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Chip-cn-dat/injoinic-dat/IP5356-dat/IP5356-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# IP5356-dat
3
+
4
+![](2026-01-25-17-55-27.png)
5
+
6
+![](2026-01-25-17-55-38.png)
7
+
8
+![](2026-01-25-17-55-48.png)
9
+
10
+
11
+V2
12
+
13
+![](2026-01-25-17-56-00.png)
14
+
15
+![](2026-01-25-17-56-22.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Chip-cn-dat/injoinic-dat/injoinic-dat.md
... ...
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
3 3
4 4
https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Injoinic
5 5
6
-
6
+- [[IP5356-dat]] - [[QC-charge-dat]]
7 7
8 8
- [[IP2326-dat]]
9 9
app-dat/power-bank-dat/power-bank-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# power-bank-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+digital display + [[QC-dat]] == 22.5W
6
+
7
+- [[IP5356-dat]] - [[injoinic-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[battery-protection-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+## ref
16
+
17
+- [[app-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/battery-RC-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# battery-RC-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-05-12-14-32-59.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- Rated Voltage: 7.4V
8
+- Charging Cable: 22AWG-4cm
9
+- Maximum Current: 60A
10
+- Discharge Cable: 17AWG-5.5cm
11
+- **Discharge Rate**: 30C
12
+- Weight: 84.7g
13
+- Default Plug: XT30U
14
+- Dimensions: L123*W19*H17mm
15
+
16
+## ref
17
+
18
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/A27-battery-dat/A27-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
1
+
2
+# A27-battery-dat
3
+
4
+# 🔋 12V 27A Battery (A27)
5
+
6
+A **12V 27A battery** (also known as **A27**, **27A**, or **MN27**) is a small, cylindrical **alkaline battery** used in compact electronic devices.
7
+
8
+## 📋 Specifications
9
+
10
+| Property | Value |
11
+|----------------------|----------------------------------------|
12
+| **Voltage** | 12V |
13
+| **Diameter** | ~8.0 mm |
14
+| **Length** | ~28.2 mm |
15
+| **Chemistry** | Alkaline (MnO₂/Zn) |
16
+| **Capacity** | 20–30 mAh |
17
+| **Common Use Cases** | Car remotes, garage openers, doorbells, small electronics |
18
+| **Other Names** | A27, 27A, MN27, GP27A, L828, EL812, 27AE |
19
+
20
+## ⚠️ Important Notes
21
+
22
+- The **“27A”** refers to the model number, **not 27 amps of output**.
23
+- It is **not suitable** for high-drain devices like motors or LED strips.
24
+
25
+## 🔄 Alternatives for Higher Power Needs
26
+
27
+If you need more current or rechargeable options:
28
+- **12V Li-ion packs** (e.g., 3S 18650 battery pack)
29
+- **12V Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries**
30
+- **12V LiFePO₄ batteries**
31
+
32
+
33
+## ref
34
+
35
+- [[battery-alkaline-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AA-battery-dat/AA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
1
+
2
+# AA-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## ref
7
+
8
+- [[battery-leakage-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AAA-battery-dat/AAA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
1
+
2
+# AAA-battery-dat
3
+
battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/battery-alkaline-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-alkaline-dat
3
+
4
+- [[AA-battery-dat]] - [[AAA-battery-dat]] - [[A27-battery-dat]]
5
+
6
+## explosion and fire
7
+
8
+Yes, if a AA alkaline battery explodes, it can cause a fire or at least create a situation that could lead to burns. When a battery overheats due to damage, improper use, or a short circuit, it can vent or even rupture. This can release chemicals like potassium hydroxide, which is corrosive, and create a lot of heat, potentially igniting nearby materials.
9
+
10
+However, alkaline batteries are not particularly flammable, so they might not produce flames, but they can still cause burns or damage through heat and chemical release. If a battery does explode, it's important to avoid touching it directly and clean up the area safely with protective gloves.
11
+
12
+## ref
13
+
14
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-capacity-dat/battery-capacity-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-capacity-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+## battery test
12
+
13
+| voltage | cutoff voltage | min.VOLT | ad. capacity | time | current |
14
+| ------- | -------------- | -------- | ------------ | ---- | ------- |
15
+| 12V | 9V | 7.5V | 20000 mAH | 10h | 2A |
16
+| 3.7V | 3V | 2.5V |
17
+
18
+
19
+### 2. Example for a Typical Li-ion 26650 (5000 mAh)
20
+- Discharge Current: **0.5 A** (500 mA)
21
+- Expected Capacity: **5000 mAh**
22
+Time = 5000 mAh ÷ 500 mA = 10 hours
23
+
24
+
25
+### 3. Practical Notes
26
+- **Cutoff Voltage**:
27
+ - Li-ion NMC/NCA: ~2.5–3.0 V
28
+ - LiFePO₄: ~2.0–2.5 V
29
+- **Temperature**: Test at room temp (~25 °C) for rated results.
30
+- **CC Test**: Your tester should log voltage & time; capacity is the area under the discharge curve.
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+
35
+
36
+
37
+## Car Sedan Lead-Acid battery
38
+
39
+- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]]
40
+
41
+- Typical Voltage (V): 12 V
42
+- Typical Capacity Range (Ah): 40 Ah to 70 Ah
43
+
44
+Calculating Energy (Wh) = Voltage (V) × Capacity (Ah)
45
+
46
+- Minimum Energy: 12 V × 40 Ah = 480 Wh
47
+- Maximum Energy: 12 V × 70 Ah = 840 Wh
48
+
49
+So, the energy stored in a typical car lead-acid battery is usually between 480 Wh and 840 Wh.
50
+
51
+## 20000 mAh * 3.7V
52
+
53
+Energy (Wh) = 20 Ah × 3.7 V = 74 Wh
54
+
55
+## 2.6Ah * 12V
56
+
57
+Energy (Wh) = 2.6 Ah × 12 V = 31.2 Wh
58
+
59
+## 1000 Wh
60
+
61
+1000 watt-hours (Wh) == 1 度
62
+
63
+Runtime = 1000 Wh / 5V * 1A = 1000 Wh / 5W = 200 hours
64
+
65
+## quick calculation
66
+
67
+2000 mAh = 2 Ah
68
+Runtime ≈ (2 Ah * 3.7 V * 0.85) / (1 A * 5 V) ≈ 1.26 hours
69
+
70
+for 20000 mAh, == 12.6 hours
71
+
72
+## Calculating Runtime for a 2000mAh Power Bank Supplying a 1A @ 5V Device
73
+
74
+Here's a breakdown of how to estimate the runtime:
75
+
76
+### 1. Power Bank Energy
77
+
78
+* **Capacity:** 2000 mAh (milliampere-hours) = 2 Ah (ampere-hours)
79
+* **Nominal Voltage:** 3.7 V (typical for lithium-ion/polymer batteries)
80
+* **Total Energy (Watt-hours, Wh):** Capacity (Ah) × Voltage (V)
81
+ * `2 Ah * 3.7 V = 7.4 Wh`
82
+
83
+### 2. Device Power Consumption
84
+
85
+* **Current:** 1 A (ampere)
86
+* **Voltage:** 5 V (standard USB output)
87
+* **Power Needed (Watts, W):** Current (A) × Voltage (V)
88
+ * `1 A * 5 V = 5 W`
89
+
90
+### 3. Efficiency Consideration
91
+
92
+Power banks are not 100% efficient when converting their internal battery voltage (3.7V) to the required 5V output. Energy is lost, primarily as heat, during this conversion.
