dc-small-tiny-adjustable-step-down-module-3-40vin-1-5-35vout/
25
+
26
+- [[6101380-dat]]
27
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/lm25xx-regulator-2596-2940/
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+### XL4015 = 37V / 5A
32
+
33
+- [[OPM1171-dat]]
34
+- https://www.electrodragon.com/product/dc-dc-step-down-adj-power-module-xl4015-4-38v-5a-96/
35
+
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+### Option 401
41
+
42
+High Efficiency, 1.2MHz, 50V Input, 0.8A Asynchronous Step Down Regulator
43
+
44
+### Option 8201
45
+
46
+High Efficiency, Fast Response, 2.0A, 18V Input Synchronous Step Down Regulator
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+## template
52
+
53
+| chip | Co. | Vin | Ipeak | Inorm | freq | package | cost CNY |
54
+| ------------ | ----------- | --------- | ----- | ----- | ---- | ------- | --------- |
55
+| TPS5430 | | 5.5-36V | 3A | | | |
56
+| TPS54331 | | 3.5-28V | 3A | | | SOP-8 |
57
+| TPS54302 DDCR | [[TI-power-dat]] | 4.5-28V | 3A | | | SOT23-6 | 0.98 |
58
+| LM2596S-5.0 | | 40V | 3A | | | |
59
+| TLV62569DBVR | | 2.5V~5.5V | 2A | | | |
60
+| TPS5450DDAR | | 5.5V~36V | 5A | | | |
61
+| TPS54560DDAR | | 4.5V~60V | | | | | 30+: 5.37 |
62
+| XL1509 | [[XL-dat]] | | | | | |
63
+| LM5164DDAR | | 6V~100V | | | | |
64
+| MP2143 | [[MPS-dat]] | 24V | 3A | | | |
65
+
66
+
67
+TPS 543x 3A、宽输入范围降压转换器
68
+
69
+TPS 5430：5.5V 至 36V
70
+
71
+TPS 54331 具有 Eco-mode 的 3A、28V 输入、直流/直流降压转换器
72
+
73
+TPS 54202 DDCR
74
+
75
+TPS 563201 DDCR
76
+
77
+
78
+MT2492 - 2A,4.5V-16V Input,600kHz Synchronous Step-Down Converter
79
+ME3116AM6G - 最高输入 40V 带载可达 1A 的 DC/DC 降压型稳压器 ME3116
80
+
81
+
82
+
83
+- [[dcdc-down-output-dat]]
84
+
85
+## circuits
86
+
87
+![](2024-07-10-12-59-29.png)
88
+
89
+## ref
90
+
91
+- [[LDO-dat]]
92
+
93
+- [[XL-dat]] - [[MPS-dat]] - [[silergy-dat]]
94
+
95
+- [[dcdc-down]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/dcdc-down-output-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
1
+
2
+# dcdc-bulk-output-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+when Vref = 0.6V
6
+
7
+Vout = Vref * (R2/R3+1)
8
+
9
+for 5V = 0.6V * (100K / ? + 1 )
10
+
11
+100K / R3 = 5V/0.6V - 1 = 7.3333
12
+100K / R3 = 5.2V/0.6V - 1 = 7.6666
13
+
14
+R3 = 13.633K or below 13.3K for 5.2V
15
+
16
+
17
+| output | rough | Rbot | Rtop | Vref |
18
+| ------ | ----- | ----- | ---- | ---- |
19
+| 5V | 5.2V | 13.3K | 100K | 0.6V |
20
+| 4.35V | 4.35V | 16K | 100K | 0.6V |
21
+| 4.2V | 4.2V | 16.6K | 100K | 0.6V |
22
+| 4V | 3.93V | 18K | 100K | 0.6V |
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/2024-01-18-18-11-53.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/2024-01-18-18-11-53.png differ
power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/2024-07-10-13-00-29.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/2024-07-10-13-00-29.png differ
power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/LDO-2CH-dat/LDO-2CH-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
1
+
2
+# LDO-2CH-dat
3
+
4
+- [[XC6206-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/LDO-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
1
+
2
+# LDO-dat
3
+
4
+- [[microne-dat]] - [[silergy-dat]] - [[ti-power-dat]]
5
+
6
+## comparable table
7
+
8
+| chip | package | VIN |
9
+| ----------------- | ------- | --- |
10
+| [[AMS1117-dat]] | SOT-89 | |
11
+| 6211 | | |
12
+| SPX3819 | | |
13
+| RT9013 / RT9193 | | |
14
+| SGM2028 / SGM2019 | | |
15
+| MIC5219 | | |
16
+| XC6219 | | |
17
+| LP2985 | | |
18
+
19
+## 9742
20
+
21
+![](2024-01-18-18-11-53.png)
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+
26
+## SGM2036
27
+
28
+- VGPS = 2.8V
29
+
30
+![](2024-07-10-13-00-29.png)
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+
35
+## large current
36
+
37
+- [[LM7805-dat]] - [[TI-power-dat]] - [[LM317-dat]]
38
+
39
+
40
+[LD1086DT33TR](https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/STMicroelectronics/LD1086DT33TR?qs=ZqrNm9%252BX9x495avHxGunSw%3D%3D&srsltid=AfmBOoo8TbJZVeh8Kv_urL5uG9JMlbgNaeSaF4P_AzeEG9Svc2ydWkUq) == LDO Voltage Regulators 3.3V 1.5A Positive
41
+
42
+
43
+
44
+## ref
45
+
46
+- [[DC-dat]]
47
+
48
+- [[LDO]]
49
+
50
+- [[silergy]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/DC-dat/dc-voltage-monitor-dat/dc-voltage-monitor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# dc-voltage-monitor-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
power-dat/DC-dat/voltage-supervisor-dat/voltage-supervisor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
1
+
2
+# Voltage supervisor ICs
3
+
4
+
5
+### 1. MAX809 / MAX810 Series
6
+- **Purpose**: Voltage supervisor ICs for battery monitoring.
7
+- **Features**:
8
+ - Monitors voltage and generates a reset signal when voltage drops below a set threshold.
9
+ - Available in SOT23-3 package.
10
+ - Extremely low quiescent current (ideal for battery applications).
11
+ - Fixed threshold voltages (e.g., 2.5V, 3.0V, 3.3V, etc.).
12
+- **Application**: Battery-powered devices, microcontroller reset circuits.
13
+
14
+---
15
+
16
+### 2. TLV803 / TLV809 Series (Texas Instruments)
17
+- **Purpose**: Voltage supervisor for simple battery monitoring.
18
+- **Features**:
19
+ - Low-power consumption (0.9 µA typical).
20
+ - Fixed voltage threshold options (e.g., 2.7V, 3.0V, 3.3V).
21
+ - Push-pull output or open-drain configurations.
22
+ - Compact SOT23-3 package.
23
+
24
+---
25
+
26
+### 3. MCP100 / MCP101 Series (Microchip)
27
+- **Purpose**: Voltage detector ICs for battery-powered devices.
28
+- **Features**:
29
+ - Ultra-low quiescent current (<1 µA).
30
+ - Monitors battery voltage levels with fixed thresholds.
31
+ - SOT23-3 package for compact designs.
32
+ - Reset output for low-battery detection.
33
+
34
+---
35
+
36
+### 4. TPS3808 Series (Texas Instruments)
37
+- **Purpose**: Precision voltage supervisor IC.
38
+- **Features**:
39
+ - Adjustable or fixed voltage thresholds.
40
+ - Low power consumption (<2 µA typical).
41
+ - Reset signal for microcontroller.
42
+ - SOT23-3 package for compact designs.
43
+
44
+
45
+### TPS382x
46
+
47
+TPS382x Voltage Monitor With Watchdog Timer
48
+
49
+The TPS382x family of supervisors provide circuit initialization and timing supervision, primarily for DSP and processor-based systems.
50
+
51
+During power on, RESET asserts when the supply voltage VDD becomes greater than 1.1 V. Thereafter, the supply voltage supervisor monitors VDD and keeps RESET active low as long as VDD remains less than the threshold voltage, VIT−. An internal timer delays the return of the output to the inactive state (high) to ensure proper system reset.
52
+
53
+The delay time, td, starts after VDD has risen above the threshold voltage (VIT− + VHYS). When the supply voltage drops below the threshold voltage VIT−, the output becomes active (low) again. No external components are required. All the devices of this family have a fixed-sense threshold voltage, VIT–, set by an internal voltage divider.
54
+
55
+The TPS382x family also offers watchdog time out options of 200 ms (TPS3820) and 1.6 s (TPS3823, TPS3824, and TPS3828).
56
+
57
+
58
+TPS382x 系列监控器主要为 DSP 以及基于处理器的系统提供电路初始化和计时监控等功能。
59
+
60
+上电期间，RESET 会在电源电压 VDD 超出 1.1V 时置为有效。
61
+
62
+因此 VDD 保持在阈值电压 VIT− 以下，电源电压监控器就会监测 VDD 并将 RESET 保持为低电平有效。内部计时器将会延迟输出恢复至无效状态（高电平）的时间，以确保系统正常复位。延时时间 td 始于 VDD 上升至高于阈值电压 (VIT− + VHYS) 之后。当电源电压降到阈值电压 VIT− 以下时，输出再次变为有效状态（低电平）。无需外部组件。该系列中的所有器件均具有一个通过内部分压器设定的固定检测阈值电压 VIT–。TPS382x 系列还提供 200ms (TPS3820) 和 1.6s（TPS3823、TPS3824 和 TPS3828）的看门狗超时选项。
63
+
64
+
65
+## ref
66
+
67
+- [[CONsonance-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/Power-distribution-dat/Power-distribution-dat.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
1
+
2
+# power-flow-contro-dat
3
+
4
+## USB Logic control for [[SDR1096-DAT]]
5
+
6
+[[logic-gate-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+- OE stay off by pull up resistor (default)
10
+- OE turn on by **USB_ID or PA28_USB_HOST_EN pull down**
11
+ - **USB_ID or PA28_USB_HOST_EN pull down** further turn on [[mos-p]]
12
+ - VBUS -> VIN via [[mos-p]] (default off by pull up resistor)
13
+
14
+
15
+![](2023-12-18-15-43-51.png)
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## P-ch Mosfet select for [[ARM1007-dat]]
20
+
21
+
22
+![](2024-10-15-17-29-50.png)
23
+
24
+working table
25
+
26
+| Input | mos-ctrl | working |
27
+| ----- | -------- | ---------------- |
28
+| VBAT | ON | direct to +5V |
29
+| VBUS | OFF | via diode to +5V |
30
+
31
+
32
+## P-ch Mosfet select V2 for [[ARM1003-dat]]
33
+
34
+- [[mosfet-dat]]
35
+
36
+| VBUS @ gate | p-mos | BAT | VCC | note |
37
+| ----------- | ----- | --- | ------ | ---------- |
38
+| ON | OFF | OFF | = VBUS | via diode |
39
+| OFF | ON | ON | = VBAT | via mosfet |
40
+
41
+
42
+![](2025-02-03-17-18-57.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-06.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
1
+
2
+# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
+
4
+## Method 1.
5
+
6
+How to use single [[TP4056-dat]] to charge 2S lithium battery pack?
7
+
8
+The battery should be built with all pins out:
9
+
10
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-06.png)
11
+
12
+parallel charging by [[TP4056-dat]] directly
13
+
14
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-34.png)
15
+
16
+Board looks like:
17
+
18
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-51.png)
19
+
20
+
21
+## Method 2.
22
+
23
+If building your own charger or pack, include a BMS, and use a charger with current limit and CV/CC behavior.
24
+
25
+如果你自己DIY电池组或充电系统，务必使用保护板（BMS），并选择支持恒流恒压输出的充电器。
26
+
27
+
28
+## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
29
+
30
+These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
31
+
32
+🔧 Example:
33
+
34
+IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
35
+
36
+Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
37
+
38
+
39
+## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
40
+
41
+== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
42
+
43
+
44
+- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
45
+
46
+Example setup:
47
+
48
+Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
49
+
50
+The BMS will:
51
+
52
+- Protect against overcharge
53
+- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+## ref
59
+
60
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
1
+
2
+# BMS-dat
3
+
4
+## Protection solution
5
+
6
+### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
7
+
8
+A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
9
+
10
+G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
11
+
12
+![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
13
+
14
+### DW01 + FM8205
15
+
16
+### protection board
17
+
18
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
19
+
20
+## Precautions before applying BMS:
21
+
22
+1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
23
+
24
+- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
25
+- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
26
+- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
27
+
28
+The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
29
+
30
+2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
31
+
32
+Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
33
+
34
+3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
35
+
36
+4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
37
+
38
+If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
39
+
40
+A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
41
+
42
+
43
+
44
+
45
+
46
+
47
+## ref
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
1
+# battery-charge-dat
2
+
3
+https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Battery_Charge
4
+
5
+The most following charger options are for the lithium-ion battery
6
+
7
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
8
+
9
+## Chip Info
10
+
11
+- [[LTC4054-dat]] - [[MCP73831-dat]]
12
+
13
+[[TP-dat]] - [[TP4056-dat]] - [[TP5000-dat]]
14
+
15
+[[injoinic-dat]]
16
+- [[IP5306-dat]]
17
+
18
+- [[CN3722-dat]] - [[CN3768-dat]]
19
+
20
+
21
+## Board
22
+
23
+- [[OPM1193-dat]] - [[OPM1156-dat]]
24
+
25
+
26
+
27
+## Compare
28
+
29
+| Type | Feature | charge-current |
30
+| -------- | --------------------------------- | -------------- |
31
+| TP5000 | Li-MnO2, LiFePO4(LFP) charger IC, | 0.5A |
32
+| MCP73831 | 0LED indicator | 0.5A |
33
+| TP4056 | Linear charging | ~1A |
34
+| TP4054 |
35
+
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+## Quick-Charge QC Options
40
+
41
+* FP6719 / FP6717 / FP6291 DC-DC Boost
42
+* PSC5415
43
+* ME2149
44
+* Solution - FP6601 + TPS61088
45
+QC Protocol Identify:
46
+* FM5888
47
+* LI4001 - LI4001是一款面向5V交流适配器的2A锂离子电池充电芯片。采用700KHz开关降压型转换器拓扑结构工作。LI4001包括完整的涓流充电、恒流充电、恒压充电、充电自动终止电路、自动再充电以及过流保护、短路保护电路。最大2A的可编程充电电流与简单的外围电路造就了一种能被嵌入在各种手持式应用中的小型化充电器。由于集成了温度保护、输入欠压闭锁，提高了芯片的应用可靠性。
48
+* BQ24170
49
+* TP5100 - 2A开关降压 8.4V/4.2V锂电池充电器芯片
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+## Module LDO RTC
55
+request
56
+* MT2503 ED20 -> 1.1V RTC LDO
57
+* SIM800 -> 2.8V RTC LDO
58
+
59
+
60
+## ref
61
+
62
+- [[battery-dat]]
63
+
64
+## voltage map
65
+
66
+| volt | composite | sum |
67
+| ---- | --------- | ----- |
68
+| 4.2 | 2 | 8.4V |
69
+| 4.2 | 3 | 12.6V |
70
+| 4.2 | 4 | 16.8V |
71
+| 4.2 | 5 | 21V |
72
+
73
+
74
+## battery cables
75
+
76
+- [[SM2.54-dat]] - [[JST-dat]] - [[15EDGRKP-3.81mm-dat]] - [[XT-dat]] - [[cable-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/2023-11-08-16-40-20.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/CR1220-dat/CR1220-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
1
+
2
+# CR1220-dat
3
+
4
+The CR1220 is a lithium coin cell battery with the following key features:
5
+
6
+Specifications:
7
+- Diameter: 12 mm
8
+- Thickness: 2.0 mm
9
+- Nominal Voltage: 3V
10
+- Capacity: Approximately 35-40 mAh (varies by brand)
11
+- Chemistry: Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2)
12
+- Operating Temperature Range: -30°C to +60°C
13
+
14
+Common Applications:
15
+- Watches
16
+- Calculators
17
+- Car key fobs
18
+- Small medical devices (like glucose meters)
19
+- Motherboards (for CMOS memory)
20
+- Small toys
21
+
22
+Advantages:
23
+- Long Shelf Life: Typically 5-10 years due to low self-discharge rates.
24
+- High Energy Density: Ideal for compact devices.
25
+- Stable Voltage Output: Ensures consistent device operation.
26
+
27
+
28
+## Pulse Current
29
+
30
+The CR1220 lithium coin cell battery is designed for low-power devices, and its discharge current specifications depend on the manufacturer and application. Here's an overview:
31
+
32
+1. Continuous Discharge Current
33
+- Typical Range: 0.1 mA to 0.2 mA
34
+- This current is sufficient for steady operation in devices like watches, calculators, and small sensors.
35
+
36
+1. Maximum Pulse Discharge Current
37
+- Typical Range: 1 mA to 5 mA (varies by brand)
38
+- The battery can briefly supply higher currents for short bursts, such as transmitting signals in key fobs or powering small LEDs.
39
+
40
+### Important Notes:
41
+
42
+Overloading the Battery:
43
+
44
+If the discharge current exceeds the specified range for a long time, it may cause:
45
+- Sudden voltage drop
46
+- Reduced capacity
47
+- Battery heating or leakage
48
+
49
+Brand Variation:
50
+
51
+Manufacturers like Panasonic, Sony, or Maxell may have slightly different specifications for their CR1220 batteries. Always check the datasheet for the specific brand you're using.
52
+
53
+### Recommendations:
54
+
55
+If your device requires higher discharge currents (e.g., above 10 mA), consider:
56
+
57
+Adding a Capacitor: To handle short bursts of high current.