93
+* **Estimated Efficiency:** Let's assume an average efficiency of **85%** (or 0.85). This can vary between 80% and 95% depending on the quality of the power bank circuitry.
94
+
95
+### 4. Effective Energy Available
96
+
97
+This is the amount of the power bank's stored energy that can actually be delivered to the device after accounting for conversion losses.
98
+* **Effective Energy:** Total Energy (Wh) × Efficiency
99
+ * `7.4 Wh * 0.85 ≈ 6.29 Wh`
100
+
101
+### 5. Calculate Runtime
102
+
103
+* **Runtime (hours):** Effective Energy Available (Wh) / Device Power Consumption (W)
104
+ * `6.29 Wh / 5 W ≈ 1.26 hours`
105
+
106
+### Conclusion
107
+
108
+A 2000mAh, 3.7V power bank can theoretically supply a device drawing 1A at 5V for approximately **1.26 hours**, or about **1 hour and 15 minutes**.
109
+
110
+**Disclaimer:** This is an estimate. Actual runtime depends on factors such as:
111
+* The precise efficiency of the specific power bank.
112
+* The age and health of the battery cells.
113
+* The quality of the charging cable (resistance losses).
114
+* Ambient temperature.
115
+* Whether the device's power draw is constant or fluctuates.
116
+
117
+
118
+## ref
119
+
120
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
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battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/QI-dat/QI-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# QI-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+## board
8
+
9
+- [[OPM1168-dat]] - [[OPM1167-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+## 🔋 What is Qi Wireless Charging?
16
+**Qi** (pronounced *"chee"*) is a **wireless power transfer standard** developed by the **Wireless Power Consortium (WPC)**.
17
+It allows devices such as smartphones, earbuds, and wearables to charge **without cables**, using **inductive power transfer**.
18
+
19
+---
20
+
21
+## ⚙️ How It Works
22
+Qi charging uses **electromagnetic induction** between two coils:
23
+- **Transmitter coil (Tx)** – in the charging pad/base.
24
+- **Receiver coil (Rx)** – inside the device (e.g., phone or earbuds).
25
+
26
+### Process:
27
+1. The charger creates an **alternating magnetic field**.
28
+2. The receiver coil in the device converts it into **electrical energy**.
29
+3. This energy is used to **charge the battery**.
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+## ⚡ Technical Details
34
+
35
+| Parameter | Typical Value | Notes |
36
+| ------------------ | ------------- | --------------------------------- |
37
+| **Frequency** | 110–205 kHz | For inductive power transfer |
38
+| **Voltage Output** | 5V / 9V / 12V | Depending on power profile |
39
+| **Power Levels** | 5W, 10W, 15W | Standard Qi power levels |
40
+| **Efficiency** | ~70–85% | Depends on alignment and distance |
41
+| **Distance** | ≤ 5 mm | Coil-to-coil gap must be small |
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+## 🧩 Qi Power Profiles
46
+| Profile | Power | Usage |
47
+| --------------------------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
48
+| **Baseline Power Profile (BPP)** | Up to 5W | Universal compatibility |
49
+| **Extended Power Profile (EPP)** | Up to 15W | Fast wireless charging |
50
+| **Future Qi2 (Magnetic Power Profile)** | Up to 15W+ | Magnetic alignment, higher efficiency |
51
+
52
+---
53
+
54
+## 🧲 Qi2 Standard (2023–2025)
55
+The **Qi2** update introduces:
56
+- **Magnetic Power Profile (MPP)** — based on Apple’s **MagSafe** design.
57
+- **Automatic alignment** via magnets for higher efficiency.
58
+- **15W fast charging** standardized for all brands.
59
+- **Backward compatibility** with older Qi devices.
60
+
61
+---
62
+
63
+## ✅ Advantages
64
+- No physical cable wear or connector damage.
65
+- Water/dust sealing possible (no exposed port).
66
+- Universal compatibility across many brands.
67
+
68
+---
69
+
70
+## ⚠️ Limitations
71
+- Slower than wired fast charging.
72
+- Requires precise coil alignment.
73
+- Generates more heat.
74
+- Charging distance is short (<5 mm).
75
+
76
+---
77
+
78
+## 📱 Common Qi-Compatible Devices
79
+- Most modern **Android** phones (Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei, etc.)
80
+- **Apple iPhones** (iPhone 8 and later)
81
+- **Wireless earbuds** with Qi charging cases
82
+- **Smartwatches** (select models)
83
+
84
+---
85
+
86
+## 🧠 Tip
87
+For best performance:
88
+- Use **Qi-certified** chargers.
89
+- Avoid **metal cases** or **thick covers** (>3 mm).
90
+- Center the device properly on the pad.
91
+- Keep the pad **cool and dust-free**.
92
+
93
+---
94
+
95
+## 🔌 Example Setup
96
+```text
97
+[Wall Adapter] → [Qi Charger Base (Tx Coil)] ⇄ (Inductive Field) ⇄ [Phone (Rx Coil → Battery)]
98
+
99
+```
100
+## ref
101
+
102
+- [[wireless-charge-dat]] - [[TI-power-dat]]
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1
+
2
+# active-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
5
+
6
+An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
7
+
8
+- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
9
+- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
10
+- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
11
+- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
12
+
13
+This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+## capacitive type active BMS
18
+
19
+- 电容式主动均衡板
20
+- 修电池组压差·
21
+- 恢复电池组容量·
22
+- 延长电池组寿命
23
+- 24小时不间断·
24
+- 自动启动·
25
+- 整体均衡
26
+
27
+
28
+![](2025-08-19-19-19-06.png)
29
+
30
+
31
+## basic active charger
32
+
33
+### 2S version
34
+
35
+![](2025-09-10-21-43-47.png)
36
+
37
+The diagram below shows the module discharge. The battery is a 2-series configuration, and the connected batteries must support a 20A discharge current. This can be achieved by connecting batteries in parallel or by purchasing batteries with a higher discharge current.
38
+
39
+For example, if the battery is 2000mAh with a 10C discharge rate, then only 2 series and 2 parallel (2S2P) are needed, which can provide a discharge current of 40A.
40
+
41
+For stable discharge, 2 series and 4 parallel (2S4P) are required, and attention should be paid to heat dissipation, as the battery power will drop quickly during discharge.
42
+
43
+![](2025-09-10-21-45-38.png)
44
+
45
+- To successfully start an electric drill, you need two 10C-20C power batteries, or four 5C-10C power batteries (recommended battery models: Sony VTC4S, VTC4A, VTC5, VTC6). For the 0V and 8.4V connection wires, use copper wires of at least 2 square millimeters (do not use strips).
46
+- When welding the battery for the first time, you need to charge it first to get output. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, and 8.4V. When welding wires, do not touch any components on the board, and do not intentionally short-circuit.
47
+- When welding the battery for the first time or while charging, as long as any single cell exceeds 4.2V, the "430" resistor will heat up to discharge (discharge stops when it drops to about 4.19V). If the "430" resistor becomes very hot (too hot to touch), please check if the wiring is incorrect.