58
+Using a Larger Battery: Such as CR2032 or CR2450, which are better suited for higher-power applications.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/CR2032-dat/CR2032-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2032-dat
3
+
4
+The CR2032 lithium coin cell battery typically supports the following continuous discharge current specifications, depending on the manufacturer:
5
+
6
+## Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
+
8
+Range: 0.2 mA to 0.3 mA
9
+
10
+This current is ideal for low-power devices like remote controls, medical devices, and calculators that operate steadily over long periods.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/CR2045-dat/CR2045-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2045-dat
3
+
4
+The CR2450 lithium coin cell battery supports higher discharge currents than smaller coin cells like the CR2032 or CR1220. Here's an overview:
5
+
6
+1. Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
+- Range: 0.5 mA to 1.0 mA
8
+- Suitable for devices requiring steady, low-power consumption over long periods, such as medical sensors, remote controls, and watches.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-9V-dat/battery-9V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
1
+
2
+# 9V-battery-dat
3
+
4
+## Common Names for the 9V Battery
5
+
6
+### IEC and ANSI Designations:
7
+- **IEC: 6LR61** (alkaline)
8
+- **IEC: 6F22** (zinc-carbon)
9
+- **ANSI: 1604A** (alkaline)
10
+- **ANSI: 1604D** (zinc-carbon)
11
+
12
+### Common Names:
13
+- **9V battery**
14
+- **PP3 battery** (original series name from the manufacturer Ever Ready)
15
+- **E-block** battery
16
+
17
+### Typical Chemistry Types:
18
+- **Alkaline** (most common consumer version)
19
+- **Lithium** (longer life, lighter)
20
+- **Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)** (rechargeable)
21
+- **Zinc-carbon** (cheaper, shorter lifespan)
22
+
23
+### Common Uses:
24
+- Smoke detectors
25
+- Guitar pedals
26
+- Radios
27
+- Multimeters
28
+
29
+## Typical Discharge Current of a 9V Battery
30
+
31
+### 1. **Alkaline 9V Battery (e.g., Duracell, Energizer)**
32
+- **Continuous current**: ~15–50 mA (milliamps)
33
+- **Peak current**: Up to **400–500 mA** (for short bursts)
34
+- **Capacity**: ~500–600 mAh (at low drain)
35
+
36
+### 2. **Zinc-Carbon 9V Battery**
37
+- **Continuous current**: ~5–15 mA
38
+- **Peak current**: ~100–200 mA
39
+- **Capacity**: ~400–500 mAh
40
+
41
+### 3. **Lithium 9V Battery**
42
+- **Continuous current**: Up to **120–200 mA**
43
+- **Peak current**: Often **500–1200 mA**
44
+- **Capacity**: ~1000–1200 mAh
45
+
46
+### 4. **Rechargeable 9V Batteries**
47
+- **NiMH (Nickel-metal hydride)**:
48
+ - **Typical current**: 50–100 mA continuous
49
+ - **Peak current**: ~200–400 mA
50
+ - **Capacity**: ~150–300 mAh
51
+
52
+### Notes:
53
+- Drawing high current continuously will **reduce battery life** quickly.
54
+- Actual current delivered depends on the **internal resistance** and **load**.
55
+
56
+
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/2025-05-12-14-32-59.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/2025-05-12-14-32-59.png differ
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/battery-RC-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# battery-RC-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-05-12-14-32-59.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- Rated Voltage: 7.4V
8
+- Charging Cable: 22AWG-4cm
9
+- Maximum Current: 60A
10
+- Discharge Cable: 17AWG-5.5cm
11
+- **Discharge Rate**: 30C
12
+- Weight: 84.7g
13
+- Default Plug: XT30U
14
+- Dimensions: L123*W19*H17mm
15
+
16
+## ref
17
+
18
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AA-battery-dat/AA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
1
+
2
+# AA-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## ref
7
+
8
+- [[battery-leakage-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AAA-battery-dat/AAA-battery-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# AAA-battery-dat
3
+
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/battery-alkaline-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# alkaline-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## explosion and fire
7
+
8
+Yes, if a AA alkaline battery explodes, it can cause a fire or at least create a situation that could lead to burns. When a battery overheats due to damage, improper use, or a short circuit, it can vent or even rupture. This can release chemicals like potassium hydroxide, which is corrosive, and create a lot of heat, potentially igniting nearby materials.
9
+
10
+However, alkaline batteries are not particularly flammable, so they might not produce flames, but they can still cause burns or damage through heat and chemical release. If a battery does explode, it's important to avoid touching it directly and clean up the area safely with protective gloves.
11
+
12
+## ref
13
+
14
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-capacity-dat/battery-capacity-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-capacity-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## Car Sedan Lead-Acid battery
6
+
7
+- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]]
8
+
9
+- Typical Voltage (V): 12 V
10
+- Typical Capacity Range (Ah): 40 Ah to 70 Ah
11
+
12
+Calculating Energy (Wh) = Voltage (V) × Capacity (Ah)
13
+
14
+- Minimum Energy: 12 V × 40 Ah = 480 Wh
15
+- Maximum Energy: 12 V × 70 Ah = 840 Wh
16
+
17
+So, the energy stored in a typical car lead-acid battery is usually between 480 Wh and 840 Wh.
18
+
19
+## 20000 mAh * 3.7V
20
+
21
+Energy (Wh) = 20 Ah × 3.7 V = 74 Wh
22
+
23
+## 2.6Ah * 12V
24
+
25
+Energy (Wh) = 2.6 Ah × 12 V = 31.2 Wh
26
+
27
+## 1000 Wh
28
+
29
+1000 watt-hours (Wh) == 1 度
30
+
31
+Runtime = 1000 Wh / 5V * 1A = 1000 Wh / 5W = 200 hours
32
+
33
+## quick calculation
34
+
35
+2000 mAh = 2 Ah
36
+Runtime ≈ (2 Ah * 3.7 V * 0.85) / (1 A * 5 V) ≈ 1.26 hours
37
+
38
+for 20000 mAh, == 12.6 hours
39
+
40
+## Calculating Runtime for a 2000mAh Power Bank Supplying a 1A @ 5V Device
41
+
42
+Here's a breakdown of how to estimate the runtime:
43
+
44
+### 1. Power Bank Energy
45
+
46
+* **Capacity:** 2000 mAh (milliampere-hours) = 2 Ah (ampere-hours)
47
+* **Nominal Voltage:** 3.7 V (typical for lithium-ion/polymer batteries)
48
+* **Total Energy (Watt-hours, Wh):** Capacity (Ah) × Voltage (V)
49
+ * `2 Ah * 3.7 V = 7.4 Wh`
50
+
51
+### 2. Device Power Consumption
52
+
53
+* **Current:** 1 A (ampere)
54
+* **Voltage:** 5 V (standard USB output)
55
+* **Power Needed (Watts, W):** Current (A) × Voltage (V)
56
+ * `1 A * 5 V = 5 W`
57
+
58
+### 3. Efficiency Consideration
59
+
60
+Power banks are not 100% efficient when converting their internal battery voltage (3.7V) to the required 5V output. Energy is lost, primarily as heat, during this conversion.
61
+* **Estimated Efficiency:** Let's assume an average efficiency of **85%** (or 0.85). This can vary between 80% and 95% depending on the quality of the power bank circuitry.
62
+
63
+### 4. Effective Energy Available
64
+
65
+This is the amount of the power bank's stored energy that can actually be delivered to the device after accounting for conversion losses.
66
+* **Effective Energy:** Total Energy (Wh) × Efficiency
67
+ * `7.4 Wh * 0.85 ≈ 6.29 Wh`
68
+
69
+### 5. Calculate Runtime
70
+
71
+* **Runtime (hours):** Effective Energy Available (Wh) / Device Power Consumption (W)
72
+ * `6.29 Wh / 5 W ≈ 1.26 hours`
73
+
74
+### Conclusion
75
+
76
+A 2000mAh, 3.7V power bank can theoretically supply a device drawing 1A at 5V for approximately **1.26 hours**, or about **1 hour and 15 minutes**.
77
+
78
+**Disclaimer:** This is an estimate. Actual runtime depends on factors such as:
79
+* The precise efficiency of the specific power bank.
80
+* The age and health of the battery cells.
81
+* The quality of the charging cable (resistance losses).
82
+* Ambient temperature.
83
+* Whether the device's power draw is constant or fluctuates.
84
+
85
+
86
+## ref
87
+
88
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# battery-dat
4
+
5
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[alkaline-battery-dat]] - [[9V-battery-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[battery-soldering-dat]] - [[battery-tester-dat]]
14
+
15
+- [[battery-discharge-dat]]
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+## coin battery dat
21
+
22
+CR2030 provides up to 3V 210~225 mAh, and CR1220 provides up to 3V 38mAh power.
23
+
24
+Both button cells provide very low discharge rate that can work for 1-3 years.
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+## 🔋 Battery Specifications
29
+
30
+| Specification | Description | Example / Notes |
31
+| ----------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
32
+| **Nominal Voltage (V)** | Average voltage during discharge | 3.7V (Li-ion), 1.2V (NiMH) |
33
+| **Capacity (mAh or Ah)** | Amount of charge the battery holds | 2200mAh = 2.2A for 1 hour |
34
+| **Discharge Rate (C-Rating)** | Multiplier of capacity for safe discharge rate | 10C = 10 × Capacity (e.g. 10A for 1000mAh) |
35
+| **Burst Discharge Rate** | Max short-duration current | 20C = 20 × Capacity |
36
+| **Max Continuous Discharge** | Maximum current battery can supply continuously | Capacity × C-rating |
37
+| **Internal Resistance (mΩ)** | Resistance inside the cell (lower is better) | 5–50 mΩ |
38
+| **Charge Rate (C or A)** | Max safe charging current | 1C for 2200mAh = 2.2A |
39
+| **Cycle Life** | Number of charge/discharge cycles before capacity drops (e.g. to 80%) | 300–1000 cycles |
40
+| **Cutoff Voltage** | Minimum safe voltage during discharge | 3.0V (Li-ion) |
41
+| **Max Charge Voltage** | Voltage at full charge | 4.2V per cell (Li-ion) |
42
+| **Temperature Range (°C)** | Safe operating/charging temperature range | -20°C to 60°C (discharge), 0–45°C (charge) |
43
+
44
+
45
+
46
+## Power battery
47
+
48
+![](2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+## compare
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+| **Battery Type** | **Size** | **Voltage** | **Capacity** | **Current Capability** | **Typical Use** | **Features** |
60
+| ---------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
61
+| **AA Alkaline** | 14.5 x 50.5 mm | 1.5V | 2000-3000 mAh | Up to 700-1000 mA | Medium to high power devices | High capacity, suitable for long runtime |
62
+| **CR2032** | 20 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 200 mAh | ~0.2-3 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Compact, suitable for low-power applications |
63
+| **CR2025** | 20 x 2.5 mm | 3V | 150 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Slightly lower capacity than CR2032 |
64
+| **LR44** | 11.6 x 5.4 mm | 1.5V | 110-130 mAh | ~1-10 mA (sustained) | Small low-power devices | Small size, lower voltage, and capacity |
65
+| **CR1220** | 12 x 2.0 mm | 3V | 35-40 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA (sustained), up to 5 mA (peak) | Small electronics, key fobs | Very small and thin for low-power devices |
66
+| **CR1632** | 16 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 120 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Watches, calculators | Slightly thicker, offers more capacity |
67
+| **SR621SW** | 6.8 x 2.1 mm | 1.55V | 17-20 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA | Watches, small calculators | Stable voltage, long-lasting in low-drain devices |
68
+| **LR927** | 9.5 x 2.7 mm | 1.5V | 30-45 mAh | ~0.5-3 mA | Laser pointers, small toys | Small, used in low-power gadgets |
69
+
70
+
71
+## AA vs. AAA
72
+
73
+
74
+| **Feature** | **AA Battery** | **AAA Battery** |
75
+| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
76
+| **Size** | 14.5 mm (diameter) x 50.5 mm (length) | 10.5 mm (diameter) x 44.5 mm (length) |
77
+| **Voltage** | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) |
78
+| **Capacity** | 2000-3000 mAh (Alkaline) | 600-1200 mAh (Alkaline) |
79
+| **Current Capability** | 700-1000 mA sustained | 300-500 mA sustained |
80
+| **Typical Use** | Medium to high-power devices: flashlights, toys, wireless mice, clocks | Low-power devices: remote controls, small toys, wireless keyboards |
81
+| **Weight** | Approx. 23 g (Alkaline) | Approx. 11.5 g (Alkaline) |
82
+| **Cost** | Generally slightly more expensive per battery | Slightly less expensive per battery |
83
+| **Energy Density** | Higher capacity and energy per unit | Lower capacity due to smaller size |
84
+| **Runtime** | Longer due to higher capacity | Shorter due to lower capacity |
85
+| **Features** | Ideal for devices that require more power and have higher current demands | Ideal for smaller devices that require less power and a more compact size |
86
+
87
+
88
+### Key Differences:
89
+
90
+Size: AA batteries are larger than AAA batteries, both in diameter and length. This difference in size translates to a larger energy storage capacity for AA batteries.
91
+
92
+Capacity: AA batteries typically have 2-3 times the capacity of AAA batteries. This means AA batteries will last longer in devices that use the same amount of power.
93
+
94
+Current Capability: AA batteries can deliver higher currents (700-1000 mA), making them better suited for devices that need more power, such as flashlights, toys, and certain electronics. AAA batteries, due to their smaller size, typically provide lower current (300-500 mA), which is suitable for low-power devices like remote controls and wireless keyboards.
95
+
96
+Weight: AA batteries are about twice as heavy as AAA batteries due to their larger size and greater energy storage.
97
+
98
+Usage: Devices that require more energy or have higher power consumption tend to use AA batteries, while devices that prioritize size and weight, like remotes and small electronics, often use AAA batteries.
99
+
100
+
101
+
102
+
103
+
104
+
105
+## ref
106
+
107
+- [[battery]] - [[l76-dat]] - [[super-cap-dat]]
108
+
109
+- [[XH-414H]] - [[ohm-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-discharge-dat/battery-discharge-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-discharge-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## C-Rate
6
+
7
+**C-rate** is a measure of how fast a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity.
8
+
9
+### 🔹 Formula:
10
+
11
+ C-rate × Capacity (Ah) = Current (A)
12
+
13
+### 🧮 Examples:
14
+- For a **500mAh (0.5Ah)** battery:
15
+ - **1C** = 0.5A
16
+ - **2C** = 1A
17
+ - **30C** = 15A
18
+
19
+- For a **1000mAh (1Ah)** battery:
20
+ - **1C** = 1A
21
+ - **10C** = 10A
22
+
23
+### 📌 In Simple Terms:
24
+- **1C** = full charge/discharge in **1 hour**
25
+- **2C** = in **30 minutes**
26
+- **10C** = in **6 minutes**
27
+- **30C** = in **2 minutes**
28
+
29
+> Higher C-rates mean **more current**, which leads to **more heat**, **more stress**, and requires better battery and driver design.
30
+
31
+
32
+
33
+## info
34
+
35
+- [[L293-dat]]
36
+
37
+## ⚠️ Can I Use L293 to Discharge and Drive DC Motors at 30C?
38
+
39
+### ❌ Short Answer:
40
+**No**, the L293 (or L293D) is not suitable for handling high discharge currents like **30C**, especially from lithium batteries. It is far too limited in current handling.
41
+
42
+---
43
+
44
+### 🔧 Quick Comparison Table
45
+
46
+| Feature | L293D / L293 (typical) | Requirement for 30C Discharge |
47
+| --------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
48
+| **Max Continuous Output Current** | ~600 mA (L293D) to 1A (L293) | Often 15A+ (for 500mAh @ 30C) |
49
+| **Peak Current** | Up to 1.2A (very short burst) | Much higher (30C = 15A!) |
50
+| **Output Voltage Drop** | High (2–3V loss) | Not acceptable for high power |
51
+| **Thermal Handling** | Poor (gets hot quickly) | Needs heatsinking, high current design |
52
+| **PWM Support** | Yes (limited frequency) | OK, but irrelevant if current limit is breached |
53
+
54
+---
55
+
56
+### 🔋 What Happens at 30C Discharge?
57
+
58
+Example: 14500 Li-ion (500mAh) @ 30C
59
+→ 0.5Ah × 30C = **15A**
60
+
61
+- L293 can only handle **0.6A–1A max**, **not even close**
62
+- Same applies for 18650 (e.g., 3000mAh × 30C = 90A)
63
+
64
+---
65
+
66
+### 🔥 Risks of Using L293 at High C-Rates
67
+
68
+- **Overheating** and possible **component failure**
69
+- **Battery damage** from over-discharge
70
+- **Motor underperformance**
71
+- **Voltage drops** and high inefficiency
72
+- Possible **fire hazard** with lithium cells
73
+
74
+---
75
+
76
+### ✅ Better Alternatives
77
+
78
+Use high-current drivers designed for motors and Li-ion/LiPo cells:
79
+
80
+| Driver/Controller Type | Suitable Current Range | Notes |
81
+| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
82
+| **MOSFET H-Bridge** | 10A – 100A+ | Efficient, low heat loss |
83
+| **VNH5019 / BTS7960** | 12A – 40A | Great for higher-power motors |
84
+| **ESC (Electronic Speed Controller)** | 10A – 100A+ | Designed for brushless and RC motors |
85
+| **L298N** | Up to ~2A | Still too weak for high-C applications |
86
+
87
+---
88
+
89
+### ✅ Rule of Thumb
90
+
91
+If your motor requires **more than 1A**, **avoid L293/L293D**.
92
+Use a **MOSFET-based** driver or **high-current motor controller** instead. - [[mosfet-dat]]
93
+
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-leakage-dat/battery-leakage-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-leakage-dat
3
+
4
+## AA Battery Leakage After Long-Term Disuse
5
+
6
+### Professional Term:
7
+- **Electrolyte leakage**
8
+- **Battery leakage**
9
+- More technically: **Battery electrolyte leakage due to self-discharge and chemical decomposition**
10
+
11
+### Causes:
12
+- **Zinc corrosion** over time
13
+- **Gas buildup** inside the battery
14
+- **Seal failure**, leading to leakage
15
+- **Chemical degradation** of the battery's internal components
16
+
17
+### Common Leakage Substance:
18
+- **Potassium hydroxide** (from alkaline batteries)
19
+ - A caustic and corrosive substance that can damage electronics and surfaces
20
+
21
+### Notes:
22
+- Most common in **alkaline** and **zinc-carbon** AA batteries
23
+- Happens especially when batteries are **stored unused for extended periods**
24
+
25
+### Prevention Tips:
26
+- Remove batteries from unused devices
27
+- Store batteries in a cool, dry place
28
+- Use newer batteries with better sealing technology
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[AA-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/2025-04-21-16-25-17.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/2025-04-21-16-25-17.png differ
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# Lead-acid-battery-dat
3
+
4
+## lead-acid-battery-dat
5
+
6
+- LAB: Lead-Acid Battery
7
+- 蓄电池 (xù diàn chí) is the Chinese term for "rechargeable battery." It is a type of electrical battery that can be recharged multiple times. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and many other portable devices.
8
+
9
+- Here are some links where you can find more information about 蓄电池:
10
+
11
+- Wikipedia: Rechargeable Battery - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0
12
+- China Battery Industry Association - http://www.cbia.com.cn/
13
+- Battery University: Rechargeable Batteries - https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_rechargeable_batteries
14
+
15
+## voltage
16
+
17
+- 12V == [[solar-power-dat]]
18
+- 72V == [[motor-dat]]
19
+
20
+## LAB Example
21
+
22
+![](2025-04-21-16-25-17.png)
23
+
24
+* **Brand:** ANJING
25
+* **Type:** Sealed Rechargeable Battery (Likely SLA/VRLA) Sealed Lead-Acid (a specific type, but often used generally)
26
+* **Nominal Voltage:** 12V
27
+* **Capacity:** 2.6Ah (Rated at 20-hour discharge rate - 12V 2.6Ah/20hr)
28
+ * This implies a discharge current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h) for 20 hours.
29
+* **Charging Method:** Constant Voltage Charge
30
+ * **Standby Use (Float):** 13.50V - 13.80V
31
+ * **Cycle Use:** 14.40V - 15.00V
32
+ * **Initial Charging Current:** Less than 0.78A (0.3C)
33
+* **Chemistry:** Lead-acid (Pb symbol present)
34
+* **Markings:**
35
+ * Recycling symbol
36
+ * Do not dispose symbol (crossed-out bin)
37
+
38
+As noted on the battery (12V2.6Ah/20hr), this specific 2.6Ah rating was determined using a 20-hour discharge period. This means it was likely discharged at a current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13A) for 20 hours.