48
+
49
+#### 故障处理：
50
+
51
+| Fault Phenomenon | Fault Check & Cause |
52
+|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
53
+| Cannot charge | Measure the voltage of 3 battery groups. If any group exceeds about 4.25V, the protection board triggers overcharge protection. |
54
+| Cannot discharge | Measure the voltage of 4 battery groups. If any group drops below about 2.5V, the protection board triggers over-discharge protection. |
55
+| Charging/discharging fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
56
+| Overcharge/over-discharge fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
57
+| Discharge protection | Check if the battery pack has sufficient discharge capability. |
58
+| Cold solder joint | Check if the load's starting current exceeds the protection board's overcurrent protection current. |
59
+| Solder bridge | One pin of a component is not connected to the PCB pad, or two or more pins are shorted together. |
60
+| ESD breakdown A | When powered off, measure MOSFET G, D, S pins. If the forward and reverse resistance between any two pins is 0Ω, it is broken down. |
61
+| ESD breakdown B | Remove the MOSFET and measure resistance between G-D and G-S. If resistance exists, it is broken down. Normally, resistance should be
62
+
63
+
64
+### 3S version
65
+
66
+![](2025-09-10-21-44-20.png)
67
+
68
+note
69
+
70
+1. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, 8.4V, and 12.6V. Be careful to check for short circuits.
71
+2. When connecting 3 battery groups in series, make sure each group has the same voltage. If not, fully charge each group separately before connecting them in series. During discharge testing, the group whose voltage drops quickly is the bad battery—replace it with a good one.
72
+3. Never mix good and bad batteries together, and do not mix new and old batteries.
73
+4. To successfully start an electric drill, you need three 15C-20C power batteries, or six 10C-15C power batteries (ordinary 18650 batteries cannot start an electric drill!!!).
74
+5. For loads with brushed motors, you must connect a non-polarized capacitor (rated voltage above 25V, capacity 10uF-100uF) in parallel at the motor's positive and negative terminals to prevent reverse voltage spikes from the motor from interfering with the protection board or
75
+
76
+
77
+
78
+## ref
79
+
80
+- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/battery-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
1
+
2
+# BMS-dat
3
+
4
+- [[passive-BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[fast-charge-methods-dat]] - [[USB-PD-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+## 3. Protection Features
10
+
11
+Look for these essential protections:
12
+
13
+| Protection Type | Description |
14
+|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
15
+| Overcharge protection | Stops charging if cell voltage too high|
16
+| Overdischarge protection | Prevents deep discharge that damages cells |
17
+| Overcurrent protection | Cuts off current if it exceeds safe limits |
18
+| Short circuit protection | Immediate cutoff on short circuit detection |
19
+| Balancing | Balances cells to keep voltages equal (especially important for multi-cell packs) |
20
+| Temperature protection | Monitors temperature to avoid overheating |
21
+
22
+- also check the board's temperature rising when dishcarging
23
+
24
+## 🔋 Active vs. Passive BMS
25
+
26
+A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+---
31
+
32
+### ✅ 1. Passive BMS
33
+
34
+#### 🔧 How It Works:
35
+- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
36
+- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
37
+
38
+#### ⚙️ Features:
39
+- Simple and inexpensive
40
+- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
41
+- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
42
+
43
+#### ⚠️ Downsides:
44
+- Wastes energy
45
+- Balancing is slower
46
+- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
47
+
48
+---
49
+
50
+### ✅ 2. Active BMS
51
+
52
+#### 🔧 How It Works:
53
+- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
54
+- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
55
+
56
+#### ⚙️ Features:
57
+- High efficiency
58
+- Faster, more accurate balancing
59
+- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
60
+
61
+#### ⚠️ Downsides:
62
+- More complex and expensive
63
+- Requires advanced control circuitry
64
+
65
+---
66
+
67
+### 🔄 Summary Table
68
+
69
+| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
70
+| ------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
71
+| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
72
+| Efficiency | Low | High |
73
+| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
74
+| Cost | Low | High |
75
+| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
76
+| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
77
+
78
+---
79
+
80
+### 🤔 Which Should You Use?
81
+
82
+- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
83
+- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
84
+
85
+
86
+## BMS Charging
87
+
88
+🔌 Can I Use a 12V AC-DC Plug to Charge a 3S1P Lithium Battery Pack with BMS?
89
+
90
+### 🔋 Battery Overview: 3S1P Lithium-Ion Pack
91
+
92
+- **3S** = 3 cells in series → 3.7V × 3 = **11.1V nominal**
93
+- **Full charge voltage** = 4.2V × 3 = **12.6V**
94
+- **Charging voltage required**: **12.6V constant voltage (CV)**
95
+- **Typical charging current**: 1A–2A (depending on cell & BMS)
96
+
97
+---
98
+
99
+### ⚠️ Can You Use a 12V AC-DC Plug?
100
+
101
+| **Plug Output Voltage** | **Can You Use It?** | **Explanation** |
102
+| ------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
103
+| **12.0V** | ⚠️ Not ideal | Will undercharge the pack (only ~90–95% full) |
104
+| **12.6V regulated** | ✅ Yes | Perfect match for 3S lithium pack |
105
+| **>12.6V (e.g., 13.8V)** | ❌ No | May overcharge and damage the battery/BMS |
106
+| **Unregulated output** | ❌ No | Unsafe — may exceed safe voltage limits |
107
+
108
+---
109
+
110
+### ✅ Best Practice: Use a Dedicated 3S Lithium Charger
111
+
112
+- **Output Voltage**: 12.6V DC (constant voltage)
113
+- **Current Limit**: 1A–2A (match your BMS and battery spec)
114
+- **Charging Profile**: CC/CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage)
115
+
116
+---
117
+
118
+### 🔐 Role of the BMS
119
+
120
+- Provides **protection** (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, etc.)
121
+- **Does NOT regulate** the input voltage
122
+- **Still requires** a proper 12.6V charger to function safely
123
+
124
+---
125
+
126
+### ✅ Summary
127
+
128
+- You **can** charge your 3S1P pack with a **regulated 12.6V charger**.
129
+- A **standard 12.0V plug** is **not recommended** — it won’t fully charge the battery.
130
+- Avoid any charger **above 12.6V** unless it’s specifically designed for lithium charging.
131
+
132
+### Charger
133
+
134
+| Requirement | Needed? | Why |
135
+| ---------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------- |
136
+| Smart chip like TP4056 | ❌ No | Your **BMS provides safety features** |
137
+| Proper voltage (12.6V) | ✅ Yes | Essential for full charge |
138
+| Current limiting | ✅ Yes | Prevents overheating or stress |
139
+| CC/CV charging | ✅ Yes | Ensures correct lithium charging |
140
+
141
+
142
+## Single Cell Protection solution
143
+
144
+### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
145
+
146
+A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
147
+
148
+G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
149
+
150
+![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
151
+
152
+### DW01 + FM8205
153
+
154
+### protection board
155
+
156
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
157
+
158
+
159
+
160
+## Precautions before applying BMS:
161
+
162
+1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
163
+
164
+- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
165
+- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
166
+- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
167
+
168
+The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
169
+
170
+2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
171
+
172
+Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
173
+
174
+3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
175
+
176
+4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
177
+
178
+If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
179
+
180
+A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
181
+
182
+
183
+
184
+## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
185
+
186
+[[18650-dat]]
187
+
188
+### ⚙️ What is a 3S1P Pack?