39
+
40
+
41
+### Estimated Runtime Calculation
42
+
43
+This calculation estimates how long the ANJING 12V 2.6Ah battery can power a 5V 1A load using a DC-DC converter.
44
+
45
+**1. Calculate Load Power:**
46
+ - Load Voltage (V_load) = 5V
47
+ - Load Current (I_load) = 1A
48
+ - Load Power (P_load) = V_load × I_load = 5V × 1A = 5 Watts
49
+
50
+**2. Account for DC-DC Converter Efficiency:**
51
+ - Assume a typical converter efficiency (η) = 85% (or 0.85). Real-world efficiency may vary.
52
+ - Power drawn from the battery (P_batt) = P_load / η
53
+ - P_batt = 5W / 0.85 ≈ 5.88 Watts
54
+
55
+**3. Calculate Current Drawn from Battery:**
56
+ - Battery Nominal Voltage (V_batt) = 12V
57
+ - Current drawn from battery (I_batt) = P_batt / V_batt
58
+ - I_batt = 5.88W / 12V ≈ 0.49 Amps
59
+
60
+**4. Compare to Rated Discharge:**
61
+ - The battery's capacity (2.6Ah) is rated for a 20-hour discharge (as noted in the file: `12V2.6Ah/20hr`).
62
+ - Rated Discharge Current (I_rated) = 2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13 Amps
63
+ - The calculated draw (0.49A) is significantly higher than the rated discharge current (0.13A).
64
+
65
+**5. Calculate Ideal Runtime (Ignoring Peukert's Effect):**
66
+ - Battery Capacity (C) = 2.6Ah
67
+ - Ideal Runtime (T_ideal) = C / I_batt
68
+ - T_ideal = 2.6Ah / 0.49A ≈ 5.3 hours
69
+
70
+**6. Consider Peukert's Effect:**
71
+ - Lead-acid batteries deliver less total capacity when discharged at rates higher than their rating (Peukert's Law).
72
+ - Since 0.49A is much higher than the 0.13A rating, the *effective* capacity will be lower than 2.6Ah.
73
+
74
+**Conclusion:**
75
+
76
+The **ideal calculated runtime is approximately 5.3 hours**. However, due to the higher discharge current (0.49A vs. the 0.13A rating), the actual runtime will be **noticeably less than 5.3 hours**. The exact reduction depends on the specific Peukert exponent of this battery model, which is not provided.
77
+
78
+## ref
79
+
80
+- [[Lead-acid-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/active-battery-balancing-board-dat/active-battery-balancing-board-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
1
+
2
+# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
3
+
4
+An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
5
+
6
+- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
7
+- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
8
+- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
9
+- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
10
+
11
+This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat.md
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1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+# rechargerable-battery-dat
5
+
6
+
7
+| **Battery Type** | **Typical Charge Time** | **Notes** |
8
+|----------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
9
+| **Lead-acid** | 8-12 hours | Slow charge time, can be faster with a fast charger. |
10
+| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | 2-4 hours | Similar to lithium-ion but may take slightly longer. |
11
+| **Lithium-ion (Li-ion)** | 1-3 hours | Fastest charging, especially with modern fast chargers.|
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+## Types
19
+
20
+- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-app-dat/li-battery-app-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# li-battery-app-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## calculata density
6
+
7
+If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
8
+
9
+Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
10
+
11
+Substituting the values:
12
+
13
+Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
14
+
15
+So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
16
+
17
+
18
+To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
19
+
20
+For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
21
+
22
+For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
23
+
24
+**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+## ref
29
+
30
+
31
+- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
32
+
33
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/LFP-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# LFP-dat
3
+
4
+== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
5
+
6
+LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
7
+
8
+Key Characteristics:
9
+
10
+Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
15
+
16
+## Key Features and Benefits:
17
+
18
+1. **Long Lifespan**
19
+ - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
20
+ - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
21
+
22
+2. **Safety**
23
+ - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
24
+ - Less prone to thermal runaway.
25
+
26
+3. **Lightweight**
27
+ - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
28
+
29
+4. **High Energy Density**
30
+ - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
31
+
32
+5. **Wide Temperature Range**
33
+ - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
34
+
35
+6. **Fast Charging**
36
+ - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
37
+
38
+7. **Low Self-Discharge**
39
+ - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
40
+
41
+8. **Environmentally Friendly**
42
+ - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
43
+
44
+---
45
+
46
+## Common Applications:
47
+1. **Solar Power Systems**
48
+ - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
49
+
50
+2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
51
+ - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
52
+
53
+3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
54
+ - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
55
+
56
+4. **Backup Power**
57
+ - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
58
+
59
+5. **Portable Electronics**
60
+ - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
61
+
62
+6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
63
+ - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
64
+
65
+---
66
+
67
+## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
68
+
69
+| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
70
+|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
71
+| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
72
+| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
73
+| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
74
+| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
75
+| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
76
+| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
77
+
78
+
79
+
80
+
81
+
82
+## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
83
+
84
+| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
85
+|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
86
+| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
87
+| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
88
+| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
89
+| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
90
+| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
91
+| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
92
+| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
93
+| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
94
+| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
95
+
96
+## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
97
+
98
+Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
99
+
100
+The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
101
+- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
102
+- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
103
+
104
+
105
+## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
106
+
107
+1. Safety is a priority:
108
+LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
109
+
110
+2. Long lifespan needed:
111
+Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
112
+
113
+3. High discharge/charge rates:
114
+Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
115
+
116
+4. Eco-consciousness:
117
+LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
118
+
119
+
120
+
121
+
122
+
123
+## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
124
+
125
+The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
126
+
127
+- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
128
+- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
129
+- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
130
+
131
+- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
132
+
133
+
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
1
+
2
+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
3
+
4
+
5
+Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
6
+
7
+---
8
+
9
+## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
10
+1. **High Energy Density**
11
+ - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
12
+2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
13
+ - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
14
+3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
15
+ - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
16
+4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
17
+ - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
18
+5. **Lower Safety**
19
+ - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
20
+6. **Higher Cost**
21
+ - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
22
+
23
+---
24
+
25
+## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
26
+| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
27
+|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
28
+| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
29
+| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
30
+
31
+- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
32
+- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
33
+
34
+---
35
+
36
+## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
37
+| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
38
+|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
39
+| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
40
+| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
41
+| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
42
+| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
43
+| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
44
+| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
45
+
46
+---
47
+
48
+## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
49
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
50
+ - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
51
+2. **Power Tools**
52
+ - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
53
+3. **Consumer Electronics**
54
+ - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
55
+
56
+---
57
+
58
+## **Future Trends**
59
+- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
60
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
61
+- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# li-battery-material-dat
3
+
4
+- [[LFP-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- ExtremelySafe
8
+- Light-weighted
9
+- Versatileinnature
10
+- Low self-discharge level
11
+- Thin with huge capacity
12
+
13
+
14
+## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
+
16
+### Overview
17
+Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
+
19
+### Merits
20
+1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
+2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
+3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
+4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
+5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
+
26
+### Demerits
27
+
28
+1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
+2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
+3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
+
32
+
33
+## Compare
34
+
35
+![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
+
42
+| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
+| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
+| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
+| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
+| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
+| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
+| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
+| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
+| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
+| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
+| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
+| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
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Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png differ
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
1
+
2
+# li-ion-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
+
7
+## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
+
9
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
+
11
+constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
+
13
+
14
+## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
+
16
+Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
+
18
+- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
+
20
+- [[BMS-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+## ref
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650
3
+
4
+18mm x 65mm
5
+
6
+![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
7
+
8
+- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9
+
10
+
11
+## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
12
+
13
+| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
14
+| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
15
+| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
16
+| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
17
+| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
18
+| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
19
+| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
20
+| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
21
+| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
22
+| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
23
+| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
24
+
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+## **18650 Battery Types**
29
+
30
+| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
31
+| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
32
+| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
33
+| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
34
+| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
35
+| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
36
+
37
+---
38
+
39
+## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
40
+| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
41
+| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
42
+| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
43
+| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
44
+
45
+Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
46
+
47
+
48
+The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
49
+
50
+## safety concern
51
+
52
+After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
53
+
54
+To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
55
+
56
+However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
57
+
58
+In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
59
+
60
+- [[battery-protection-dat]]
61
+
62
+
63
+## CID safety
64
+
65
+The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
66
+
67
+Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
68
+
69
+
70
+## CID reset trick
71
+
72
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
73
+
74
+
75
+## short test
76
+
77
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
78
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
79
+
80
+## battery rack
81
+
82
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
83
+
84
+## ref
85
+
86
+- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
87
+
88
+
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1
+
2
+# 26650-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## motorbike battery
7
+
8
+- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
+- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
+- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
+- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
+
13
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
+
15
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
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\ No newline at end of file
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... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-size-dat
3
+
4
+- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
10
+- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
11
+- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
12
+- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
13
+- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
14
+- 32650 / 32700: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
15
+
16
+
17
+## ref
18
+
19
+- [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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1
+
2
+# pouch-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
+1. **Lightweight Design**
10
+ - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
+2. **High Energy Density**
12
+ - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
+3. **Better Safety**
14
+ - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
+4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
+ - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
+5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
+ - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
+6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
+ - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
+| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
+|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
+| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
+| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
+| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
+ - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
+2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
+ - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
+3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
+ - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
+4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
+ - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+## **Future Trends**
46
+- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
+- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
+
50
+---
51
+
52
+## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
+
54
+
55
+A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
+
57
+1. Good safety performance:
58
+
59
+The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
+
61
+2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
+
63
+in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
+
65
+3. The internal resistance is small:
66
+
67
+We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
+
69
+4. Flexible planning:
70
+
71
+the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
+
73
+![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/lithium-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
1
+
2
+# lithium-battery-dat
3
+
4
+## info
5
+
6
+- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]] - [[battery-soldering-dat]]
9
+
10
+- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
11
+
12
+## Classification Summary
13
+
14
+By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
15
+
16
+By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
17
+
18
+By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
19
+
20
+
21
+### By Apps
22
+
23
+Robot tank battery
24
+
25
+![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
26
+
27
+![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
28
+
29
+## Classification
30
+
31
+
32
+### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
33
+
34
+#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
35
+
36
+- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
37
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
38
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
39
+
40
+- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
41
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
42
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
43
+
44
+- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
45
+ - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
46
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
47
+
48
+- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
49
+ - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
50
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
51
+
52
+- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
53
+ - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
54
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
55
+
56
+#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
57
+
58
+- **Graphite**
59
+ - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
60
+ - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
61
+
62
+- **Silicon-based Materials**
63
+ - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
64
+ - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
65
+
66
+- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
67
+ - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
68
+ - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
69
+
70
+- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
71
+ - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
72
+ - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
73
+
74
+---
75
+
76
+
77
+
78
+### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
79
+
80
+Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
81
+
82
+---
83
+
84
+#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
85
+
86
+Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
87
+
88
+##### **Common Sizes:**
89
+
90
+- **18650**
91
+ - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
92
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
93
+ - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
94
+
95
+- **21700**
96
+ - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
97
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
98
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
99
+
100
+- **26650**
101
+ - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
102
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
103
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
104
+
105
+---
106
+
107
+#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
108
+
109
+Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
110
+
111
+##### **Common Sizes:**
112
+
113
+- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
114
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
115
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
116
+ - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
117
+
118
+- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
119
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
120
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
121
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
122
+
123
+---
124
+
125
+#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
126
+
127
+Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
128
+
129
+##### **Common Sizes:**
130
+
131
+- **Small Pouch Batteries**
132
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
133
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
134
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
135
+
136
+- **Large Pouch Batteries**
137
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
138
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
139
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
140
+
141
+---
142
+
143
+#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
144
+
145
+Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
146
+
147
+##### **Common Sizes:**
148
+
149
+- **CR2032**
150
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
151
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
152
+ - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
153
+
154
+- **CR2025**
155
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
156
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
157
+ - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
158
+
159
+---
160
+
161
+### **Summary**
162
+
163
+Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
164
+
165
+| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
166
+|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
167
+| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
168
+| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
169
+| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
170
+| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
171
+
172
+This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
173
+
174
+
175
+
176
+## li-battery tech
177
+
178
+### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
179
+
180
+Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
181
+
182
+If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
183
+
184
+
185
+
186
+
187
+### Lithium battery Check
188
+
189
+- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
190
+
191
+
192
+
193
+
194
+## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
195
+
196
+| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
197
+|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
198
+| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
199
+| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
200
+| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
201
+| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
202
+| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
203
+| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
204
+| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
205
+
206
+
207
+🧠 Which to Choose?
208
+18650: Most versatile and widely used.
209
+
210
+21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
211
+
212
+26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
213
+
214
+Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
215
+
216
+
217
+
218
+
219
+## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
220
+
221
+Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
222
+
223
+Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
224
+
225
+LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
226
+
227
+## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
228
+
229
+Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
230
+
231
+Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
232
+
233
+
234
+
235
+
236
+
237
+## large battery
238
+
239
+48V
240
+200AH
241
+
242
+![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
243
+
244
+## ref
245
+
246
+- [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# lithium-power-battery-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
5
+
6
+for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+
2
+# portable-power-bank-dat
3
+
4
+### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
+
6
+The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
+
8
+1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
+ * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
+
11
+2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
+ * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
+
14
+3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
+ * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
+ * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
+
18
+4. **Calculation Example:**
19
+ * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
+ * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
+ * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
+ * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
+
24
+**Key Considerations:**
25
+
26
+* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
+* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
+* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+
34
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
+
36
+
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/2025-05-08-01-10-00.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/battery-soldering-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-soldering-dat
3
+
4
+支持点焊镍片、铁片、不锈钢片等多种材质强劲多能，焊接牢固，焊点优良
5
+
6
+Support spot welding of nickel sheets, iron sheets, stainless steel sheets and other materials. Strong and versatile, strong welding, excellent welding points
7
+
8
+
9
+![](2025-05-08-01-10-00.png)
10
+
11
+## stack soldering
12
+
13
+The green part is Insulating Gasket
14
+
15
+Copper sheet at the bottom, nickel-plated strip on top, stacked together for welding.
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## ref
20
+
21
+- [[battery]] - [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-tester-dat/battery-tester-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-tester-dat
3
+
4
+- capacity - [[electronic-loader-dat]]
5
+- internal resistance == discharge current
6
+-
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/super-cap-dat/2024-10-02-20-48-23.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/super-cap-dat/super-cap-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
1
+
2
+# super-cap-dat
3
+
4
+![](2024-10-02-20-48-23.png)
5
+
6
+- Brand: Seiko Corporation (SII)
7
+- Model: XH414H-1V01E
8
+- Specifications: Thickness 1.4, Diameter 4.8
9
+- Capacitance: 0.08F
10
+- Voltage: 3.3V
11
+- Charging time: 30min
12
+- Weight: 0.07g
13
+- Internal resistance: 80-100 ohms
14
+- Operating temperature range: -20~60 degrees Celsius
15
+
16
+
17
+## ref
18
+
19
+- [[super-cap]]
20
+
21
+- [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-drainer-dat/battery-drainer-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
1
+# battery drainer dat
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
+## boards
6
+
7
+- [[OPM1133-dat]] - [[OPM1134-dat]] - [[OPM1135-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[OPM1137-dat]]
10
+
11
+## Demo
12
+
13
+- [battery drainer demo 1](https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1706211461562089835)
14
+- [battery drainer demo 2](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/b3IUuTj2xAk)
15
+- [battery drainer demo 3](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NJlMkMQhHOI)
16
+
17
+## ref
18
+
19
+
20
+- [[battery-drainer]]
21
+
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650-battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2024-03-29-16-01-14.png)
6
+
7
+![](2024-03-29-16-01-28.png)
8
+
9
+## Flexible Connection battery holder
10
+
11
+![](2025-05-12-14-49-25.png)
12
+
13
+
14
+## Plastic houseing battery holder
15
+
16
+
17
+### 2S 18650 battery holder
18
+
19
+== 4.2*2 = 8.4V
20
+
21
+![](2025-05-08-18-07-17.png)
22
+
23
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
24
+
25
+### 4S 18650 battery holder
26
+
27
+== 4.2*4 = 16.8V
28
+
29
+![](2025-05-08-18-07-25.png)
30
+
31
+
32
+## ref
33
+
34
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2024-03-29-16-01-14.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-08-18-06-19.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-08-18-07-17.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-08-18-07-25.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-12-14-49-25.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-04-58.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2024-09-22-00-21-47.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
1
+
2
+# AA-battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## 3X AA battery holder
7
+
8
+== 1.5*3 = 4.5V
9
+
10
+![](2025-05-08-18-06-19.png)
11
+
12
+
13
+## PCB type
14
+
15
+![](2024-03-28-18-04-58.png)
16
+
17
+## PCB PTH soldering
18
+
19
+![](2024-09-22-00-21-47.png)
20
+
21
+## ref
22
+
23
+- [[AA-battery-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-07-40.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-08-18.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2032-holder.md
3
+
4
+## Dimension
5
+
6
+### type 1 - PCB soldering
7
+
8
+![](2024-03-28-18-07-40.png)
9
+
10
+![](2024-03-28-18-08-18.png)
11
+
12
+#### type 1A - PCB soldering 2
13
+
14
+- [[SX1308-dat]]
15
+
16
+### type 2 - PTH plastic holder
17
+
18
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/cr2032-cr2025-battery-holder/
19
+
20
+- [[CPP1018-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+### type 3 - PTH plastic holder
26
+
27
+- [[CPP1026-dat]]
28
+
29
+
30
+- [[CR2032-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+- [[CR2032-holder-dat]] - [[AA-battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
5
+
6
+
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-05-12-16-09-09.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-05-12-16-09-09.png differ
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-pack-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-pack-dat
3
+
4
+- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]]
5
+
6
+- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
7
+
8
+- battery test by [[electronic-loader-dat]]
9
+
10
+- check [[battery-discharge-dat]]
11
+
12
+- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
13
+
14
+
15
+## Simple 1S to 2S management Solutions
16
+
17
+![](2025-05-12-16-09-09.png)
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+## "Powerful" battery
22
+
23
+### 1. Upgrade to Higher Cell Count (More Voltage)
24
+- **Switch from 2S (7.4V) to 3S (11.1V) or 4S (14.8V)** for more motor RPM and torque.
25
+- ✅ **Check compatibility** of your **ESC and motor** before upgrading.
26
+ - If not rated for higher voltage, you risk burning them out.
27
+
28
+**Pros:**
29
+- Significant performance boost
30
+- Higher speed and torque
31
+
32
+**Cons:**
33
+- Can overheat/damage components
34
+- May require stronger drivetrain
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+### 2. Increase Battery Discharge Rate (C-Rating)
39
+- **Higher C-rating = more current output**, improving throttle response and torque.