189
+
190
+- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** → 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
191
+- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** → Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
192
+- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
193
+ - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5A–10A discharge
194
+
195
+---
196
+
197
+### ✅ Recommended BMS Current Ratings
198
+
199
+| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
200
+| ---------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
201
+| Standard 18650 (3A–5A) | 5A–10A | 10A–15A |
202
+| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10A–15A | 15A–20A |
203
+| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
204
+
205
+> ⚠️ Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2×).
206
+
207
+---
208
+
209
+### 🔐 Ideal Protection Settings
210
+
211
+- **Continuous current**: 10–15A
212
+- **Overcurrent trip**: 20–25A
213
+- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
214
+- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
215
+- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
216
+- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
217
+
218
+
219
+## 🔧 Example
220
+
221
+If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
222
+- **Use BMS rated for 10A–15A continuous**
223
+- **Trip limit around 20A–25A**
224
+
225
+
226
+
227
+## CN
228
+
229
+### 一、核心功能（最重要）
230
+
231
+#### 1️⃣ 安全保护（最核心）
232
+防止电池进入危险状态：
233
+- 过充保护（Overcharge）
234
+- 过放保护（Over-discharge）
235
+- 过流保护（Over-current）
236
+- 短路保护（Short Circuit）
237
+- 过温 / 低温保护（Over / Under Temperature）
238
+
239
+👉 **没有 BMS，锂电池是高度危险的**
240
+
241
+---
242
+
243
+#### 2️⃣ 电池状态监测（Monitoring）
244
+实时监控电池关键参数：
245
+- 单体电压（Cell Voltage）
246
+- 总电压（Pack Voltage）
247
+- 电流（Charge / Discharge Current）
248
+- 温度（Cell / MOS / 环境）
249
+
250
+---
251
+
252
+#### 3️⃣ 电量估算（SOC）
253
+- SOC（State of Charge，剩余电量）
254
+- 有时包含 SOH（State of Health，健康状态）
255
+
256
+👉 告诉系统 **“还剩多少电、还能不能用”**
257
+
258
+
259
+## ref
260
+
261
+
262
+
263
+- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+
2
+# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
+
4
+## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
5
+
6
+These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
7
+
8
+🔧 Example:
9
+
10
+IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
11
+
12
+Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
13
+
14
+
15
+## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
16
+
17
+== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
18
+
19
+
20
+- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
21
+
22
+Example setup:
23
+
24
+Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
25
+
26
+The BMS will:
27
+
28
+- Protect against overcharge
29
+- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
30
+
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+## ref
35
+
36
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+
2
+# passive-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[BMS-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[CN3305-dat]] == 2S ~ 4S - [[CONSONANCE-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+## common passive BMS charger
16
+
17
+![](2025-09-11-20-17-24.png)
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP2326-dat]]
22
+
23
+
24
+![](2025-09-11-20-23-46.png)
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-balancer-dat/battery-balancer-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-balancer-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## Method 1.
6
+
7
+How to use single [[TP4056-dat]] to charge 2S lithium battery pack?
8
+
9
+The battery should be built with all pins out:
10
+
11
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-06.png)
12
+
13
+parallel charging by [[TP4056-dat]] directly
14
+
15
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-34.png)
16
+
17
+Board looks like:
18
+
19
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-51.png)
20
+
21
+
22
+## Method 2.
23
+
24
+If building your own charger or pack, include a BMS, and use a charger with current limit and CV/CC behavior.
25
+
26
+如果你自己DIY电池组或充电系统，务必使用保护板（BMS），并选择支持恒流恒压输出的充电器。
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[battery-charger-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
1
+# battery-charge-dat
2
+
3
+https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Battery_Charge
4
+
5
+The most following charger options are for the lithium-ion battery
6
+
7
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+- [[BMS-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
14
+
15
+- [[fast-charge-methods-dat]]
16
+
17
+- 1S common option == [[TP4056-dat]]
18
+
19
+
20
+## Chip Info
21
+
22
+- [[LTC4054-dat]] - [[MCP73831-dat]]
23
+
24
+[[TP-dat]] - [[TP4056-dat]] - [[TP5000-dat]] - [[TP4054-dat]] - [[TP4067-dat]]
25
+
26
+[[injoinic-dat]]
27
+- [[IP5306-dat]]
28
+
29
+- [[CN3722-dat]] - [[CN3768-dat]]
30
+
31
+
32
+## Board
33
+
34
+- [[OPM1193-dat]] - [[OPM1156-dat]]
35
+
36
+
37
+
38
+## Compare
39
+
40
+| Type | Feature | charge-current |
41
+| -------- | --------------------------------- | -------------- |
42
+| TP5000 | Li-MnO2, LiFePO4(LFP) charger IC, | 0.5A |
43
+| MCP73831 | 0LED indicator | 0.5A |
44
+| TP4056 | Linear charging | ~1A |
45
+| TP4054 |
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+## Quick-Charge QC Options
51
+
52
+* FP6719 / FP6717 / FP6291 DC-DC Boost
53
+* PSC5415
54
+* ME2149
55
+* Solution - FP6601 + TPS61088
56
+QC Protocol Identify:
57
+* FM5888
58
+* LI4001 - LI4001是一款面向5V交流适配器的2A锂离子电池充电芯片。采用700KHz开关降压型转换器拓扑结构工作。LI4001包括完整的涓流充电、恒流充电、恒压充电、充电自动终止电路、自动再充电以及过流保护、短路保护电路。最大2A的可编程充电电流与简单的外围电路造就了一种能被嵌入在各种手持式应用中的小型化充电器。由于集成了温度保护、输入欠压闭锁，提高了芯片的应用可靠性。
59
+* BQ24170
60
+* TP5100 - 2A开关降压 8.4V/4.2V锂电池充电器芯片
61
+
62
+
63
+
64
+
65
+## Module LDO RTC
66
+request
67
+* MT2503 ED20 -> 1.1V RTC LDO
68
+* SIM800 -> 2.8V RTC LDO
69
+
70
+
71
+
72
+## voltage map
73
+
74
+| volt | composite | sum |
75
+| ---- | --------- | ----- |
76
+| 4.2 | 2 | 8.4V |
77
+| 4.2 | 3 | 12.6V |
78
+| 4.2 | 4 | 16.8V |
79
+| 4.2 | 5 | 21V |
80
+
81
+
82
+## battery cables
83
+
84
+- [[SM2.54-dat]] - [[JST-dat]] - [[15EDGRKP-3.81mm-dat]] - [[XT-dat]] - [[cable-dat]]
85
+
86
+
87
+## 2S charger
88
+
89
+
90
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
91
+
92
+![](2025-09-03-14-16-10.png)
93
+
94
+
95
+## test tools
96
+
97
+- [[internal-resistance-meter]] - [[capacity-meter-dat]]
98
+
99
+
100
+
101
+
102
+## ref
103
+
104
+- [[battery-dat]]
105
+
106
+- [[battery-charger]]
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/fast-charge-methods-dat/USB-PD-dat/USB-PD-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
1
+
2
+# USB-PD-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## board
6
+
7
+- [[OPM1185-dat]]
8
+
9
+## demo video
10
+https://t.me/electrodragon3/404
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/fast-charge-methods-dat/fast-charge-methods-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