40
+
41
+**Example:**
42
+- 2S 5000mAh 20C → 5A × 20 = 100A max discharge
43
+- 2S 5000mAh 50C → 5A × 50 = 250A max discharge
44
+
45
+**Pros:**
46
+- Better throttle response
47
+- Handles load more effectively (climbing, off-road)
48
+
49
+**Cons:**
50
+- Higher cost
51
+- May be slightly heavier
52
+
53
+---
54
+
55
+### 3. Increase Capacity (mAh)
56
+- **Higher mAh = longer run-time** and **less voltage sag under load**
57
+
58
+**Example:**
59
+- Upgrade from 2200mAh to 5000mAh for more endurance
60
+
61
+
62
+
63
+
64
+
65
+## ref
66
+
67
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/breadboard-power-dat/2023-12-19-15-42-01.png
... ...
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power-dat/breadboard-power-dat/breadboard-power-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# breadboard-power-dat.md
3
+
4
+* Support 5V/3V3 via AMS1117 [[LDO-dat]]
5
+
6
+## Power Supply Board
7
+
8
+- [[OPM1027-dat]] - [[OPM1028-dat]]
9
+
10
+## Bread baord
11
+
12
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/breadboard-wside-power-channels/
13
+
14
+
15
+## SCH
16
+
17
+![](2023-12-19-15-42-01.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/low-power-dat/AN1416.pdf
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power-dat/low-power-dat/low-power-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# Low-Power-dat
3
+
4
+[[DVA1002-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+[[DVA1007-DAT]]
8
+
9
+- https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1639160253811142656
10
+- Loraduino low power test, sleep in 80uA
11
+
12
+## low power mode [[DVA1007-dat]]
13
+
14
+- first init RF Lora
15
+- then, must well initiated flash, or this cost 1-2 mA - https://github.com/LowPowerLab/SPIFlash
16
+- turn RF Lora into sleep mode, or this cost 1-2 mA
17
+- turn on arduino into low power mode - https://github.com/LowPowerLab/LowPower
18
+- arduino low power, powerdown and wake up periodically
19
+
20
+
21
+[[NGS1096-DAT]]
22
+- Sim7020g low power test 27ua in sleep mode, wake up by pin
23
+- https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1640585737308622850
24
+
25
+
26
+## Flash Issue
27
+
28
+- Please remember to use "low-power-lab" arduino library: https://github.com/LowPowerLab/SPIFlash
29
+- install the library: flash.initialize()
30
+- https://github.com/Edragon/Arduino-main/blob/master/Sketchbook/memory/SPIFlash_LowPowerLab/SPIFlash_LowPowerLab.ino
31
+
32
+## arduino deep sleep library
33
+
34
+- https://github.com/arduino-libraries/ArduinoLowPower
35
+- https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/libraries/arduino-low-power/
36
+
37
+
38
+## ref
39
+
40
+- legacy wiki page - https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Low_Power
41
+
42
+- low power design guide [[AN1416.pdf]]
43
+
44
+- [[low-power]]
45
+
46
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
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power-dat/power-dat.md
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1
+
2
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3
+
4
+- [[power-dat]] - [[battery-drainer-dat]] - [[acdc-dat]] - [[power-sensor-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[dcdc-dat]] - [[dcdc-buck-dat]] - [[dcdc-boost-dat]] - [[LDO-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[low-power-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[battery-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]]- [[BMS-dat]]
11
+
12
+
13
+## workflow
14
+
15
+1. design: [[power-dat]]
16
+
17
+1. consider power jack [[power-jack-dat]]
18
+
19
+2. [[power-protection-dat]]
20
+
21
+
22
+## Info
23
+
24
+- [[breadboard-power-dat]]
25
+
26
+- [[wireless-charge-dat]]
27
+
28
+- [[dcdc-down-dat]] - [[dcdc-dat]]
29
+
30
+- [[LDO-dat]]
31
+
32
+- charger-pump
33
+
34
+
35
+| Parts | Common Value | Note |
36
+| ----- | ------------ | ---- |
37
+
38
+
39
+## Power selection
40
+
41
+By switching from 5V to 3.3V, you can achieve up to 34% power savings in circuits where the current remains the same. In practice, the actual savings may be higher because some components draw less current at lower voltages.
42
+
43
+
44
+
45
+
46
+## ref
47
+
48
+- [[power]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/power-isolated-Module-dat/power-isolated-Module-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
1
+
2
+# power-isolated-Module-dat
3
+
4
+- [[morsun-dat]] - [[B-S-1W-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[HLW8032-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+## Features
10
+
11
+- high efficiency
12
+- short circuit protection - continuous short circuit protection (SCP) == [[SCP-dat]]
13
+- low ripple noise
14
+- no overload protection
15
+- no over voltage protection
16
+- no over current protection
17
+
18
+## the B0505S-1W R3 version
19
+
20
+- 4Pin **SIP** international standard pin
21
+- **Sustainable short circuit protection**
22
+- High conversion efficiency, up to **88%**
23
+- No-load input current as low as **5mA**
24
+- Isolation voltage **1500VDC**
25
+- Operating temperature range -40C ~ +85℃
26
+
27
+
28
+## ref
29
+
30
+- [[AC-mains-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/power-protection-dat/2025-03-24-19-39-56.png
... ...
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power-dat/power-protection-dat/power-protection-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
1
+
2
+# power-protection-dat
3
+
4
+## reverse-votlage-protection
5
+
6
+![](2025-03-24-19-39-56.png)
7
+
8
+## ref
9
+
10
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/power-ref-dat/power-ref-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# power-ref-dat
3
+
4
+- REF3025AIDBZR
5
+- TL431
6
+
7
+
power-dat/power-sensor-dat/power-sensor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
1
+
2
+# power-meter-dat
3
+
4
+- [[dc-current-sensor-dat]] - [[AC-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[dc-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[voltage-supervisor-dat]]
5
+
6
+## DC-DC
7
+
8
+- [[SVC1027-dat]] - [[INA226-dat]]
9
+
10
+
11
+### boards
12
+
13
+- [[svc1015-dat]] - [[svc1017-dat]] - [[svc1019-dat]]
14
+
15
+
16
+## AC-DC
17
+
18
+### Code Documentation
19
+
20
+* [HLW Datasheet please find here](https://github.com/Edragon/Datasheet/tree/master/HLW)
21
+* [All demo codes please find here](https://bitbucket.org/e_dragon/hlw)
22
+* Arduino demo code please see our arduino github.
23
+
24
+### Other energy meters Reference
25
+
26
+Other reference, energy monitor ICs:
27
+* ATT7309
28
+* ADE7758
29
+* 锰铜取样电阻
30
+* CS5460
31
+* https://github.com/zerog2k/power_meter_cs5460a
32
+* https://www.solo-labs.com/diy-digital-ac-watt-meter/
33
+
34
+
35
+### Applications
36
+
37
+* SONOFF POWER SCH - https://wiki.iteadstudio.com/images/5/52/Sonoff_POW_Schematic.pdf
38
+* SONOFF SCH - https://wiki.iteadstudio.com/images/f/ff/Sonoff-Schematic.pdf
39
+* SONOFF S31 / S31 Lite -
40
+Blitzwolf SHP5
41
+* https://www.blitzwolf.com/BlitzWolf-BW-SHP5-3680W-EU-Wifi-Socket-Smart-Charger-with-Dual-USB-Ports-Compatible-with-French-Standard,-Works-with-Alexa,-Scheduled-Control,-Remote-Control,-Monitor-Power-Use-p-326.html
42
+
43
+
44
+Software
45
+* https://tasmota.github.io/docs/Power-Monitoring-Calibration/
46
+
47
+
48
+## AC-DC boards
49
+
50
+- [[HLW-dat]] - [[HLW8012-dat]] - [[HLW8032-dat]]
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+## ref
55
+
56
+- [[power-sensor]]
57
+
power-dat/power-socket-dat/power-socket-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
1
+
2
+# power-socket-dat
3
+
4
+Power plug converter, convert to European type plug socket.
5
+
6
+The diameter of plug pin is
7
+
8
+- 4mm for Itatly, Swiztherland, etc countries,
9
+- 4.8mm dia. countries, France, German, etc.
10
+
11
+Your target device should be same or 85-265 VAC wide range input, otherwise may cause issues.
12
+
13
+- [[OPM1120-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/power-switch-dat/2023-11-30-15-52-54.png
... ...
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power-dat/power-switch-dat/high-side-driver-dat/high-side-driver-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# high-side-driver-dat
3
+
4
+- intended for driving any kind of load with one side connected to ground.
5
+
6
+- [[high-side-driver]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/power-switch-dat/power-switch-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
1
+
2
+# power-switch-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- SY6280AAC
6
+Low Loss Power Distribution Switch
7
+
8
+- [[high-side-driver-dat]]
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+### STMPS2151
13
+
14
+Enhanced single channel power switches
15
+
16
+https://www.st.com/en/switches-and-multiplexers/stmps2151.html
17
+
18
+The STMPS2141, STMPS2151, STMPS2161, STMPS2171 power distribution switches are intended for applications where heavy capacitive loads and short-circuits are likely to be encountered. These devices incorporate 90 mΩ N-channel MOSFET high-side power switches for power distribution. These switches are controlled by a logic enable input.
19
+
20
+All features
21
+- 90 mΩ high-side MOSFET switch
22
+- 500/1000 mA continuous current
23
+- Thermal and short-circuit protection with overcurrent logic output
24
+- Operating range from 2.7 to 5.5 V
25
+- CMOS and TTL compatible enable input
26
+- Undervoltage lockout (UVLO)
27
+
28
+![](2023-11-30-15-52-54.png)
29
+
30
+
31
+### VN750
32
+
33
+- [[VN750-dat]]
34
+
35
+
36
+## ref
37
+
38
+- [[power-switch]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/solar-power-dat/2024-01-24-16-10-06.png
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... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
1
+
2
+# solar-power-dat
3
+
4
+## direction protection diodes
5
+
6
+- direction protection diodes for [[solar-panel-dat]] power supply
7
+
8
+![](2024-01-24-16-10-06.png)
9
+
10
+![](2024-01-24-16-11-57.png)
11
+
12
+![](2024-01-24-16-12-15.png)
13
+
14
+
15
+## Solar Boards
16
+
17
+- [[OPM1146-dat]] - [[BAT1002-dat]]
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+## ref
22
+
23
+- [[solar-panel-dat]] - [[solar-power]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/voltage-divider-dat/2024-02-01-18-36-27.png
... ...
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power-dat/voltage-divider-dat/voltage-divider-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
1
+
2
+# voltage-divider-dat
3
+
4
+== voltage ladder
5
+
6
+![](2024-02-01-18-36-27.png)
7
+
8
+Vout = Vin * (R2 / (R1 + R2))
9
+
10
+ 4.77V = 18V * (13K / (13K + 36K) )
11
+ 3.65V = 18V * (13K / (13K + 51K) )
12
+
13
+ 0.877V = 5V * (47K / (47K + 10K) )
14
+ 0.526V = 3V * (47K / (47K + 10K) )
15
+
16
+ 0.952V = 5V * (51K / (51K + 12K) )
17
+ 0.571V = 3V * (51K / (51K + 12K) )
18
+
19
+Vin == Vout * (R1 + R2) / R2
20
+
21
+ == 1V * (220K + 100K) / 100K
22
+ == 3.2V
23
+
24
+A voltage divider circuit is a very common circuit that takes a higher voltage and converts it to a lower one by using a pair of resistors. The formula for calculating the output voltage is based on Ohms Law and is shown below.
25
+
26
+![](2025-04-24-13-05-56.png)
27
+
28
+where:
29
+
30
+- VS is the source voltage, measured in volts (V),
31
+- R1 is the resistance of the 1st resistor, measured in Ohms (Ω).
32
+- R2 is the resistance of the 2nd resistor, measured in Ohms (Ω).
33
+- Vout is the output voltage, measured in volts (V),
34
+
35
+## [[NWI1118-dat]] on board ADC voltage ladder
36
+
37
+cut off SJ3 first to use the ADC ladder.
38
+
39
+![](2025-05-14-18-12-31.png)
40
+
41
+- [[ESP8266-dat]]
42
+
43
+## ref
44
+
45
+- https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividers/all#:~:text=A%20voltage%20divider%20is%20a,most%20fundamental%20circuits%20in%20electronics.
46
+
47
+
48
+https://ohmslawcalculator.com/voltage-divider-calculator
49
+
50
+- [[ESP32-ADC-dat]]
power-dat/wireless-charge-dat/wireless-charge-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# wireless-charge-dat
3
+
4
+- [[OPM1167-dat]] - [[OPM1168-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[BQ51013B-dat]] - [[BQ51050-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-isolation-dat/2025-05-21-16-34-07.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-isolation-dat/2025-05-21-16-36-06.png
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-isolation-dat/AC-isolation-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AC-isolation-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## 5V Power Isolation
6
-
7
-![](2025-05-21-16-34-07.png)
8
-
9
-- [[B-S-1W-dat]] - [[morsun-dat]] - [[power-isolated-Module-dat]]
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-## Signal Isolation
14
-
15
-![](2025-05-21-16-36-06.png)
16
-
17
-- [[EL357-dat]] - [[everlight-dat]] - [[Optical-Coupler-DAT]]
18
-
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/AC-voltage-monitor-dat/AC-voltage-monitor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AC-voltage-monitor-dat
3
-
4
-- [[HLW-dat]]
5
-
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2023-08-31-18-49-57.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-01-23-14-05-46.png
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-01-23-14-06-01.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-03-21-14-52-51.png
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2024-08-28-15-15-13.png
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/2025-02-03-15-21-51.png
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/ACDC-RC_Buck-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# ACDC RC Buck
3
-
4
-![](2023-08-31-18-49-57.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[ACDC-RC_BUCK]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ACDC-dat/ACDC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# ACDC dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## Modules
7
-
8
-- [[OPM1178-dat]] - [[OPM1110-dat]] - [[OPM1111-dat]] - [[OPM1016-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[OPM1113-dat]]
11
-
12
-## Chip Solutions
13
-
14
-- [[AP8022-dat]] - [[AP8012-dat]]
15
-
16
-
17
-## Board Function diagram
18
-
19
-![](2025-02-03-15-20-49.png)
20
-
21
-- Power supply principle scheme block diagram
22
-- Mains power 220VAC
23
-- Electromagnetic interference filter
24
-- Rectification and filtering
25
-- Low voltage rectifier filter
26
-- DC output
27
-- Output detection
28
-- Power detection
29
-- PWM switch control
30
-- Temperature detection
31
-- Signal comprehensive analysis/processing
32
-- feedback control
33
-
34
-
35
-## Usage Applciation
36
-
37
-![](2025-02-03-15-21-51.png)
38
-
39
-## peripheral SCH
40
-
41
-![](2024-01-23-14-05-46.png)
42
-
43
-![](2024-01-23-14-06-01.png)
44
-
45
-- [[fuse-dat]] - [[MOV-dat]] - [[NTC-dat]]
46
-
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-## SCH ref
52
-
53
-
54
-![](2024-03-21-14-52-51.png)
55
-
56
-- 4x diodes rectify bridge
57
-
58
-
59
-## function map
60
-
61
-![](2024-08-28-15-15-13.png)
62
-
63
-## ref
64
-
65
-- [[ACDC]]
66
-
67
-改成了 - [[AC-DC-RPD]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ac-mains-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# ac-mains-dat
3
-
4
-- [[AC-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[acdc-adapter-dat]] - [[acdc-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[power-isolated-Module-dat]] - [[current-transformer-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[sample-resistor-dat]]
10
-
11
-## Measurement
12
-
13
-- [[HLW8012-dat]] - [[HLW8032-dat]]
14
-
15
-## Note
16
-
17
-- The live wire of domestic circuits is usually red and is at high voltage.
18
-- The neutral wire is black and has voltage close to that of the ground.
19
-- The potential difference between these two wires in India is about 220 V.
20
-- The earth or ground wire provides safety against faults and current leaks.
21
-- Earth pin is longer to ensure earth connection happens first while connecting and last while disconnecting any devices.
22
-
23
-
24
-## 1. What is AC (Alternating Current)?
25
-- **AC (Alternating Current)** is the type of electricity commonly used in homes and buildings.
26
-- The voltage **alternates direction** (50 or 60 times per second — 50Hz or 60Hz).
27
-- It powers appliances, lights, outlets, etc.
28
-
29
----
30
-
31
-## 2. The Three Main Wires in an AC Circuit
32
-
33
-### 🔴 Live (Hot) Wire
34
-- **Carries voltage** from the power source (e.g., 120V or 220V).
35
-- **Dangerous** – touching it can result in electric shock.
36
-- **Color**: Often **black** or **brown** (varies by country).
37
-
38
-### 🔵 Neutral Wire
39
-- **Returns current** back to the power source to complete the circuit.
40
-- **Usually near 0V**, but can still be hazardous.
41
-- **Color**: Often **white** or **blue**.
42
-
43
-### 🟢 Ground (Earth) Wire
44
-- **Safety wire**, doesn't carry current under normal conditions.
45
-- **Connected to the earth** – redirects electricity safely during a fault.
46
-- **Color**: Usually **green** or **green/yellow striped**.
47
-
48
----
49
-
50
-## 3. How They Work Together (Water Analogy)
51
-
52
-| Water System | Electrical System |
53
-|-------------------|---------------------------|
54
-| Water source | 🔴 Live wire (carries power) |
55
-| Drain pipe | 🔵 Neutral wire (returns current) |
56
-| Overflow pipe | 🟢 Ground wire (emergency path) |
57
-
58
----
59
-
60
-## ⚠️ Safety Notes
61
-- Only **Live** wire carries full voltage.
62
-- **Neutral** may still be dangerous if wiring is faulty.
63
-- **Ground** is for safety and **should not be live**.
64
-- **Never touch wires** unless the power is off and you are trained.
65
-
66
----
67
-
68
-✅ Use a multimeter to test wiring safely, and always follow local electrical codes and safety standards.
69
-
70
-
71
-- [[ground-wire-dat]]
72
-
73
-## ref
74
-
75
-- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/acdc-adapter-dat/33-41-16-30-08-2023.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/acdc-adapter-dat/acdc-adapter-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# acdc adapter dat
3
-
4
-## Technical Parameters:
5
-- Input voltage: AC (AC) 100-240V~50/60Hz
6
-- Output voltage: DC (direct current) 12V
7
-- Output current: DC (direct current) 5A
8
-- Input AC line: 0.5m
9
-- Output DC line: 1 meter
10
-- Output DC interface: 5.5*2.5mm [compatible with 5.5*2.1mm]
11
-- Polarity of power supply: positive inside and negative outside, inside (∩outside) (one) (large quantity and special polarity can be ordered as required)
12
-- Power supply size: length 11.8 width 5.2 height 3.1CM
13
-- Packing: transparent pp bag/white carton (transparent pp bag packaging/100 pcs per box by default)
14
-
15
-https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a21n57.1.0.0.718c523cteZiZt&id=522130135676&ns=1&abbucket=6#detail
16
-
17
-![](33-41-16-30-08-2023.png)
18
-
19
-
20
-
tech-power-dat/AC-Mains-dat/ground-wire-dat/ground-wire-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# ground-wire-dat
3
-
4
-## ⚠️ Can I Connect the Ground Wire to My Desk?
5
-
6
-### ❌ Short Answer: **No, you should not connect the ground wire directly to your desk.**
7
-
8
----
9
-
10
-### ⚠️ Why It's Not Safe
11
-
12
-#### 1. **A desk is not a valid ground**
13
-- Most desks are **not connected to the earth** or a certified ground system.
14
-- Connecting a ground wire to the desk can create a **shock hazard** if a live wire touches it.
15
-
16
-#### 2. **It can become dangerous**
17
-- If there's a fault (e.g., short circuit), the desk may become **electrically live**.
18
-- Without a safe ground path, the electricity won’t safely discharge.
19
-
20
-#### 3. **Violates electrical codes**
21
-- DIY grounding like this often **violates local electrical safety regulations**.
22
-- It can lead to:
23
- - Electric shock
24
- - Fire hazards
25
- - Insurance or legal issues
26
-
27
----
28
-
29
-### ✅ When Can a Desk Be Grounded Safely?
30
-
31
-Only under these conditions:
32
-
33
-- The desk is **metallic and designed for grounding** (e.g., ESD-safe workbenches).
34
-- It is connected to a **known, safe ground point**, such as:
35
- - The **ground hole** in a 3-prong outlet
36
- - A **ground busbar** in a lab or industrial setup
37
-- Proper grounding tools (connectors, wires, terminals) are used.
38
-
39
----
40
-
41
-### 🛠️ Example: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) Protection
42
-
43
-If your goal is **static protection** when working with electronics:
44
-
45
-- Use an **anti-static mat** and/or **wrist strap**.
46
-- Connect the mat or strap to the **ground terminal of a wall outlet** using a proper **ESD grounding plug**.
47
-- Do **not** connect it directly to the desk frame unless the desk is certified and grounded.
48
-
49
----
50
-
51
-### ✅ Conclusion
52
-
53
-> ⚠️ **Do NOT connect a ground wire directly to your desk unless you are following proper electrical grounding standards.**
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
-## ref
58
-
59
-- [[AC-mains-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# DC-dat
3
-
4
-legacy wiki page - https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:DC-DC#Schematic
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[dcdc-dat]] - [[ldo-dat]] - [[dc-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[voltage-supervisor-dat]]
8
-
9
-
10
-## chip companies
11
-
12
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[consonance-dat]] - [[AMS-dat]] - [[microne-dat]] - [[richtek-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/CV&CC-dat/CV&CC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CV&CC-dat
3
-
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-boost-dat/dcdc-boost-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# dcdc-boost-dat
3
-
4
-legacy wiki page - https://www.electrodragon.com/w/DC-DC_Boost
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[OPM1117-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[OPM1013-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[OPM1032-dat]]
12
-
13
-- [[OPM1089-dat]]
14
-
15
-- [[OPM1133-dat]]
16
-- https://www.electrodragon.com/product/mini-boost-buck-dc-board-1-8-5v-3-3v/
17
-
18
-- [[OPM1137-dat]]
19
-
20
-- [[OPM1175-dat]]
21
-- https://www.electrodragon.com/product/step-up-boost-dc-power-module-me6208-0-9-5vin-5vout-0-5a/
22
-
23
-- [[TPS61088-dat]]
24
-
25
-
26
-## compare
27
-
28
-| model | description | peripherals | type |
29
-| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------- | ----------- |
30
-| TPS61040DBVR | TPS6104x Low-Power DC-DC Boost Converter in SOT-23 and WSON Packages | 7 | . |
31
-| LT8364 | Low IQ Boost/SEPIC/Inverting Converter with 4A, 60V Switch | 11 | |
32
-| [[SX1308-dat]] | High Efficiency 1.2MHz 2A Step Up Converter 85T | 6 | |
33
-| SDB628 | | 6 | |
34
-| LGS6302 | | 6 | |
35
-| FP6277 | 500kHz 7A High Efficiency Synchronous PWM Boost Converter | 7 | |
36
-| PW5410A | Output 5V,Regulated Charge Pump DC/Dc Converter | 3 | charge pump |
37
-
38
-fixed 5V output and little periperals
39
-
40
-| **Chip** | **Input Voltage** | **Output Voltage** | **Output Current** | **Efficiency** | **External Components** | **Notes** |
41
-|-----------------|-------------------|--------------------|--------------------|----------------|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
42
-| TPS61072 | 0.9V–5.5V | Fixed 5V | Up to 400mA | Up to 90% | 4 (inductor, 2 caps, diode) | Compact, great for low-current devices |
43
-| MIC2288 | 2.5V–10V | Fixed 5V | Up to 1.2A | Up to 90% | 3 (inductor, 2 caps) | Minimal components, fixed 5V version |
44
-| FP6293 | 2.5V–5.5V | Fixed 5V | Up to 1.5A | Up to 95% | 4 (inductor, 2 caps, resistor) | High efficiency, great for portable devices |
45
-| [[ME2108-dat]] | 2V–6.5V | Fixed 5V | Up to 1A | Up to 90% | 3 (inductor, 2 caps) | Simplest, minimal components needed |
46
-
47
-- [[microne-dat]]
48
-
49
-- [[richtek-dat]] - [[RT9266-dat]]
50
-
51
-## ref
52
-
53
-- [[dcdc-boost-dat]]
54
-
55
-- [[dcdc-boost]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# dcdc dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[dcdc-buck-dat]] - [[dcdc-boost-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[ti-power-dat]] - [[silergy-dat]]
8
-
9
-
10
-## ref
11
-
12
-- [[dcdc]]
13
-
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/2024-07-10-12-59-29.png
... ...
Binary files a/tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/2024-07-10-12-59-29.png and /dev/null differ
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/dcdc-down-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
1
-# DCDC-down-dat
2
-
3
-- [[dcdc-down]]
4
-
5
-- [[MPS-dat]] - [[MP1658-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[TI-power-dat]] - [[TPS54302-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[silergy-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[XL-dat]] - [[XL4015-dat]] - [[XL1509-dat]]
12
-
13
-- [[OPM1192-dat]] - [[OPM1152-dat]]
14
-
15
-- [[richtek-dat]]
16
-
17
-### LM2596 = input 3~40V
18
-
19
-- [[OPM1003-dat]] - [[LM2596-dat]] ADJ Display version
20
-
21
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/lm2596-adj-dc-dc-step-module-high-power-wdisplay/
22
-
23
-- [[OPM1026-dat]] - ADJ version
24
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/lm2596s-adj-dc-dc-small-tiny-adjustable-step-down-module-3-40vin-1-5-35vout/
25
-
26
-- [[6101380-dat]]
27
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/lm25xx-regulator-2596-2940/
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-### XL4015 = 37V / 5A
32
-
33
-- [[OPM1171-dat]]
34
-- https://www.electrodragon.com/product/dc-dc-step-down-adj-power-module-xl4015-4-38v-5a-96/
35
-
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
-### Option 401
41
-
42
-High Efficiency, 1.2MHz, 50V Input, 0.8A Asynchronous Step Down Regulator
43
-
44
-### Option 8201
45
-
46
-High Efficiency, Fast Response, 2.0A, 18V Input Synchronous Step Down Regulator
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-## template
52
-
53
-| chip | Co. | Vin | Ipeak | Inorm | freq | package | cost CNY |
54
-| ------------ | ----------- | --------- | ----- | ----- | ---- | ------- | --------- |
55
-| TPS5430 | | 5.5-36V | 3A | | | |
56
-| TPS54331 | | 3.5-28V | 3A | | | SOP-8 |
57
-| TPS54302 DDCR | [[TI-power-dat]] | 4.5-28V | 3A | | | SOT23-6 | 0.98 |
58
-| LM2596S-5.0 | | 40V | 3A | | | |
59
-| TLV62569DBVR | | 2.5V~5.5V | 2A | | | |
60
-| TPS5450DDAR | | 5.5V~36V | 5A | | | |
61
-| TPS54560DDAR | | 4.5V~60V | | | | | 30+: 5.37 |
62
-| XL1509 | [[XL-dat]] | | | | | |
63
-| LM5164DDAR | | 6V~100V | | | | |
64
-| MP2143 | [[MPS-dat]] | 24V | 3A | | | |
65
-
66
-
67
-TPS 543x 3A、宽输入范围降压转换器
68
-
69
-TPS 5430：5.5V 至 36V
70
-
71
-TPS 54331 具有 Eco-mode 的 3A、28V 输入、直流/直流降压转换器
72
-
73
-TPS 54202 DDCR
74
-
75
-TPS 563201 DDCR
76
-
77
-
78
-MT2492 - 2A,4.5V-16V Input,600kHz Synchronous Step-Down Converter
79
-ME3116AM6G - 最高输入 40V 带载可达 1A 的 DC/DC 降压型稳压器 ME3116
80
-
81
-
82
-
83
-- [[dcdc-down-output-dat]]
84
-
85
-## circuits
86
-
87
-![](2024-07-10-12-59-29.png)
88
-
89
-## ref
90
-
91
-- [[LDO-dat]]
92
-
93
-- [[XL-dat]] - [[MPS-dat]] - [[silergy-dat]]
94
-
95
-- [[dcdc-down]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/DCDC-dat/dcdc-down-dat/dcdc-down-output-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# dcdc-bulk-output-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-when Vref = 0.6V
6
-
7
-Vout = Vref * (R2/R3+1)
8
-
9
-for 5V = 0.6V * (100K / ? + 1 )
10
-
11
-100K / R3 = 5V/0.6V - 1 = 7.3333
12
-100K / R3 = 5.2V/0.6V - 1 = 7.6666
13
-
14
-R3 = 13.633K or below 13.3K for 5.2V
15
-
16
-
17
-| output | rough | Rbot | Rtop | Vref |
18
-| ------ | ----- | ----- | ---- | ---- |
19
-| 5V | 5.2V | 13.3K | 100K | 0.6V |
20
-| 4.35V | 4.35V | 16K | 100K | 0.6V |
21
-| 4.2V | 4.2V | 16.6K | 100K | 0.6V |
22
-| 4V | 3.93V | 18K | 100K | 0.6V |
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/2024-01-18-18-11-53.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/2024-07-10-13-00-29.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/LDO-2CH-dat/LDO-2CH-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# LDO-2CH-dat
3
-
4
-- [[XC6206-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/LDO-dat/LDO-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# LDO-dat
3
-
4
-- [[microne-dat]] - [[silergy-dat]] - [[ti-power-dat]]
5
-
6
-## comparable table
7
-
8
-| chip | package | VIN |
9
-| ----------------- | ------- | --- |
10
-| [[AMS1117-dat]] | SOT-89 | |
11
-| 6211 | | |
12
-| SPX3819 | | |
13
-| RT9013 / RT9193 | | |
14
-| SGM2028 / SGM2019 | | |
15
-| MIC5219 | | |
16
-| XC6219 | | |
17
-| LP2985 | | |
18
-
19
-## 9742
20
-
21
-![](2024-01-18-18-11-53.png)
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-
26
-## SGM2036
27
-
28
-- VGPS = 2.8V
29
-
30
-![](2024-07-10-13-00-29.png)
31
-
32
-
33
-
34
-
35
-## large current
36
-
37
-- [[LM7805-dat]] - [[TI-power-dat]] - [[LM317-dat]]
38
-
39
-
40
-[LD1086DT33TR](https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/STMicroelectronics/LD1086DT33TR?qs=ZqrNm9%252BX9x495avHxGunSw%3D%3D&srsltid=AfmBOoo8TbJZVeh8Kv_urL5uG9JMlbgNaeSaF4P_AzeEG9Svc2ydWkUq) == LDO Voltage Regulators 3.3V 1.5A Positive
41
-
42
-
43
-
44
-## ref
45
-
46
-- [[DC-dat]]
47
-
48
-- [[LDO]]
49
-
50
-- [[silergy]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/dc-voltage-monitor-dat/dc-voltage-monitor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# dc-voltage-monitor-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
tech-power-dat/DC-dat/voltage-supervisor-dat/voltage-supervisor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Voltage supervisor ICs
3
-
4
-
5
-### 1. MAX809 / MAX810 Series
6
-- **Purpose**: Voltage supervisor ICs for battery monitoring.
7
-- **Features**:
8
- - Monitors voltage and generates a reset signal when voltage drops below a set threshold.
9
- - Available in SOT23-3 package.
10
- - Extremely low quiescent current (ideal for battery applications).
11
- - Fixed threshold voltages (e.g., 2.5V, 3.0V, 3.3V, etc.).
12
-- **Application**: Battery-powered devices, microcontroller reset circuits.
13
-
14
----
15
-
16
-### 2. TLV803 / TLV809 Series (Texas Instruments)
17
-- **Purpose**: Voltage supervisor for simple battery monitoring.
18
-- **Features**:
19
- - Low-power consumption (0.9 µA typical).
20
- - Fixed voltage threshold options (e.g., 2.7V, 3.0V, 3.3V).
21
- - Push-pull output or open-drain configurations.
22
- - Compact SOT23-3 package.
23
-
24
----
25
-
26
-### 3. MCP100 / MCP101 Series (Microchip)
27
-- **Purpose**: Voltage detector ICs for battery-powered devices.
28
-- **Features**:
29
- - Ultra-low quiescent current (<1 µA).
30
- - Monitors battery voltage levels with fixed thresholds.
31
- - SOT23-3 package for compact designs.
32
- - Reset output for low-battery detection.
33
-
34
----
35
-
36
-### 4. TPS3808 Series (Texas Instruments)
37
-- **Purpose**: Precision voltage supervisor IC.
38
-- **Features**:
39
- - Adjustable or fixed voltage thresholds.
40
- - Low power consumption (<2 µA typical).
41
- - Reset signal for microcontroller.
42
- - SOT23-3 package for compact designs.
43
-
44
-
45
-### TPS382x
46
-
47
-TPS382x Voltage Monitor With Watchdog Timer
48
-
49
-The TPS382x family of supervisors provide circuit initialization and timing supervision, primarily for DSP and processor-based systems.
50
-
51
-During power on, RESET asserts when the supply voltage VDD becomes greater than 1.1 V. Thereafter, the supply voltage supervisor monitors VDD and keeps RESET active low as long as VDD remains less than the threshold voltage, VIT−. An internal timer delays the return of the output to the inactive state (high) to ensure proper system reset.
52
-
53
-The delay time, td, starts after VDD has risen above the threshold voltage (VIT− + VHYS). When the supply voltage drops below the threshold voltage VIT−, the output becomes active (low) again. No external components are required. All the devices of this family have a fixed-sense threshold voltage, VIT–, set by an internal voltage divider.
54
-
55
-The TPS382x family also offers watchdog time out options of 200 ms (TPS3820) and 1.6 s (TPS3823, TPS3824, and TPS3828).
56
-
57
-
58
-TPS382x 系列监控器主要为 DSP 以及基于处理器的系统提供电路初始化和计时监控等功能。
59
-
60
-上电期间，RESET 会在电源电压 VDD 超出 1.1V 时置为有效。
61
-
62
-因此 VDD 保持在阈值电压 VIT− 以下，电源电压监控器就会监测 VDD 并将 RESET 保持为低电平有效。内部计时器将会延迟输出恢复至无效状态（高电平）的时间，以确保系统正常复位。延时时间 td 始于 VDD 上升至高于阈值电压 (VIT− + VHYS) 之后。当电源电压降到阈值电压 VIT− 以下时，输出再次变为有效状态（低电平）。无需外部组件。该系列中的所有器件均具有一个通过内部分压器设定的固定检测阈值电压 VIT–。TPS382x 系列还提供 200ms (TPS3820) 和 1.6s（TPS3823、TPS3824 和 TPS3828）的看门狗超时选项。
63
-
64
-
65
-## ref
66
-
67
-- [[CONsonance-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/Power-distribution-dat/2023-12-18-15-43-51.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/Power-distribution-dat/2024-10-15-17-29-50.png
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tech-power-dat/Power-distribution-dat/2025-02-03-17-18-57.png
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tech-power-dat/Power-distribution-dat/Power-distribution-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-flow-contro-dat
3
-
4
-## USB Logic control for [[SDR1096-DAT]]
5
-
6
-[[logic-gate-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-- OE stay off by pull up resistor (default)
10
-- OE turn on by **USB_ID or PA28_USB_HOST_EN pull down**
11
- - **USB_ID or PA28_USB_HOST_EN pull down** further turn on [[mos-p]]
12
- - VBUS -> VIN via [[mos-p]] (default off by pull up resistor)
13
-
14
-
15
-![](2023-12-18-15-43-51.png)
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## P-ch Mosfet select for [[ARM1007-dat]]
20
-
21
-
22
-![](2024-10-15-17-29-50.png)
23
-
24
-working table
25
-
26
-| Input | mos-ctrl | working |
27
-| ----- | -------- | ---------------- |
28
-| VBAT | ON | direct to +5V |
29
-| VBUS | OFF | via diode to +5V |
30
-
31
-
32
-## P-ch Mosfet select V2 for [[ARM1003-dat]]
33
-
34
-- [[mosfet-dat]]
35
-
36
-| VBUS @ gate | p-mos | BAT | VCC | note |
37
-| ----------- | ----- | --- | ------ | ---------- |
38
-| ON | OFF | OFF | = VBUS | via diode |
39
-| OFF | ON | ON | = VBAT | via mosfet |
40
-
41
-
42
-![](2025-02-03-17-18-57.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-06.png
... ...
Binary files a/tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-06.png and /dev/null differ
tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png
... ...
Binary files a/tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png and /dev/null differ
tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-51.png
... ...
Binary files a/tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-51.png and /dev/null differ
tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
-
4
-## Method 1.
5
-
6
-How to use single [[TP4056-dat]] to charge 2S lithium battery pack?
7
-
8
-The battery should be built with all pins out:
9
-
10
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-06.png)
11
-
12
-parallel charging by [[TP4056-dat]] directly
13
-
14
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-34.png)
15
-
16
-Board looks like:
17
-
18
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-51.png)
19
-
20
-
21
-## Method 2.
22
-
23
-If building your own charger or pack, include a BMS, and use a charger with current limit and CV/CC behavior.
24
-
25
-如果你自己DIY电池组或充电系统，务必使用保护板（BMS），并选择支持恒流恒压输出的充电器。
26
-
27
-
28
-## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
29
-
30
-These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
31
-
32
-🔧 Example:
33
-
34
-IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
35
-
36
-Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
37
-
38
-
39
-## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
40
-
41
-== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
42
-
43
-
44
-- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
45
-
46
-Example setup:
47
-
48
-Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
49
-
50
-The BMS will:
51
-
52
-- Protect against overcharge
53
-- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
-
58
-## ref
59
-
60
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# BMS-dat
3
-
4
-## Protection solution
5
-
6
-### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
7
-
8
-A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
9
-
10
-G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
11
-
12
-![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
13
-
14
-### DW01 + FM8205
15
-
16
-### protection board
17
-
18
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
19
-
20
-## Precautions before applying BMS:
21
-
22
-1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
23
-
24
-- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
25
-- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
26
-- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
27
-
28
-The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
29
-
30
-2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
31
-
32
-Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
33
-
34
-3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
35
-
36
-4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
37
-
38
-If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
39
-
40
-A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
41
-
42
-
43
-
44
-
45
-
46
-
47
-## ref
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
... ...