1
+
2
+# fast-charge-methods-dat
3
+
4
+- [[USB-PD-dat]] - [[PD3.0-dat]] - [[PD2.0-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[USB-QC-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[USB-PPS-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[QC-charge-dat]] - [[PPS-dat]]
11
+
12
+- [[FCP-dat]] - [[SCP-dat]] - [[VOOC-dat]] - [[PE-dat]] - [[AFC-dat]] - [[MTK-PE-dat]]
13
+
14
+- [[wireless-charge-dat]] - [[QI-dat]]
15
+
16
+- [[USB-FC-dat]] - [[USB-FC-trigger-dat]] - [[BC1.2-dat]] - [[Apple-2.4A-dat]] - [[DCP-dat]] - [[CDP-dat]] - [[SDP-dat]]
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+# ⚡ Most Popular Fast-Charging Protocols (2025)
23
+
24
+## 🧩 Universal / Cross-Brand Standards
25
+
26
+| Protocol | Organization / Brand | Max Power (Typical) | Notes |
27
+| ------------------------------------------ | -------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
28
+| **USB Power Delivery (USB-PD)** | USB-IF | Up to **240W** (48V⎓5A) | Widely adopted across laptops, phones, tablets. Supports PPS (Programmable Power Supply) for fine voltage control. |
29
+| **USB PD PPS (Programmable Power Supply)** | USB-IF | Typically **25–45W** for phones | Used by Samsung, Google, etc. Allows dynamic voltage adjustment for efficiency. |
30
+| **Qualcomm Quick Charge (QC)** | Qualcomm | QC 3.0: 18W<br>QC 4+/5: up to 100–240W | Backward-compatible, integrated in many Snapdragon phones. QC5 supports PD. |
31
+
32
+---
33
+
34
+## 📱 Brand-Specific Protocols
35
+
36
+| Protocol | Brand | Max Power | Compatible With | Notes |
37
+| ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
38
+| **Samsung Adaptive Fast Charging (AFC)** | Samsung | 15W–25W | USB PD PPS (partially compatible) | Older Galaxy models. Replaced by PD PPS. |
39
+| **Apple Fast Charge (PD-based)** | Apple | Up to 27W (iPhone 15) | USB PD PPS | Apple uses PD standard, Lightning or USB-C. |
40
+| **OPPO VOOC / SuperVOOC / SuperVOOC 2.0** | OPPO / OnePlus / Realme | Up to **240W** | Proprietary | Very high current (e.g., 10V⎓24A). Requires special cable and charger. |
41
+| **OnePlus Warp / SuperVOOC** | OnePlus | Up to **150–240W** | OPPO VOOC ecosystem | Rebranded VOOC with special USB-C pins. |
42
+| **Xiaomi HyperCharge / Mi Turbo Charge** | Xiaomi | Up to **210W** | Proprietary | One of the fastest commercial protocols. |
43
+| **Huawei SuperCharge** | Huawei | Up to **100W** | Proprietary | Smart voltage/current adjustment (e.g., 10V⎓4A). |
44
+| **vivo FlashCharge** | vivo | Up to **120W** | Proprietary | Similar to VOOC but not compatible. |
45
+| **MediaTek Pump Express (PE / PE+)** | MediaTek | Up to **30W** | USB PD | Older MTK-based phones; now replaced by PD PPS. |
46
+
47
+---
48
+
49
+## 🔌 Laptop / High-Power Devices
50
+
51
+| Protocol | Devices | Max Power | Notes |
52
+| ------------------------------------------------ | ----------------- | --------- | ----------------------------------------- |
53
+| **USB PD 3.1 EPR (Extended Power Range)** | Laptops, monitors | **240W** | Supports 28V, 36V, 48V levels. |
54
+| **Lenovo / Dell / HP Proprietary PD Extensions** | Laptops | 65–240W | PD-compatible but add vendor-specific ID. |
55
+
56
+---
57
+
58
+## 💡 Summary
59
+
60
+| Category | Typical Devices | Typical Power |
61
+| ------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------- |
62
+| Universal (USB-PD / QC) | Most modern phones, laptops | 18–100W |
63
+| Proprietary (VOOC, SuperCharge) | Chinese brand phones | 30–240W |
64
+| Legacy (AFC, Pump Express) | Older phones | <25W |
65
+
66
+---
67
+
68
+✅ **Most common in 2025:**
69
+- **USB Power Delivery (PD + PPS)** → Global standard
70
+- **Qualcomm Quick Charge 4/5** → Common with PD support
71
+- **VOOC / SuperVOOC / HyperCharge** → Popular in Asia
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+
76
+### ⚡ Most Common Fast Charging Methods (as of 2025)
77
+
78
+| Charging Standard | Used By | Protocol Type | Max Power | Notes |
79
+| -------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
80
+| **USB Power Delivery (USB-PD / PD 3.0 / PD 3.1 PPS)** | Google, Apple, Samsung, Dell, Lenovo, etc. | Open (industry standard) | Up to **240 W** (PD 3.1 EPR) | 🔹 **Most common and universal** fast-charging standard; used by almost all modern phones and laptops. |
81
+| **Qualcomm Quick Charge (QC 3.0 / 4.0 / 5.0)** | Many Android phones (Xiaomi, Motorola, etc.) | Proprietary | Up to **100 W** | Widely used on Snapdragon-based phones; newer versions are compatible with USB-PD. |
82
+| **Samsung Adaptive Fast Charging / Super Fast Charging (PPS)** | Samsung Galaxy series | Proprietary (PD-PPS based) | Up to **45 W** | Built on USB-PD PPS, ensures better heat control. |
83
+| **OPPO / OnePlus / Realme VOOC / SUPERVOOC / Warp Charge** | OPPO, OnePlus, Realme | Proprietary | 65–240 W | Extremely fast but requires matching charger + cable. |
84
+| **Huawei SuperCharge** | Huawei phones | Proprietary | Up to **100 W** | Uses high current (e.g. 10V/4A) or PD for newer models. |
85
+| **Apple Fast Charging (PD)** | iPhone 8 and newer | USB-PD | Up to **27 W** | Requires USB-C to Lightning or USB-C to USB-C cable. |
86
+
87
+#### 🔋 Summary
88
+- 🌍 **Most universal and widely adopted:** **USB Power Delivery (PD)**
89
+- ⚙️ **Most compatible across brands:** **USB-PD PPS (Programmable Power Supply)**
90
+- ⚡ **Fastest (but proprietary):** **SUPERVOOC / Warp Charge / SuperCharge**
91
+
92
+#### ✅ So, the most commonly used fast charging method overall:
93
+> **USB Power Delivery (USB-PD, especially PD 3.0 / PD 3.1 with PPS)**
94
+
95
+
96
+## boards
97
+
98
+- [[OPM1185-dat]] - [[wch-dat]]
99
+
100
+
101
+## chips
102
+
103
+- [[injoinic-dat]]
104
+
105
+- [[ISW-dat]]
106
+
107
+
108
+
109
+
110
+## apps
111
+
112
+- [[phone-pixel-dat]]
113
+
114
+
115
+
116
+## demo video
117
+
118
+- [[USB-PD-dat]]
119
+
120
+
121
+
122
+## ref
123
+
124
+- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# battery-dat
4
+
5
+- [[power-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[battery-size-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]] - [[passive-BMS-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
14
+
15
+- [[battery-protection-dat]]
16
+
17
+
18
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-app-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
19
+
20
+
21
+- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
22
+
23
+- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]] - [[battery-discharge-dat]]
24
+
25
+- [[battery-alkaline-dat]] - [[battery-9V-dat]]
26
+
27
+- [[battery-soldering-dat]] - [[battery-tester-dat]]
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+- [[spot-welding-dat]]
32
+
33
+- [[battery-supply-dat]]
34
+
35
+
36
+- [[super-cap-dat]]
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+## APPs
41
+
42
+- [[power-bank-dat]] - [[power-tools-dat]] - [[power-storage-dat]]
43
+
44
+
45
+## coin battery dat
46
+
47
+CR2030 provides up to 3V 210~225 mAh, and CR1220 provides up to 3V 38mAh power.
48
+
49
+Both button cells provide very low discharge rate that can work for 1-3 years.
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+## 🔋 Battery Specifications
54
+
55
+| Specification | Description | Example / Notes |
56
+| ----------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
57
+| **Nominal Voltage (V)** | Average voltage during discharge | 3.7V (Li-ion), 1.2V (NiMH) |
58
+| **Capacity (mAh or Ah)** | Amount of charge the battery holds | 2200mAh = 2.2A for 1 hour |
59
+| **Discharge Rate (C-Rating)** | Multiplier of capacity for safe discharge rate | 10C = 10 × Capacity (e.g. 10A for 1000mAh) |
60
+| **Burst Discharge Rate** | Max short-duration current | 20C = 20 × Capacity |
61
+| **Max Continuous Discharge** | Maximum current battery can supply continuously | Capacity × C-rating |
62
+| **Internal Resistance (mΩ)** | Resistance inside the cell (lower is better) | 5–50 mΩ |
63
+| **Charge Rate (C or A)** | Max safe charging current | 1C for 2200mAh = 2.2A |
64
+| **Cycle Life** | Number of charge/discharge cycles before capacity drops (e.g. to 80%) | 300–1000 cycles |
65
+| **Cutoff Voltage** | Minimum safe voltage during discharge | 3.0V (Li-ion) |
66
+| **Max Charge Voltage** | Voltage at full charge | 4.2V per cell (Li-ion) |
67
+| **Temperature Range (°C)** | Safe operating/charging temperature range | -20°C to 60°C (discharge), 0–45°C (charge) |
68
+
69
+
70
+
71
+
72
+## compare
73
+
74
+
75
+
76
+
77
+| **Battery Type** | **Size** | **Voltage** | **Capacity** | **Current Capability** | **Typical Use** | **Features** |
78
+| ---------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
79
+| **AA Alkaline** | 14.5 x 50.5 mm | 1.5V | 2000-3000 mAh | Up to 700-1000 mA | Medium to high power devices | High capacity, suitable for long runtime |
80
+| **CR2032** | 20 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 200 mAh | ~0.2-3 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Compact, suitable for low-power applications |
81
+| **CR2025** | 20 x 2.5 mm | 3V | 150 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Slightly lower capacity than CR2032 |
82
+| **LR44** | 11.6 x 5.4 mm | 1.5V | 110-130 mAh | ~1-10 mA (sustained) | Small low-power devices | Small size, lower voltage, and capacity |
83
+| **CR1220** | 12 x 2.0 mm | 3V | 35-40 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA (sustained), up to 5 mA (peak) | Small electronics, key fobs | Very small and thin for low-power devices |
84
+| **CR1632** | 16 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 120 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Watches, calculators | Slightly thicker, offers more capacity |
85
+| **SR621SW** | 6.8 x 2.1 mm | 1.55V | 17-20 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA | Watches, small calculators | Stable voltage, long-lasting in low-drain devices |
86
+| **LR927** | 9.5 x 2.7 mm | 1.5V | 30-45 mAh | ~0.5-3 mA | Laser pointers, small toys | Small, used in low-power gadgets |
87
+
88
+
89
+## AA vs. AAA
90
+
91
+
92
+| **Feature** | **AA Battery** | **AAA Battery** |
93
+| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
94
+| **Size** | 14.5 mm (diameter) x 50.5 mm (length) | 10.5 mm (diameter) x 44.5 mm (length) |
95
+| **Voltage** | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) |
96
+| **Capacity** | 2000-3000 mAh (Alkaline) | 600-1200 mAh (Alkaline) |
97
+| **Current Capability** | 700-1000 mA sustained | 300-500 mA sustained |
98
+| **Typical Use** | Medium to high-power devices: flashlights, toys, wireless mice, clocks | Low-power devices: remote controls, small toys, wireless keyboards |
99
+| **Weight** | Approx. 23 g (Alkaline) | Approx. 11.5 g (Alkaline) |
100
+| **Cost** | Generally slightly more expensive per battery | Slightly less expensive per battery |
101
+| **Energy Density** | Higher capacity and energy per unit | Lower capacity due to smaller size |
102
+| **Runtime** | Longer due to higher capacity | Shorter due to lower capacity |
103
+| **Features** | Ideal for devices that require more power and have higher current demands | Ideal for smaller devices that require less power and a more compact size |
104
+
105
+
106
+### Key Differences:
107
+
108
+Size: AA batteries are larger than AAA batteries, both in diameter and length. This difference in size translates to a larger energy storage capacity for AA batteries.
109
+
110
+Capacity: AA batteries typically have 2-3 times the capacity of AAA batteries. This means AA batteries will last longer in devices that use the same amount of power.
111
+
112
+Current Capability: AA batteries can deliver higher currents (700-1000 mA), making them better suited for devices that need more power, such as flashlights, toys, and certain electronics. AAA batteries, due to their smaller size, typically provide lower current (300-500 mA), which is suitable for low-power devices like remote controls and wireless keyboards.
113
+
114
+Weight: AA batteries are about twice as heavy as AAA batteries due to their larger size and greater energy storage.
115
+
116
+Usage: Devices that require more energy or have higher power consumption tend to use AA batteries, while devices that prioritize size and weight, like remotes and small electronics, often use AAA batteries.
117
+
118
+
119
+
120
+
121
+## battery stable circuit
122
+
123
+- [[SX1308-dat]] - [[ME6206-dat]]
124
+
125
+![](2025-08-19-17-12-34.png)
126
+
127
+
128
+
129
+## BL-5C nokia battery
130
+
131
+![](2025-08-19-18-20-56.png)
132
+
133
+
134
+
135
+- [[battery-smartphone-dat]]
136
+
137
+
138
+- [[battery]] - [[l76-dat]] - [[super-cap-dat]]
139
+
140
+- [[XH-414H]] - [[ohm-dat]]
141
+
142
+
143
+
144
+## ref
145
+
146
+- [[voltage-dat]] - [[power-level-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-discharge-dat/battery-discharge-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-discharge-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## C-Rate
6
+
7
+**C-rate** is a measure of how fast a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity.
8
+
9
+### 🔹 Formula:
10
+
11
+ C-rate × Capacity (Ah) = Current (A)
12
+
13
+### 🧮 Examples:
14
+
15
+- For a **500mAh (0.5Ah)** battery:
16
+ - **1C** = 0.5A
17
+ - **2C** = 1A
18
+ - **30C** = 15A
19
+
20
+- For a **1000mAh (1Ah)** battery:
21
+ - **1C** = 1A
22
+ - **10C** = 10A
23
+
24
+### 📌 In Simple Terms:
25
+- **1C** = full charge/discharge in **1 hour**
26
+- **2C** = in **30 minutes**
27
+- **10C** = in **6 minutes**
28
+- **30C** = in **2 minutes**
29
+
30
+> Higher C-rates mean **more current**, which leads to **more heat**, **more stress**, and requires better battery and driver design.