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tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
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tech-power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
1
-# battery-charge-dat
2
-
3
-https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Battery_Charge
4
-
5
-The most following charger options are for the lithium-ion battery
6
-
7
-- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
8
-
9
-## Chip Info
10
-
11
-- [[LTC4054-dat]] - [[MCP73831-dat]]
12
-
13
-[[TP-dat]] - [[TP4056-dat]] - [[TP5000-dat]]
14
-
15
-[[injoinic-dat]]
16
-- [[IP5306-dat]]
17
-
18
-- [[CN3722-dat]] - [[CN3768-dat]]
19
-
20
-
21
-## Board
22
-
23
-- [[OPM1193-dat]] - [[OPM1156-dat]]
24
-
25
-
26
-
27
-## Compare
28
-
29
-| Type | Feature | charge-current |
30
-| -------- | --------------------------------- | -------------- |
31
-| TP5000 | Li-MnO2, LiFePO4(LFP) charger IC, | 0.5A |
32
-| MCP73831 | 0LED indicator | 0.5A |
33
-| TP4056 | Linear charging | ~1A |
34
-| TP4054 |
35
-
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-## Quick-Charge QC Options
40
-
41
-* FP6719 / FP6717 / FP6291 DC-DC Boost
42
-* PSC5415
43
-* ME2149
44
-* Solution - FP6601 + TPS61088
45
-QC Protocol Identify:
46
-* FM5888
47
-* LI4001 - LI4001是一款面向5V交流适配器的2A锂离子电池充电芯片。采用700KHz开关降压型转换器拓扑结构工作。LI4001包括完整的涓流充电、恒流充电、恒压充电、充电自动终止电路、自动再充电以及过流保护、短路保护电路。最大2A的可编程充电电流与简单的外围电路造就了一种能被嵌入在各种手持式应用中的小型化充电器。由于集成了温度保护、输入欠压闭锁，提高了芯片的应用可靠性。
48
-* BQ24170
49
-* TP5100 - 2A开关降压 8.4V/4.2V锂电池充电器芯片
50
-
51
-
52
-
53
-
54
-## Module LDO RTC
55
-request
56
-* MT2503 ED20 -> 1.1V RTC LDO
57
-* SIM800 -> 2.8V RTC LDO
58
-
59
-
60
-## ref
61
-
62
-- [[battery-dat]]
63
-
64
-## voltage map
65
-
66
-| volt | composite | sum |
67
-| ---- | --------- | ----- |
68
-| 4.2 | 2 | 8.4V |
69
-| 4.2 | 3 | 12.6V |
70
-| 4.2 | 4 | 16.8V |
71
-| 4.2 | 5 | 21V |
72
-
73
-
74
-## battery cables
75
-
76
-- [[SM2.54-dat]] - [[JST-dat]] - [[15EDGRKP-3.81mm-dat]] - [[XT-dat]] - [[cable-dat]]
... ...
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/2023-11-08-16-40-20.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/CR1220-dat/CR1220-dat.md
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@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR1220-dat
3
-
4
-The CR1220 is a lithium coin cell battery with the following key features:
5
-
6
-Specifications:
7
-- Diameter: 12 mm
8
-- Thickness: 2.0 mm
9
-- Nominal Voltage: 3V
10
-- Capacity: Approximately 35-40 mAh (varies by brand)
11
-- Chemistry: Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2)
12
-- Operating Temperature Range: -30°C to +60°C
13
-
14
-Common Applications:
15
-- Watches
16
-- Calculators
17
-- Car key fobs
18
-- Small medical devices (like glucose meters)
19
-- Motherboards (for CMOS memory)
20
-- Small toys
21
-
22
-Advantages:
23
-- Long Shelf Life: Typically 5-10 years due to low self-discharge rates.
24
-- High Energy Density: Ideal for compact devices.
25
-- Stable Voltage Output: Ensures consistent device operation.
26
-
27
-
28
-## Pulse Current
29
-
30
-The CR1220 lithium coin cell battery is designed for low-power devices, and its discharge current specifications depend on the manufacturer and application. Here's an overview:
31
-
32
-1. Continuous Discharge Current
33
-- Typical Range: 0.1 mA to 0.2 mA
34
-- This current is sufficient for steady operation in devices like watches, calculators, and small sensors.
35
-
36
-1. Maximum Pulse Discharge Current
37
-- Typical Range: 1 mA to 5 mA (varies by brand)
38
-- The battery can briefly supply higher currents for short bursts, such as transmitting signals in key fobs or powering small LEDs.
39
-
40
-### Important Notes:
41
-
42
-Overloading the Battery:
43
-
44
-If the discharge current exceeds the specified range for a long time, it may cause:
45
-- Sudden voltage drop
46
-- Reduced capacity
47
-- Battery heating or leakage
48
-
49
-Brand Variation:
50
-
51
-Manufacturers like Panasonic, Sony, or Maxell may have slightly different specifications for their CR1220 batteries. Always check the datasheet for the specific brand you're using.
52
-
53
-### Recommendations:
54
-
55
-If your device requires higher discharge currents (e.g., above 10 mA), consider:
56
-
57
-Adding a Capacitor: To handle short bursts of high current.
58
-Using a Larger Battery: Such as CR2032 or CR2450, which are better suited for higher-power applications.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/CR2032-dat/CR2032-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2032-dat
3
-
4
-The CR2032 lithium coin cell battery typically supports the following continuous discharge current specifications, depending on the manufacturer:
5
-
6
-## Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
-
8
-Range: 0.2 mA to 0.3 mA
9
-
10
-This current is ideal for low-power devices like remote controls, medical devices, and calculators that operate steadily over long periods.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/CR2045-dat/CR2045-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2045-dat
3
-
4
-The CR2450 lithium coin cell battery supports higher discharge currents than smaller coin cells like the CR2032 or CR1220. Here's an overview:
5
-
6
-1. Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
-- Range: 0.5 mA to 1.0 mA
8
-- Suitable for devices requiring steady, low-power consumption over long periods, such as medical sensors, remote controls, and watches.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-9V-dat/battery-9V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 9V-battery-dat
3
-
4
-## Common Names for the 9V Battery
5
-
6
-### IEC and ANSI Designations:
7
-- **IEC: 6LR61** (alkaline)
8
-- **IEC: 6F22** (zinc-carbon)
9
-- **ANSI: 1604A** (alkaline)
10
-- **ANSI: 1604D** (zinc-carbon)
11
-
12
-### Common Names:
13
-- **9V battery**
14
-- **PP3 battery** (original series name from the manufacturer Ever Ready)
15
-- **E-block** battery
16
-
17
-### Typical Chemistry Types:
18
-- **Alkaline** (most common consumer version)
19
-- **Lithium** (longer life, lighter)
20
-- **Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)** (rechargeable)
21
-- **Zinc-carbon** (cheaper, shorter lifespan)
22
-
23
-### Common Uses:
24
-- Smoke detectors
25
-- Guitar pedals
26
-- Radios
27
-- Multimeters
28
-
29
-## Typical Discharge Current of a 9V Battery
30
-
31
-### 1. **Alkaline 9V Battery (e.g., Duracell, Energizer)**
32
-- **Continuous current**: ~15–50 mA (milliamps)
33
-- **Peak current**: Up to **400–500 mA** (for short bursts)
34
-- **Capacity**: ~500–600 mAh (at low drain)
35
-
36
-### 2. **Zinc-Carbon 9V Battery**
37
-- **Continuous current**: ~5–15 mA
38
-- **Peak current**: ~100–200 mA
39
-- **Capacity**: ~400–500 mAh
40
-
41
-### 3. **Lithium 9V Battery**
42
-- **Continuous current**: Up to **120–200 mA**
43
-- **Peak current**: Often **500–1200 mA**
44
-- **Capacity**: ~1000–1200 mAh
45
-
46
-### 4. **Rechargeable 9V Batteries**
47
-- **NiMH (Nickel-metal hydride)**:
48
- - **Typical current**: 50–100 mA continuous
49
- - **Peak current**: ~200–400 mA
50
- - **Capacity**: ~150–300 mAh
51
-
52
-### Notes:
53
-- Drawing high current continuously will **reduce battery life** quickly.
54
-- Actual current delivered depends on the **internal resistance** and **load**.
55
-
56
-
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/2025-05-12-14-32-59.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/battery-RC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-RC-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-05-12-14-32-59.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- Rated Voltage: 7.4V
8
-- Charging Cable: 22AWG-4cm
9
-- Maximum Current: 60A
10
-- Discharge Cable: 17AWG-5.5cm
11
-- **Discharge Rate**: 30C
12
-- Weight: 84.7g
13
-- Default Plug: XT30U
14
-- Dimensions: L123*W19*H17mm
15
-
16
-## ref
17
-
18
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AA-battery-dat/AA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AA-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## ref
7
-
8
-- [[battery-leakage-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AAA-battery-dat/AAA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AAA-battery-dat
3
-
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/battery-alkaline-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# alkaline-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## explosion and fire
7
-
8
-Yes, if a AA alkaline battery explodes, it can cause a fire or at least create a situation that could lead to burns. When a battery overheats due to damage, improper use, or a short circuit, it can vent or even rupture. This can release chemicals like potassium hydroxide, which is corrosive, and create a lot of heat, potentially igniting nearby materials.
9
-
10
-However, alkaline batteries are not particularly flammable, so they might not produce flames, but they can still cause burns or damage through heat and chemical release. If a battery does explode, it's important to avoid touching it directly and clean up the area safely with protective gloves.
11
-
12
-## ref
13
-
14
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-capacity-dat/battery-capacity-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-capacity-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## Car Sedan Lead-Acid battery
6
-
7
-- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]]
8
-
9
-- Typical Voltage (V): 12 V
10
-- Typical Capacity Range (Ah): 40 Ah to 70 Ah
11
-
12
-Calculating Energy (Wh) = Voltage (V) × Capacity (Ah)
13
-
14
-- Minimum Energy: 12 V × 40 Ah = 480 Wh
15
-- Maximum Energy: 12 V × 70 Ah = 840 Wh
16
-
17
-So, the energy stored in a typical car lead-acid battery is usually between 480 Wh and 840 Wh.
18
-
19
-## 20000 mAh * 3.7V
20
-
21
-Energy (Wh) = 20 Ah × 3.7 V = 74 Wh
22
-
23
-## 2.6Ah * 12V
24
-
25
-Energy (Wh) = 2.6 Ah × 12 V = 31.2 Wh
26
-
27
-## 1000 Wh
28
-
29
-1000 watt-hours (Wh) == 1 度
30
-
31
-Runtime = 1000 Wh / 5V * 1A = 1000 Wh / 5W = 200 hours
32
-
33
-## quick calculation
34
-
35
-2000 mAh = 2 Ah
36
-Runtime ≈ (2 Ah * 3.7 V * 0.85) / (1 A * 5 V) ≈ 1.26 hours
37
-
38
-for 20000 mAh, == 12.6 hours
39
-
40
-## Calculating Runtime for a 2000mAh Power Bank Supplying a 1A @ 5V Device
41
-
42
-Here's a breakdown of how to estimate the runtime:
43
-
44
-### 1. Power Bank Energy
45
-
46
-* **Capacity:** 2000 mAh (milliampere-hours) = 2 Ah (ampere-hours)
47
-* **Nominal Voltage:** 3.7 V (typical for lithium-ion/polymer batteries)
48
-* **Total Energy (Watt-hours, Wh):** Capacity (Ah) × Voltage (V)
49
- * `2 Ah * 3.7 V = 7.4 Wh`
50
-
51
-### 2. Device Power Consumption
52
-
53
-* **Current:** 1 A (ampere)
54
-* **Voltage:** 5 V (standard USB output)
55
-* **Power Needed (Watts, W):** Current (A) × Voltage (V)
56
- * `1 A * 5 V = 5 W`
57
-
58
-### 3. Efficiency Consideration
59
-
60
-Power banks are not 100% efficient when converting their internal battery voltage (3.7V) to the required 5V output. Energy is lost, primarily as heat, during this conversion.
61
-* **Estimated Efficiency:** Let's assume an average efficiency of **85%** (or 0.85). This can vary between 80% and 95% depending on the quality of the power bank circuitry.
62
-
63
-### 4. Effective Energy Available
64
-
65
-This is the amount of the power bank's stored energy that can actually be delivered to the device after accounting for conversion losses.
66
-* **Effective Energy:** Total Energy (Wh) × Efficiency
67
- * `7.4 Wh * 0.85 ≈ 6.29 Wh`
68
-
69
-### 5. Calculate Runtime
70
-
71
-* **Runtime (hours):** Effective Energy Available (Wh) / Device Power Consumption (W)
72
- * `6.29 Wh / 5 W ≈ 1.26 hours`
73
-
74
-### Conclusion
75
-
76
-A 2000mAh, 3.7V power bank can theoretically supply a device drawing 1A at 5V for approximately **1.26 hours**, or about **1 hour and 15 minutes**.
77
-
78
-**Disclaimer:** This is an estimate. Actual runtime depends on factors such as:
79
-* The precise efficiency of the specific power bank.
80
-* The age and health of the battery cells.
81
-* The quality of the charging cable (resistance losses).
82
-* Ambient temperature.
83
-* Whether the device's power draw is constant or fluctuates.
84
-
85
-
86
-## ref
87
-
88
-- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# battery-dat
4
-
5
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[alkaline-battery-dat]] - [[9V-battery-dat]]
12
-
13
-- [[battery-soldering-dat]] - [[battery-tester-dat]]
14
-
15
-- [[battery-discharge-dat]]
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-## coin battery dat
21
-
22
-CR2030 provides up to 3V 210~225 mAh, and CR1220 provides up to 3V 38mAh power.
23
-
24
-Both button cells provide very low discharge rate that can work for 1-3 years.
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-## 🔋 Battery Specifications
29
-
30
-| Specification | Description | Example / Notes |
31
-| ----------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
32
-| **Nominal Voltage (V)** | Average voltage during discharge | 3.7V (Li-ion), 1.2V (NiMH) |
33
-| **Capacity (mAh or Ah)** | Amount of charge the battery holds | 2200mAh = 2.2A for 1 hour |
34
-| **Discharge Rate (C-Rating)** | Multiplier of capacity for safe discharge rate | 10C = 10 × Capacity (e.g. 10A for 1000mAh) |
35
-| **Burst Discharge Rate** | Max short-duration current | 20C = 20 × Capacity |
36
-| **Max Continuous Discharge** | Maximum current battery can supply continuously | Capacity × C-rating |
37
-| **Internal Resistance (mΩ)** | Resistance inside the cell (lower is better) | 5–50 mΩ |
38
-| **Charge Rate (C or A)** | Max safe charging current | 1C for 2200mAh = 2.2A |
39
-| **Cycle Life** | Number of charge/discharge cycles before capacity drops (e.g. to 80%) | 300–1000 cycles |
40
-| **Cutoff Voltage** | Minimum safe voltage during discharge | 3.0V (Li-ion) |
41
-| **Max Charge Voltage** | Voltage at full charge | 4.2V per cell (Li-ion) |
42
-| **Temperature Range (°C)** | Safe operating/charging temperature range | -20°C to 60°C (discharge), 0–45°C (charge) |
43
-
44
-
45
-
46
-## Power battery
47
-
48
-![](2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
49
-
50
-
51
-
52
-
53
-
54
-## compare
55
-
56
-
57
-
58
-
59
-| **Battery Type** | **Size** | **Voltage** | **Capacity** | **Current Capability** | **Typical Use** | **Features** |
60
-| ---------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
61
-| **AA Alkaline** | 14.5 x 50.5 mm | 1.5V | 2000-3000 mAh | Up to 700-1000 mA | Medium to high power devices | High capacity, suitable for long runtime |
62
-| **CR2032** | 20 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 200 mAh | ~0.2-3 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Compact, suitable for low-power applications |
63
-| **CR2025** | 20 x 2.5 mm | 3V | 150 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Slightly lower capacity than CR2032 |
64
-| **LR44** | 11.6 x 5.4 mm | 1.5V | 110-130 mAh | ~1-10 mA (sustained) | Small low-power devices | Small size, lower voltage, and capacity |
65
-| **CR1220** | 12 x 2.0 mm | 3V | 35-40 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA (sustained), up to 5 mA (peak) | Small electronics, key fobs | Very small and thin for low-power devices |
66
-| **CR1632** | 16 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 120 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Watches, calculators | Slightly thicker, offers more capacity |
67
-| **SR621SW** | 6.8 x 2.1 mm | 1.55V | 17-20 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA | Watches, small calculators | Stable voltage, long-lasting in low-drain devices |
68
-| **LR927** | 9.5 x 2.7 mm | 1.5V | 30-45 mAh | ~0.5-3 mA | Laser pointers, small toys | Small, used in low-power gadgets |
69
-
70
-
71
-## AA vs. AAA
72
-
73
-
74
-| **Feature** | **AA Battery** | **AAA Battery** |
75
-| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
76
-| **Size** | 14.5 mm (diameter) x 50.5 mm (length) | 10.5 mm (diameter) x 44.5 mm (length) |
77
-| **Voltage** | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) |
78
-| **Capacity** | 2000-3000 mAh (Alkaline) | 600-1200 mAh (Alkaline) |
79
-| **Current Capability** | 700-1000 mA sustained | 300-500 mA sustained |
80
-| **Typical Use** | Medium to high-power devices: flashlights, toys, wireless mice, clocks | Low-power devices: remote controls, small toys, wireless keyboards |
81
-| **Weight** | Approx. 23 g (Alkaline) | Approx. 11.5 g (Alkaline) |
82
-| **Cost** | Generally slightly more expensive per battery | Slightly less expensive per battery |
83
-| **Energy Density** | Higher capacity and energy per unit | Lower capacity due to smaller size |
84
-| **Runtime** | Longer due to higher capacity | Shorter due to lower capacity |
85
-| **Features** | Ideal for devices that require more power and have higher current demands | Ideal for smaller devices that require less power and a more compact size |
86
-
87
-
88
-### Key Differences:
89
-
90
-Size: AA batteries are larger than AAA batteries, both in diameter and length. This difference in size translates to a larger energy storage capacity for AA batteries.
91
-
92
-Capacity: AA batteries typically have 2-3 times the capacity of AAA batteries. This means AA batteries will last longer in devices that use the same amount of power.
93
-
94
-Current Capability: AA batteries can deliver higher currents (700-1000 mA), making them better suited for devices that need more power, such as flashlights, toys, and certain electronics. AAA batteries, due to their smaller size, typically provide lower current (300-500 mA), which is suitable for low-power devices like remote controls and wireless keyboards.
95
-
96
-Weight: AA batteries are about twice as heavy as AAA batteries due to their larger size and greater energy storage.
97
-
98
-Usage: Devices that require more energy or have higher power consumption tend to use AA batteries, while devices that prioritize size and weight, like remotes and small electronics, often use AAA batteries.
99
-
100
-
101
-
102
-
103
-
104
-
105
-## ref
106
-
107
-- [[battery]] - [[l76-dat]] - [[super-cap-dat]]
108
-
109
-- [[XH-414H]] - [[ohm-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-discharge-dat/battery-discharge-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-discharge-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## C-Rate
6
-
7
-**C-rate** is a measure of how fast a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity.
8
-
9
-### 🔹 Formula:
10
-
11
- C-rate × Capacity (Ah) = Current (A)
12
-
13
-### 🧮 Examples:
14
-- For a **500mAh (0.5Ah)** battery:
15
- - **1C** = 0.5A
16
- - **2C** = 1A
17
- - **30C** = 15A
18
-
19
-- For a **1000mAh (1Ah)** battery:
20
- - **1C** = 1A
21
- - **10C** = 10A
22
-
23
-### 📌 In Simple Terms:
24
-- **1C** = full charge/discharge in **1 hour**
25
-- **2C** = in **30 minutes**
26
-- **10C** = in **6 minutes**
27
-- **30C** = in **2 minutes**
28
-
29
-> Higher C-rates mean **more current**, which leads to **more heat**, **more stress**, and requires better battery and driver design.
30
-
31
-
32
-
33
-## info
34
-
35
-- [[L293-dat]]
36
-
37
-## ⚠️ Can I Use L293 to Discharge and Drive DC Motors at 30C?
38
-
39
-### ❌ Short Answer:
40
-**No**, the L293 (or L293D) is not suitable for handling high discharge currents like **30C**, especially from lithium batteries. It is far too limited in current handling.
41
-
42
----
43
-
44
-### 🔧 Quick Comparison Table
45
-
46
-| Feature | L293D / L293 (typical) | Requirement for 30C Discharge |
47
-| --------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
48
-| **Max Continuous Output Current** | ~600 mA (L293D) to 1A (L293) | Often 15A+ (for 500mAh @ 30C) |
49
-| **Peak Current** | Up to 1.2A (very short burst) | Much higher (30C = 15A!) |
50
-| **Output Voltage Drop** | High (2–3V loss) | Not acceptable for high power |
51
-| **Thermal Handling** | Poor (gets hot quickly) | Needs heatsinking, high current design |
52
-| **PWM Support** | Yes (limited frequency) | OK, but irrelevant if current limit is breached |
53
-
54
----
55
-
56
-### 🔋 What Happens at 30C Discharge?
57
-
58
-Example: 14500 Li-ion (500mAh) @ 30C
59
-→ 0.5Ah × 30C = **15A**
60
-
61
-- L293 can only handle **0.6A–1A max**, **not even close**
62
-- Same applies for 18650 (e.g., 3000mAh × 30C = 90A)
63
-
64
----
65
-
66
-### 🔥 Risks of Using L293 at High C-Rates
67
-
68
-- **Overheating** and possible **component failure**
69
-- **Battery damage** from over-discharge
70
-- **Motor underperformance**
71
-- **Voltage drops** and high inefficiency
72
-- Possible **fire hazard** with lithium cells
73
-
74
----
75
-
76
-### ✅ Better Alternatives
77
-
78
-Use high-current drivers designed for motors and Li-ion/LiPo cells:
79
-
80
-| Driver/Controller Type | Suitable Current Range | Notes |
81
-| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
82
-| **MOSFET H-Bridge** | 10A – 100A+ | Efficient, low heat loss |
83
-| **VNH5019 / BTS7960** | 12A – 40A | Great for higher-power motors |
84
-| **ESC (Electronic Speed Controller)** | 10A – 100A+ | Designed for brushless and RC motors |
85
-| **L298N** | Up to ~2A | Still too weak for high-C applications |
86
-
87
----
88
-
89
-### ✅ Rule of Thumb
90
-
91
-If your motor requires **more than 1A**, **avoid L293/L293D**.
92
-Use a **MOSFET-based** driver or **high-current motor controller** instead. - [[mosfet-dat]]
93
-
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-leakage-dat/battery-leakage-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-leakage-dat
3
-
4
-## AA Battery Leakage After Long-Term Disuse
5
-
6
-### Professional Term:
7
-- **Electrolyte leakage**
8
-- **Battery leakage**
9
-- More technically: **Battery electrolyte leakage due to self-discharge and chemical decomposition**
10
-
11
-### Causes:
12
-- **Zinc corrosion** over time
13
-- **Gas buildup** inside the battery
14
-- **Seal failure**, leading to leakage
15
-- **Chemical degradation** of the battery's internal components
16
-
17
-### Common Leakage Substance:
18
-- **Potassium hydroxide** (from alkaline batteries)
19
- - A caustic and corrosive substance that can damage electronics and surfaces
20
-
21
-### Notes:
22
-- Most common in **alkaline** and **zinc-carbon** AA batteries
23
-- Happens especially when batteries are **stored unused for extended periods**
24
-
25
-### Prevention Tips:
26
-- Remove batteries from unused devices
27
-- Store batteries in a cool, dry place
28
-- Use newer batteries with better sealing technology
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-- [[AA-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/2025-04-21-16-25-17.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat.md
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@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Lead-acid-battery-dat
3
-
4
-## lead-acid-battery-dat
5
-
6
-- LAB: Lead-Acid Battery
7
-- 蓄电池 (xù diàn chí) is the Chinese term for "rechargeable battery." It is a type of electrical battery that can be recharged multiple times. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and many other portable devices.
8
-
9
-- Here are some links where you can find more information about 蓄电池:
10
-
11
-- Wikipedia: Rechargeable Battery - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0
12
-- China Battery Industry Association - http://www.cbia.com.cn/
13
-- Battery University: Rechargeable Batteries - https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_rechargeable_batteries
14
-
15
-## voltage
16
-
17
-- 12V == [[solar-power-dat]]
18
-- 72V == [[motor-dat]]
19
-
20
-## LAB Example
21
-
22
-![](2025-04-21-16-25-17.png)
23
-
24
-* **Brand:** ANJING
25
-* **Type:** Sealed Rechargeable Battery (Likely SLA/VRLA) Sealed Lead-Acid (a specific type, but often used generally)
26
-* **Nominal Voltage:** 12V
27
-* **Capacity:** 2.6Ah (Rated at 20-hour discharge rate - 12V 2.6Ah/20hr)
28
- * This implies a discharge current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h) for 20 hours.
29
-* **Charging Method:** Constant Voltage Charge
30
- * **Standby Use (Float):** 13.50V - 13.80V
31
- * **Cycle Use:** 14.40V - 15.00V
32
- * **Initial Charging Current:** Less than 0.78A (0.3C)
33
-* **Chemistry:** Lead-acid (Pb symbol present)
34
-* **Markings:**
35
- * Recycling symbol
36
- * Do not dispose symbol (crossed-out bin)
37
-
38
-As noted on the battery (12V2.6Ah/20hr), this specific 2.6Ah rating was determined using a 20-hour discharge period. This means it was likely discharged at a current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13A) for 20 hours.
39
-
40
-
41
-### Estimated Runtime Calculation
42
-
43
-This calculation estimates how long the ANJING 12V 2.6Ah battery can power a 5V 1A load using a DC-DC converter.
44
-
45
-**1. Calculate Load Power:**
46
- - Load Voltage (V_load) = 5V
47
- - Load Current (I_load) = 1A
48
- - Load Power (P_load) = V_load × I_load = 5V × 1A = 5 Watts
49
-
50
-**2. Account for DC-DC Converter Efficiency:**
51
- - Assume a typical converter efficiency (η) = 85% (or 0.85). Real-world efficiency may vary.
52
- - Power drawn from the battery (P_batt) = P_load / η
53
- - P_batt = 5W / 0.85 ≈ 5.88 Watts
54
-
55
-**3. Calculate Current Drawn from Battery:**
56
- - Battery Nominal Voltage (V_batt) = 12V
57
- - Current drawn from battery (I_batt) = P_batt / V_batt
58
- - I_batt = 5.88W / 12V ≈ 0.49 Amps
59
-
60
-**4. Compare to Rated Discharge:**
61
- - The battery's capacity (2.6Ah) is rated for a 20-hour discharge (as noted in the file: `12V2.6Ah/20hr`).
62
- - Rated Discharge Current (I_rated) = 2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13 Amps
63
- - The calculated draw (0.49A) is significantly higher than the rated discharge current (0.13A).
64
-
65
-**5. Calculate Ideal Runtime (Ignoring Peukert's Effect):**
66
- - Battery Capacity (C) = 2.6Ah
67
- - Ideal Runtime (T_ideal) = C / I_batt
68
- - T_ideal = 2.6Ah / 0.49A ≈ 5.3 hours
69
-
70
-**6. Consider Peukert's Effect:**
71
- - Lead-acid batteries deliver less total capacity when discharged at rates higher than their rating (Peukert's Law).
72
- - Since 0.49A is much higher than the 0.13A rating, the *effective* capacity will be lower than 2.6Ah.
73
-
74
-**Conclusion:**
75
-
76
-The **ideal calculated runtime is approximately 5.3 hours**. However, due to the higher discharge current (0.49A vs. the 0.13A rating), the actual runtime will be **noticeably less than 5.3 hours**. The exact reduction depends on the specific Peukert exponent of this battery model, which is not provided.
77
-
78
-## ref
79
-
80
-- [[Lead-acid-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/active-battery-balancing-board-dat/active-battery-balancing-board-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
3
-
4
-An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
5
-
6
-- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
7
-- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
8
-- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
9
-- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
10
-
11
-This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
-# rechargerable-battery-dat
5
-
6
-
7
-| **Battery Type** | **Typical Charge Time** | **Notes** |
8
-|----------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
9
-| **Lead-acid** | 8-12 hours | Slow charge time, can be faster with a fast charger. |
10
-| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | 2-4 hours | Similar to lithium-ion but may take slightly longer. |
11
-| **Lithium-ion (Li-ion)** | 1-3 hours | Fastest charging, especially with modern fast chargers.|
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-## Types
19
-
20
-- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/2025-03-04-17-42-39.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/2025-03-28-15-59-52.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-app-dat/li-battery-app-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# li-battery-app-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## calculata density
6
-
7
-If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
8
-
9
-Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
10
-
11
-Substituting the values:
12
-
13
-Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
14
-
15
-So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
16
-
17
-
18
-To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
19
-
20
-For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
21
-
22
-For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
23
-
24
-**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-## ref
29
-
30
-
31
-- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
32
-
33
-- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/LFP-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# LFP-dat
3
-
4
-== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
5
-
6
-LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
7
-
8
-Key Characteristics:
9
-
10
-Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
15
-
16
-## Key Features and Benefits:
17
-
18
-1. **Long Lifespan**
19
- - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
20
- - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
21
-
22
-2. **Safety**
23
- - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
24
- - Less prone to thermal runaway.
25
-
26
-3. **Lightweight**
27
- - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
28
-
29
-4. **High Energy Density**
30
- - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
31
-
32
-5. **Wide Temperature Range**
33
- - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
34
-
35
-6. **Fast Charging**
36
- - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
37
-
38
-7. **Low Self-Discharge**
39
- - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
40
-
41
-8. **Environmentally Friendly**
42
- - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
43
-
44
----
45
-
46
-## Common Applications:
47
-1. **Solar Power Systems**
48
- - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
49
-
50
-2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
51
- - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
52
-
53
-3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
54
- - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
55
-
56
-4. **Backup Power**
57
- - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
58
-
59
-5. **Portable Electronics**
60
- - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
61
-
62
-6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
63
- - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
64
-
65
----
66
-
67
-## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
68
-
69
-| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
70
-|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
71
-| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
72
-| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
73
-| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
74
-| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
75
-| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
76
-| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
77
-
78
-
79
-
80
-
81
-
82
-## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
83
-
84
-| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
85
-|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
86
-| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
87
-| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
88
-| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
89
-| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
90
-| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
91
-| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
92
-| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
93
-| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
94
-| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
95
-
96
-## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
97
-
98
-Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
99
-
100
-The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
101
-- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
102
-- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
103
-
104
-
105
-## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
106
-
107
-1. Safety is a priority:
108
-LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
109
-
110
-2. Long lifespan needed:
111
-Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
112
-
113
-3. High discharge/charge rates:
114
-Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
115
-
116
-4. Eco-consciousness:
117
-LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
118
-
119
-
120
-
121
-
122
-
123
-## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
124
-
125
-The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
126
-
127
-- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
128
-- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
129
-- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
130
-
131
-- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
132
-
133
-
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
3
-
4
-
5
-Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
6
-
7
----
8
-
9
-## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
10
-1. **High Energy Density**
11
- - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
12
-2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
13
- - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
14
-3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
15
- - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
16
-4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
17
- - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
18
-5. **Lower Safety**
19
- - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
20
-6. **Higher Cost**
21
- - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
22
-
23
----
24
-
25
-## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
26
-| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
27
-|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
28
-| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
29
-| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
30
-
31
-- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
32
-- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
33
-
34
----
35
-
36
-## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
37
-| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
38
-|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
39
-| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
40
-| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
41
-| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
42
-| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
43
-| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
44
-| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
45
-
46
----
47
-
48
-## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
49
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
50
- - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
51
-2. **Power Tools**
52
- - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
53
-3. **Consumer Electronics**
54
- - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
55
-
56
----
57
-
58
-## **Future Trends**
59
-- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
60
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
61
-- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-material-dat
3
-
4
-- [[LFP-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-13-40.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-20-01.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- ExtremelySafe
8
-- Light-weighted
9
-- Versatileinnature
10
-- Low self-discharge level
11
-- Thin with huge capacity
12
-
13
-
14
-## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
-
16
-### Overview
17
-Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
-
19
-### Merits
20
-1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
-2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
-3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
-4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
-5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
-
26
-### Demerits
27
-
28
-1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
-2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
-3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
-
32
-
33
-## Compare
34
-
35
-![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
-## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
-
42
-| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
-|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
-| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
-| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
-| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
-| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
-| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
-| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
-| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
-| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
-| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
-| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
-| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
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Binary files a/tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png and /dev/null differ
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
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@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-ion-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
-
7
-## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
-
9
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
-
11
-constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
-
13
-
14
-## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
-
16
-Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
-
18
-- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
-
20
-- [[BMS-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-## ref
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
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@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650
3
-
4
-18mm x 65mm
5
-
6
-![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
7
-
8
-- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9
-
10
-
11
-## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
12
-
13
-| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
14
-| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
15
-| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
16
-| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
17
-| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
18
-| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
19
-| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
20
-| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
21
-| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
22
-| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
23
-| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
24
-
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-## **18650 Battery Types**
29
-
30
-| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
31
-| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
32
-| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
33
-| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
34
-| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
35
-| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
36
-
37
----
38
-
39
-## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
40
-| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
41
-| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
42
-| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
43
-| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
44
-
45
-Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
46
-
47
-
48
-The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
49
-
50
-## safety concern
51
-
52
-After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
53
-
54
-To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
55
-
56
-However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
57
-
58
-In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
59
-
60
-- [[battery-protection-dat]]
61
-
62
-
63
-## CID safety
64
-
65
-The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
66
-
67
-Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
68
-
69
-
70
-## CID reset trick
71
-
72
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
73
-
74
-
75
-## short test
76
-
77
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
78
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
79
-
80
-## battery rack
81
-
82
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
83
-
84
-## ref
85
-
86
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
87
-
88
-
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/2024-03-29-15-59-09.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/26650-dat/26650-dat.md
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@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 26650-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## motorbike battery
7
-
8
-- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
-- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
-- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
-- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
-
13
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
-
15
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/li-battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-size-dat
3
-
4
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
10
-- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
11
-- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
12
-- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
13
-- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
14
-- 32650 / 32700: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
15
-
16
-
17
-## ref
18
-
19
-- [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/pouch-battery-dat/2025-02-21-15-06-43.png
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1
-
2
-# pouch-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
-1. **Lightweight Design**
10
- - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
-2. **High Energy Density**
12
- - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
-3. **Better Safety**
14
- - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
-4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
- - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
-5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
- - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
-6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
- - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
-
22
----
23
-
24
-## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
-| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
-|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
-| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
-| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
-| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
- - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
-2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
- - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
-3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
- - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
-4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
- - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
-
43
----
44
-
45
-## **Future Trends**
46
-- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
-- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
-
50
----
51
-
52
-## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
-
54
-
55
-A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
-
57
-1. Good safety performance:
58
-
59
-The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
-
61
-2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
-
63
-in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
-
65
-3. The internal resistance is small:
66
-
67
-We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
-
69
-4. Flexible planning:
70
-
71
-the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
-
73
-![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/lithium-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,246 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# lithium-battery-dat
3
-
4
-## info
5
-
6
-- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]] - [[battery-soldering-dat]]
9
-
10
-- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
11
-
12
-## Classification Summary
13
-
14
-By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
15
-
16
-By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
17
-
18
-By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
19
-
20
-
21
-### By Apps
22
-
23
-Robot tank battery
24
-
25
-![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
26
-
27
-![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
28
-
29
-## Classification
30
-
31
-
32
-### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
33
-
34
-#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
35
-
36
-- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
37
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
38
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
39
-
40
-- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
41
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
42
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
43
-
44
-- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
45
- - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
46
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
47
-
48
-- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
49
- - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
50
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
51
-
52
-- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
53
- - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
54
- - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
55
-
56
-#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
57
-
58
-- **Graphite**
59
- - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
60
- - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
61
-
62
-- **Silicon-based Materials**
63
- - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
64
- - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
65
-
66
-- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
67
- - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
68
- - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
69
-
70
-- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
71
- - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
72
- - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
73
-
74
----
75
-
76
-
77
-
78
-### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
79
-
80
-Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
81
-
82
----
83
-
84
-#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
85
-
86
-Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
87
-
88
-##### **Common Sizes:**
89
-
90
-- **18650**
91
- - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
92
- - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
93
- - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
94
-
95
-- **21700**
96
- - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
97
- - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
98
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
99
-
100
-- **26650**
101
- - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
102
- - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
103
- - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
104
-
105
----
106
-
107
-#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
108
-
109
-Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
110
-
111
-##### **Common Sizes:**
112
-
113
-- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
114
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
115
- - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
116
- - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
117
-
118
-- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
119
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
120
- - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
121
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
122
-
123
----
124
-
125
-#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
126
-
127
-Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
128
-
129
-##### **Common Sizes:**
130
-
131
-- **Small Pouch Batteries**
132
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
133
- - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
134
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
135
-
136
-- **Large Pouch Batteries**
137
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
138
- - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
139
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
140
-
141
----
142
-
143
-#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
144
-
145
-Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
146
-
147
-##### **Common Sizes:**
148
-
149
-- **CR2032**
150
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
151
- - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
152
- - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
153
-
154
-- **CR2025**
155
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
156
- - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
157
- - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
158
-
159
----
160
-
161
-### **Summary**
162
-
163
-Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
164
-
165
-| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
166
-|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
167
-| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
168
-| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
169
-| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
170
-| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
171
-
172
-This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
173
-
174
-
175
-
176
-## li-battery tech
177
-
178
-### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
179
-
180
-Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
181
-
182
-If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
183
-
184
-
185
-
186
-
187
-### Lithium battery Check
188
-
189
-- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
190
-
191
-
192
-
193
-
194
-## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
195
-
196
-| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
197
-|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
198
-| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
199
-| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
200
-| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
201
-| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
202
-| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
203
-| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
204
-| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
205
-
206
-
207
-🧠 Which to Choose?
208
-18650: Most versatile and widely used.