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+## info
35
+
36
+- [[L293-dat]]
37
+
38
+## ⚠️ Can I Use L293 to Discharge and Drive DC Motors at 30C?
39
+
40
+### ❌ Short Answer:
41
+**No**, the L293 (or L293D) is not suitable for handling high discharge currents like **30C**, especially from lithium batteries. It is far too limited in current handling.
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+### 🔧 Quick Comparison Table
46
+
47
+| Feature | L293D / L293 (typical) | Requirement for 30C Discharge |
48
+| --------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
49
+| **Max Continuous Output Current** | ~600 mA (L293D) to 1A (L293) | Often 15A+ (for 500mAh @ 30C) |
50
+| **Peak Current** | Up to 1.2A (very short burst) | Much higher (30C = 15A!) |
51
+| **Output Voltage Drop** | High (2–3V loss) | Not acceptable for high power |
52
+| **Thermal Handling** | Poor (gets hot quickly) | Needs heatsinking, high current design |
53
+| **PWM Support** | Yes (limited frequency) | OK, but irrelevant if current limit is breached |
54
+
55
+---
56
+
57
+### 🔋 What Happens at 30C Discharge?
58
+
59
+Example: 14500 Li-ion (500mAh) @ 30C
60
+→ 0.5Ah × 30C = **15A**
61
+
62
+- L293 can only handle **0.6A–1A max**, **not even close**
63
+- Same applies for 18650 (e.g., 3000mAh × 30C = 90A)
64
+
65
+---
66
+
67
+### 🔥 Risks of Using L293 at High C-Rates
68
+
69
+- **Overheating** and possible **component failure**
70
+- **Battery damage** from over-discharge
71
+- **Motor underperformance**
72
+- **Voltage drops** and high inefficiency
73
+- Possible **fire hazard** with lithium cells
74
+
75
+---
76
+
77
+### ✅ Better Alternatives
78
+
79
+Use high-current drivers designed for motors and Li-ion/LiPo cells:
80
+
81
+| Driver/Controller Type | Suitable Current Range | Notes |
82
+| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
83
+| **MOSFET H-Bridge** | 10A – 100A+ | Efficient, low heat loss |
84
+| **VNH5019 / BTS7960** | 12A – 40A | Great for higher-power motors |
85
+| **ESC (Electronic Speed Controller)** | 10A – 100A+ | Designed for brushless and RC motors |
86
+| **L298N** | Up to ~2A | Still too weak for high-C applications |
87
+
88
+---
89
+
90
+### ✅ Rule of Thumb
91
+
92
+If your motor requires **more than 1A**, **avoid L293/L293D**.
93
+Use a **MOSFET-based** driver or **high-current motor controller** instead. - [[mosfet-dat]]
94
+
battery-dat/battery-drainer-dat/battery-drainer-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
1
+# battery drainer dat
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
+## boards
6
+
7
+- [[OPM1133-dat]] - [[OPM1134-dat]] - [[OPM1135-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[OPM1137-dat]]
10
+
11
+## Demo
12
+
13
+- [battery drainer demo 1](https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1706211461562089835)
14
+- [battery drainer demo 2](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/b3IUuTj2xAk)
15
+- [battery drainer demo 3](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NJlMkMQhHOI)
16
+
17
+## ref
18
+
19
+
20
+- [[battery-drainer]]
21
+
battery-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650-battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2024-03-29-16-01-14.png)
6
+
7
+![](2024-03-29-16-01-28.png)
8
+
9
+## Flexible Connection battery holder
10
+
11
+![](2025-05-12-14-49-25.png)
12
+
13
+
14
+## Plastic houseing battery holder
15
+
16
+
17
+### 2S 18650 battery holder
18
+
19
+== 4.2*2 = 8.4V
20
+
21
+![](2025-05-08-18-07-17.png)
22
+
23
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
24
+
25
+### 4S 18650 battery holder
26
+
27
+== 4.2*4 = 16.8V
28
+
29
+![](2025-05-08-18-07-25.png)
30
+
31
+
32
+## ref
33
+
34
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
1
+
2
+# AA-battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## 3X AA battery holder
7
+
8
+== 1.5*3 = 4.5V
9
+
10
+![](2025-05-08-18-06-19.png)
11
+
12
+
13
+## PCB type
14
+
15
+![](2024-03-28-18-04-58.png)
16
+
17
+## PCB PTH soldering
18
+
19
+![](2024-09-22-00-21-47.png)
20
+
21
+
22
+## cylindar battery holder
23
+
24
+![](2025-12-30-15-02-43.png)
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+## ref
29
+
30
+- [[AA-battery-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2032-holder.md
3
+
4
+## Dimension
5
+
6
+### type 1 - PCB soldering
7
+
8
+![](2024-03-28-18-07-40.png)
9
+
10
+![](2024-03-28-18-08-18.png)
11
+
12
+#### type 1A - PCB soldering 2
13
+
14
+- [[SX1308-dat]]
15
+
16
+### type 2 - PTH plastic holder
17
+
18
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/cr2032-cr2025-battery-holder/
19
+
20
+- [[CPP1018-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+### type 3 - PTH plastic holder
26
+
27
+- [[CPP1026-dat]]
28
+
29
+
30
+- [[CR2032-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-holder-dat/battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+- [[CR2032-holder-dat]] - [[AA-battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
5
+
6
+## 18650 battery holder
7
+
8
+![](2025-08-30-16-22-09.png)
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+## ref
13
+
14
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-leakage-dat/battery-leakage-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-leakage-dat
3
+
4
+## AA Battery Leakage After Long-Term Disuse
5
+
6
+### Professional Term:
7
+- **Electrolyte leakage**
8
+- **Battery leakage**
9
+- More technically: **Battery electrolyte leakage due to self-discharge and chemical decomposition**
10
+
11
+### Causes:
12
+- **Zinc corrosion** over time
13
+- **Gas buildup** inside the battery
14
+- **Seal failure**, leading to leakage
15
+- **Chemical degradation** of the battery's internal components
16
+
17
+### Common Leakage Substance:
18
+- **Potassium hydroxide** (from alkaline batteries)
19
+ - A caustic and corrosive substance that can damage electronics and surfaces
20
+
21
+### Notes:
22
+- Most common in **alkaline** and **zinc-carbon** AA batteries
23
+- Happens especially when batteries are **stored unused for extended periods**
24
+
25
+### Prevention Tips:
26
+- Remove batteries from unused devices
27
+- Store batteries in a cool, dry place
28
+- Use newer batteries with better sealing technology
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[AA-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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1
+
2
+# battery-pack-dat
3
+
4
+- in the pack including [[BMS-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
9
+
10
+- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
11
+
12
+- battery test by [[electronic-loader-dat]]
13
+
14
+- check [[battery-discharge-dat]]
15
+
16
+- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
17
+
18
+- FB design - [[resistor-feedback-dat]]
19
+
20
+- soldering by [[spot-welding-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+## battery pack examples
24
+
25