209
-
210
-21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
211
-
212
-26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
213
-
214
-Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
215
-
216
-
217
-
218
-
219
-## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
220
-
221
-Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
222
-
223
-Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
224
-
225
-LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
226
-
227
-## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
228
-
229
-Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
230
-
231
-Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
232
-
233
-
234
-
235
-
236
-
237
-## large battery
238
-
239
-48V
240
-200AH
241
-
242
-![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
243
-
244
-## ref
245
-
246
-- [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/lithium-power-battery-dat/2025-04-03-18-42-45.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/lithium-power-battery-dat/lithium-power-battery-dat.md
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@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# lithium-power-battery-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
5
-
6
-for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# portable-power-bank-dat
3
-
4
-### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
-
6
-The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
-
8
-1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
- * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
-
11
-2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
- * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
-
14
-3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
- * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
- * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
-
18
-4. **Calculation Example:**
19
- * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
- * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
- * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
- * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
-
24
-**Key Considerations:**
25
-
26
-* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
-* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
-* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-
34
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
-
36
-
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/2025-05-08-01-10-00.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/battery-soldering-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-soldering-dat
3
-
4
-支持点焊镍片、铁片、不锈钢片等多种材质强劲多能，焊接牢固，焊点优良
5
-
6
-Support spot welding of nickel sheets, iron sheets, stainless steel sheets and other materials. Strong and versatile, strong welding, excellent welding points
7
-
8
-
9
-![](2025-05-08-01-10-00.png)
10
-
11
-## stack soldering
12
-
13
-The green part is Insulating Gasket
14
-
15
-Copper sheet at the bottom, nickel-plated strip on top, stacked together for welding.
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## ref
20
-
21
-- [[battery]] - [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/battery-tester-dat/battery-tester-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-tester-dat
3
-
4
-- capacity - [[electronic-loader-dat]]
5
-- internal resistance == discharge current
6
--
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-dat/super-cap-dat/2024-10-02-20-48-23.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-dat/super-cap-dat/super-cap-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# super-cap-dat
3
-
4
-![](2024-10-02-20-48-23.png)
5
-
6
-- Brand: Seiko Corporation (SII)
7
-- Model: XH414H-1V01E
8
-- Specifications: Thickness 1.4, Diameter 4.8
9
-- Capacitance: 0.08F
10
-- Voltage: 3.3V
11
-- Charging time: 30min
12
-- Weight: 0.07g
13
-- Internal resistance: 80-100 ohms
14
-- Operating temperature range: -20~60 degrees Celsius
15
-
16
-
17
-## ref
18
-
19
-- [[super-cap]]
20
-
21
-- [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-drainer-dat/battery-drainer-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
1
-# battery drainer dat
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-## boards
6
-
7
-- [[OPM1133-dat]] - [[OPM1134-dat]] - [[OPM1135-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[OPM1137-dat]]
10
-
11
-## Demo
12
-
13
-- [battery drainer demo 1](https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1706211461562089835)
14
-- [battery drainer demo 2](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/b3IUuTj2xAk)
15
-- [battery drainer demo 3](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NJlMkMQhHOI)
16
-
17
-## ref
18
-
19
-
20
-- [[battery-drainer]]
21
-
tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650-battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-![](2024-03-29-16-01-14.png)
6
-
7
-![](2024-03-29-16-01-28.png)
8
-
9
-## Flexible Connection battery holder
10
-
11
-![](2025-05-12-14-49-25.png)
12
-
13
-
14
-## Plastic houseing battery holder
15
-
16
-
17
-### 2S 18650 battery holder
18
-
19
-== 4.2*2 = 8.4V
20
-
21
-![](2025-05-08-18-07-17.png)
22
-
23
-- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
24
-
25
-### 4S 18650 battery holder
26
-
27
-== 4.2*4 = 16.8V
28
-
29
-![](2025-05-08-18-07-25.png)
30
-
31
-
32
-## ref
33
-
34
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-04-58.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2024-09-22-00-21-47.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat.md
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@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AA-battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## 3X AA battery holder
7
-
8
-== 1.5*3 = 4.5V
9
-
10
-![](2025-05-08-18-06-19.png)
11
-
12
-
13
-## PCB type
14
-
15
-![](2024-03-28-18-04-58.png)
16
-
17
-## PCB PTH soldering
18
-
19
-![](2024-09-22-00-21-47.png)
20
-
21
-## ref
22
-
23
-- [[AA-battery-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-07-40.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-08-18.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2032-holder.md
3
-
4
-## Dimension
5
-
6
-### type 1 - PCB soldering
7
-
8
-![](2024-03-28-18-07-40.png)
9
-
10
-![](2024-03-28-18-08-18.png)
11
-
12
-#### type 1A - PCB soldering 2
13
-
14
-- [[SX1308-dat]]
15
-
16
-### type 2 - PTH plastic holder
17
-
18
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/cr2032-cr2025-battery-holder/
19
-
20
-- [[CPP1018-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-### type 3 - PTH plastic holder
26
-
27
-- [[CPP1026-dat]]
28
-
29
-
30
-- [[CR2032-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/battery-holder-dat/battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-- [[CR2032-holder-dat]] - [[AA-battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
5
-
6
-
tech-power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-05-12-16-09-09.png
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tech-power-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-pack-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-pack-dat
3
-
4
-- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]]
5
-
6
-- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
7
-
8
-- battery test by [[electronic-loader-dat]]
9
-
10
-- check [[battery-discharge-dat]]
11
-
12
-- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
13
-
14
-
15
-## Simple 1S to 2S management Solutions
16
-
17
-![](2025-05-12-16-09-09.png)
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-## "Powerful" battery
22
-
23
-### 1. Upgrade to Higher Cell Count (More Voltage)
24
-- **Switch from 2S (7.4V) to 3S (11.1V) or 4S (14.8V)** for more motor RPM and torque.
25
-- ✅ **Check compatibility** of your **ESC and motor** before upgrading.
26
- - If not rated for higher voltage, you risk burning them out.
27
-
28
-**Pros:**
29
-- Significant performance boost
30
-- Higher speed and torque
31
-
32
-**Cons:**
33
-- Can overheat/damage components
34
-- May require stronger drivetrain
35
-
36
----
37
-
38
-### 2. Increase Battery Discharge Rate (C-Rating)
39
-- **Higher C-rating = more current output**, improving throttle response and torque.
40
-
41
-**Example:**
42
-- 2S 5000mAh 20C → 5A × 20 = 100A max discharge
43
-- 2S 5000mAh 50C → 5A × 50 = 250A max discharge
44
-
45
-**Pros:**
46
-- Better throttle response
47
-- Handles load more effectively (climbing, off-road)
48
-
49
-**Cons:**
50
-- Higher cost
51
-- May be slightly heavier
52
-
53
----
54
-
55
-### 3. Increase Capacity (mAh)
56
-- **Higher mAh = longer run-time** and **less voltage sag under load**
57
-
58
-**Example:**
59
-- Upgrade from 2200mAh to 5000mAh for more endurance
60
-
61
-
62
-
63
-
64
-
65
-## ref
66
-
67
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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tech-power-dat/breadboard-power-dat/2023-12-19-15-42-01.png
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tech-power-dat/breadboard-power-dat/breadboard-power-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# breadboard-power-dat.md
3
-
4
-* Support 5V/3V3 via AMS1117 [[LDO-dat]]
5
-
6
-## Power Supply Board
7
-
8
-- [[OPM1027-dat]] - [[OPM1028-dat]]
9
-
10
-## Bread baord
11
-
12
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/breadboard-wside-power-channels/
13
-
14
-
15
-## SCH
16
-
17
-![](2023-12-19-15-42-01.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/low-power-dat/AN1416.pdf
... ...
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tech-power-dat/low-power-dat/low-power-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Low-Power-dat
3
-
4
-[[DVA1002-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-[[DVA1007-DAT]]
8
-
9
-- https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1639160253811142656
10
-- Loraduino low power test, sleep in 80uA
11
-
12
-## low power mode [[DVA1007-dat]]
13
-
14
-- first init RF Lora
15
-- then, must well initiated flash, or this cost 1-2 mA - https://github.com/LowPowerLab/SPIFlash
16
-- turn RF Lora into sleep mode, or this cost 1-2 mA
17
-- turn on arduino into low power mode - https://github.com/LowPowerLab/LowPower
18
-- arduino low power, powerdown and wake up periodically
19
-
20
-
21
-[[NGS1096-DAT]]
22
-- Sim7020g low power test 27ua in sleep mode, wake up by pin
23
-- https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1640585737308622850
24
-
25
-
26
-## Flash Issue
27
-
28
-- Please remember to use "low-power-lab" arduino library: https://github.com/LowPowerLab/SPIFlash
29
-- install the library: flash.initialize()
30
-- https://github.com/Edragon/Arduino-main/blob/master/Sketchbook/memory/SPIFlash_LowPowerLab/SPIFlash_LowPowerLab.ino
31
-
32
-## arduino deep sleep library
33
-
34
-- https://github.com/arduino-libraries/ArduinoLowPower
35
-- https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/libraries/arduino-low-power/
36
-
37
-
38
-## ref
39
-
40
-- legacy wiki page - https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Low_Power
41
-
42
-- low power design guide [[AN1416.pdf]]
43
-
44
-- [[low-power]]
45
-
46
-- [[power-dat]]
... ...
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... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/power-isolated-Module-dat/power-isolated-Module-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-isolated-Module-dat
3
-
4
-- [[morsun-dat]] - [[B-S-1W-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[HLW8032-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-## Features
10
-
11
-- high efficiency
12
-- short circuit protection - continuous short circuit protection (SCP) == [[SCP-dat]]
13
-- low ripple noise
14
-- no overload protection
15
-- no over voltage protection
16
-- no over current protection
17
-
18
-## the B0505S-1W R3 version
19
-
20
-- 4Pin **SIP** international standard pin
21
-- **Sustainable short circuit protection**
22
-- High conversion efficiency, up to **88%**
23
-- No-load input current as low as **5mA**
24
-- Isolation voltage **1500VDC**
25
-- Operating temperature range -40C ~ +85℃
26
-
27
-
28
-## ref
29
-
30
-- [[AC-mains-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/power-protection-dat/2025-03-24-19-39-56.png
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tech-power-dat/power-protection-dat/power-protection-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-protection-dat
3
-
4
-## reverse-votlage-protection
5
-
6
-![](2025-03-24-19-39-56.png)
7
-
8
-## ref
9
-
10
-- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/power-ref-dat/power-ref-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-ref-dat
3
-
4
-- REF3025AIDBZR
5
-- TL431
6
-
7
-
tech-power-dat/power-sensor-dat/power-sensor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-meter-dat
3
-
4
-- [[dc-current-sensor-dat]] - [[AC-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[dc-voltage-monitor-dat]] - [[voltage-supervisor-dat]]
5
-
6
-## DC-DC
7
-
8
-- [[SVC1027-dat]] - [[INA226-dat]]
9
-
10
-
11
-### boards
12
-
13
-- [[svc1015-dat]] - [[svc1017-dat]] - [[svc1019-dat]]
14
-
15
-
16
-## AC-DC
17
-
18
-### Code Documentation
19
-
20
-* [HLW Datasheet please find here](https://github.com/Edragon/Datasheet/tree/master/HLW)
21
-* [All demo codes please find here](https://bitbucket.org/e_dragon/hlw)
22
-* Arduino demo code please see our arduino github.
23
-
24
-### Other energy meters Reference
25
-
26
-Other reference, energy monitor ICs:
27
-* ATT7309
28
-* ADE7758
29
-* 锰铜取样电阻
30
-* CS5460
31
-* https://github.com/zerog2k/power_meter_cs5460a
32
-* https://www.solo-labs.com/diy-digital-ac-watt-meter/
33
-
34
-
35
-### Applications
36
-
37
-* SONOFF POWER SCH - https://wiki.iteadstudio.com/images/5/52/Sonoff_POW_Schematic.pdf
38
-* SONOFF SCH - https://wiki.iteadstudio.com/images/f/ff/Sonoff-Schematic.pdf
39
-* SONOFF S31 / S31 Lite -
40
-Blitzwolf SHP5
41
-* https://www.blitzwolf.com/BlitzWolf-BW-SHP5-3680W-EU-Wifi-Socket-Smart-Charger-with-Dual-USB-Ports-Compatible-with-French-Standard,-Works-with-Alexa,-Scheduled-Control,-Remote-Control,-Monitor-Power-Use-p-326.html
42
-
43
-
44
-Software
45
-* https://tasmota.github.io/docs/Power-Monitoring-Calibration/
46
-
47
-
48
-## AC-DC boards
49
-
50
-- [[HLW-dat]] - [[HLW8012-dat]] - [[HLW8032-dat]]
51
-
52
-
53
-
54
-## ref
55
-
56
-- [[power-sensor]]
57
-
tech-power-dat/power-socket-dat/power-socket-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-socket-dat
3
-
4
-Power plug converter, convert to European type plug socket.
5
-
6
-The diameter of plug pin is
7
-
8
-- 4mm for Itatly, Swiztherland, etc countries,
9
-- 4.8mm dia. countries, France, German, etc.
10
-
11
-Your target device should be same or 85-265 VAC wide range input, otherwise may cause issues.
12
-
13
-- [[OPM1120-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/power-switch-dat/2023-11-30-15-52-54.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/power-switch-dat/high-side-driver-dat/high-side-driver-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# high-side-driver-dat
3
-
4
-- intended for driving any kind of load with one side connected to ground.
5
-
6
-- [[high-side-driver]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/power-switch-dat/power-switch-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-switch-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- SY6280AAC
6
-Low Loss Power Distribution Switch
7
-
8
-- [[high-side-driver-dat]]
9
-
10
-
11
-
12
-### STMPS2151
13
-
14
-Enhanced single channel power switches
15
-
16
-https://www.st.com/en/switches-and-multiplexers/stmps2151.html
17
-
18
-The STMPS2141, STMPS2151, STMPS2161, STMPS2171 power distribution switches are intended for applications where heavy capacitive loads and short-circuits are likely to be encountered. These devices incorporate 90 mΩ N-channel MOSFET high-side power switches for power distribution. These switches are controlled by a logic enable input.
19
-
20
-All features
21
-- 90 mΩ high-side MOSFET switch
22
-- 500/1000 mA continuous current
23
-- Thermal and short-circuit protection with overcurrent logic output
24
-- Operating range from 2.7 to 5.5 V
25
-- CMOS and TTL compatible enable input
26
-- Undervoltage lockout (UVLO)
27
-
28
-![](2023-11-30-15-52-54.png)
29
-
30
-
31
-### VN750
32
-
33
-- [[VN750-dat]]
34
-
35
-
36
-## ref
37
-
38
-- [[power-switch]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/solar-power-dat/2024-01-24-16-10-06.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/solar-power-dat/2024-01-24-16-11-57.png
... ...
Binary files a/tech-power-dat/solar-power-dat/2024-01-24-16-11-57.png and /dev/null differ
tech-power-dat/solar-power-dat/2024-01-24-16-12-15.png
... ...
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tech-power-dat/solar-power-dat/solar-power-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# solar-power-dat
3
-
4
-## direction protection diodes
5
-
6
-- direction protection diodes for [[solar-panel-dat]] power supply
7
-
8
-![](2024-01-24-16-10-06.png)
9
-
10
-![](2024-01-24-16-11-57.png)
11
-
12
-![](2024-01-24-16-12-15.png)
13
-
14
-
15
-## Solar Boards
16
-
17
-- [[OPM1146-dat]] - [[BAT1002-dat]]
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-## ref
22
-
23
-- [[solar-panel-dat]] - [[solar-power]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
tech-power-dat/tech-power-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# power-dat.md
3
-
4
-- [[power-dat]] - [[battery-drainer-dat]] - [[acdc-dat]] - [[power-sensor-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[dcdc-dat]] - [[dcdc-buck-dat]] - [[dcdc-boost-dat]] - [[LDO-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[low-power-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[battery-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]]- [[BMS-dat]]
11
-
12
-
13
-## workflow
14
-
15
-1. design: [[power-dat]]
16
-
17
-1. consider power jack [[power-jack-dat]]
18
-
19
-2. [[power-protection-dat]]
20
-
21
-
22
-## Info
23
-
24
-- [[breadboard-power-dat]]
25
-
26
-- [[wireless-charge-dat]]
27
-
28
-- [[dcdc-down-dat]] - [[dcdc-dat]]
29
-
30
-- [[LDO-dat]]
31
-
32
-- charger-pump
33
-
34
-
35
-| Parts | Common Value | Note |
36
-| ----- | ------------ | ---- |
37
-
38
-
39
-## Power selection
40
-
41
-By switching from 5V to 3.3V, you can achieve up to 34% power savings in circuits where the current remains the same. In practice, the actual savings may be higher because some components draw less current at lower voltages.
42
-
43
-
44
-
45
-
46
-## ref
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-
48
-- [[power]]
... ...
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tech-power-dat/voltage-divider-dat/voltage-divider-dat.md
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@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# voltage-divider-dat
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-
4
-== voltage ladder
5
-
6
-![](2024-02-01-18-36-27.png)
7
-
8
-Vout = Vin * (R2 / (R1 + R2))
9
-
10
- 4.77V = 18V * (13K / (13K + 36K) )
11
- 3.65V = 18V * (13K / (13K + 51K) )
12
-
13
- 0.877V = 5V * (47K / (47K + 10K) )
14
- 0.526V = 3V * (47K / (47K + 10K) )
15
-
16
- 0.952V = 5V * (51K / (51K + 12K) )
17
- 0.571V = 3V * (51K / (51K + 12K) )
18
-
19
-Vin == Vout * (R1 + R2) / R2
20
-
21
- == 1V * (220K + 100K) / 100K
22
- == 3.2V
23
-
24
-A voltage divider circuit is a very common circuit that takes a higher voltage and converts it to a lower one by using a pair of resistors. The formula for calculating the output voltage is based on Ohms Law and is shown below.
25
-
26
-![](2025-04-24-13-05-56.png)
27
-
28
-where:
29
-
30
-- VS is the source voltage, measured in volts (V),
31
-- R1 is the resistance of the 1st resistor, measured in Ohms (Ω).
32
-- R2 is the resistance of the 2nd resistor, measured in Ohms (Ω).
33
-- Vout is the output voltage, measured in volts (V),
34
-
35
-## [[NWI1118-dat]] on board ADC voltage ladder
36
-
37
-cut off SJ3 first to use the ADC ladder.
38
-
39
-![](2025-05-14-18-12-31.png)
40
-
41
-- [[ESP8266-dat]]
42
-
43
-## ref
44
-
45
-- https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividers/all#:~:text=A%20voltage%20divider%20is%20a,most%20fundamental%20circuits%20in%20electronics.
46
-
47
-
48
-https://ohmslawcalculator.com/voltage-divider-calculator
49
-
50
-- [[ESP32-ADC-dat]]
tech-power-dat/wireless-charge-dat/wireless-charge-dat.md
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@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# wireless-charge-dat
3
-
4
-- [[OPM1167-dat]] - [[OPM1168-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[BQ51013B-dat]] - [[BQ51050-dat]]
... ...
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