+- 48V 15Ah == 703 RMB - - [[32125-dat]] [[li-battery-dat]]
26
+
27
+- 36V 9AH == 1269 RMB
28
+
29
+- [[e-bike-dat]]
30
+
31
+### laptop internal battery pack
32
+
33
+3S-3P == 11V - [[lenovo-dat]]
34
+
35
+![](2025-09-30-21-25-57.png)
36
+
37
+![](2025-09-30-21-26-17.png)
38
+
39
+![](2025-09-30-21-26-41.png)
40
+
41
+
42
+## 🔋 Common Lithium Battery Pack Combinations
43
+
44
+- 2S = 8.4V
45
+- 3S = 12.6V
46
+- 4S = 16.8V
47
+
48
+
49
+| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Full Charge Voltage (V) | Description |
50
+| ------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
51
+| 1S1P | 3.7V | 4.2V | Single cell |
52
+| 1S2P | 3.7V | 4.2V | 2 cells in parallel |
53
+| 2S1P | 7.4V | 8.4V | 2 cells in series |
54
+| 2S2P | 7.4V | 8.4V | 4 cells total (2 series × 2 parallel) |
55
+| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **12.6V** | **Common for RC and drones** |
56
+| 3S2P | 11.1V | 12.6V | 6 cells total |
57
+| 4S1P | 14.8V | 16.8V | Laptop batteries, [[power-tools-dat]] |
58
+| 4S2P | 14.8V | 16.8V | Higher capacity variant |
59
+| 5S1P | 18.5V | 21.0V | Electric tools |
60
+| 5S2P | 18.5V | 21.0V | Longer runtime tools |
61
+| 6S1P | 22.2V | 25.2V | Drones, high-power packs |
62
+| 6S2P | 22.2V | 25.2V | More capacity, same voltage |
63
+| 7S1P | 25.9V | 29.4V | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
64
+| 7S2P | 25.9V | 29.4V | E-bikes, scooters |
65
+| 10S1P | 37V | 42.0V | Standard for e-bike packs |
66
+| 10S2P | 37V | 42.0V | Common e-bike configuration |
67
+| 13S1P | 48.1V | 54.6V | High-voltage e-bike pack |
68
+| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **54.6V** | **E-bikes, scooters** |
69
+| 14S1P | 51.8V | 58.8V | Some 52V e-bike packs |
70
+| 14S2P | 51.8V | 58.8V | Higher capacity |
71
+
72
+common apps - [[Electric-tools-dat]] - [[drone-battery-dat]]
73
+
74
+
75
+## why one bad 18650 battery will ruin other paralled batteries
76
+
77
+How it ruins other paralleled batteries:
78
+
79
+- **Constant Discharging of Healthy Cells**: Healthy cells in parallel will try to "charge" the bad cell that is at a lower voltage. This means the good cells are constantly discharging into the bad cell, even when no external load is connected. This continuous drain can over-discharge the healthy cells, reducing their lifespan and capacity.
80
+- **Overheating and Safety Risks**: The bad cell, due to higher internal resistance or being constantly charged by other cells, can overheat. This heat can transfer to adjacent healthy cells, potentially damaging them or even leading to thermal runaway in severe cases, which is a significant safety hazard (fire or explosion).
81
+- **Reduced Overall Pack Performance**: The overall capacity and current delivery capability of the pack will be severely limited by the weakest cell. The pack will perform as if all cells are as bad as the faulty one.
82
+- **Accelerated Aging of Healthy Cells**: The constant stress of trying to compensate for the bad cell accelerates the aging process of the healthy cells.
83
+
84
+## can 18650 lihtium battery be soldered by soldering iron?
85
+
86
+
87
+* **Heat Damage:** Lithium-ion cells are sensitive to heat. Excessive heat from a soldering iron can:
88
+ * Damage the internal chemistry of the cell, reducing its capacity, lifespan, and performance.
89
+ * Melt or damage the internal safety components like the pressure vent or PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) switch.
90
+ * In extreme cases, lead to thermal runaway, which can cause the battery to vent, catch fire, or even explode.
91
+
92
+* **Difficulty:** The positive and negative terminals of 18650 cells are often made of materials (like nickel or steel) that can be difficult to solder to without specialized flux and a powerful iron. Prolonged heating to achieve a good solder joint increases the risk of heat damage.
93
+
94
+* **Safety Risks:**
95
+ * Accidentally short-circuiting the battery with the soldering iron tip or solder can cause extremely high currents, leading to sparks, burns, and battery damage.
96
+ * Overheating can release flammable and toxic gases.
97
+
98
+### **Recommended Alternatives:**
99
+
100
+* **Spot Welding:** This is the industry-standard method for connecting 18650 cells. Spot welders deliver a very high current for a very short duration, creating a strong weld with minimal heat transfer to the cell's internals.
101
+* **Battery Holders:** Using appropriate battery holders allows for connections without soldering directly to the cells. This is a safer option for many DIY projects.
102
+* **Pre-tabbed Cells:** Some 18650 cells are available with nickel tabs already spot-welded to the terminals. These tabs are much easier and safer to solder to.
103
+
104
+
105
+
106
+
107
+
108
+## Simple 1S to 2S management Solutions
109
+
110
+![](2025-05-12-16-09-09.png)
111
+
112
+
113
+## FPV power battery
114
+
115
+**Balance Connector**
116
+
117
+- 2S battery = 2 cells in series → total 2 voltages to monitor (Cell 1 & Cell 2).
118
+- The 3 pins are:
119
+ - **Pin 1 (B-)** → negative of first cell / main ground.
120
+ - **Pin 2 (C1)** → middle point between cell 1 and cell 2.
121
+ - **Pin 3 (B+)** → positive of second cell / total pack voltage.
122
+- This lets a **balance charger** measure each cell individually.
123
+
124
+
125
+
126
+## "Powerful" battery
127
+
128
+### 1. Upgrade to Higher Cell Count (More Voltage)
129
+- **Switch from 2S (7.4V) to 3S (11.1V) or 4S (14.8V)** for more motor RPM and torque.
130
+- ✅ **Check compatibility** of your **ESC and motor** before upgrading.
131
+ - If not rated for higher voltage, you risk burning them out.
132
+
133
+**Pros:**
134
+- Significant performance boost
135
+- Higher speed and torque
136
+
137
+**Cons:**
138
+- Can overheat/damage components
139
+- May require stronger drivetrain
140
+
141
+---
142
+
143
+### 2. Increase Battery Discharge Rate (C-Rating)
144
+- **Higher C-rating = more current output**, improving throttle response and torque.
145
+
146
+**Example:**
147
+- 2S 5000mAh 20C → 5A × 20 = 100A max discharge
148
+- 2S 5000mAh 50C → 5A × 50 = 250A max discharge
149
+
150
+**Pros:**
151
+- Better throttle response
152
+- Handles load more effectively (climbing, off-road)
153
+
154
+**Cons:**
155
+- Higher cost
156
+- May be slightly heavier
157
+
158
+---
159
+
160
+### 3. Increase Capacity (mAh)
161
+- **Higher mAh = longer run-time** and **less voltage sag under load**
162
+
163
+**Example:**
164
+- Upgrade from 2200mAh to 5000mAh for more endurance
165
+
166
+
167
+## reference images
168
+
169
+![](2025-07-23-19-30-54.png)
170
+
171
+![](2025-07-23-19-31-29.png)
172
+
173
+![](2025-07-23-19-32-19.png)
174
+
175
+![](2025-07-23-19-32-32.png)
176
+
177
+
178
+## 分容
179
+
180
+先并联充好电，再串联24串一组 恒流放电，需要接个极空保护板计量容量，每次触发保护时标计一个单体的容量， 并移走替换满电的，直到一轮一轮的测完
181
+
182
+
183
+分容可以有这个: EBC-A10H 电池容量测试仪 充放电仪 电子负载 电源测试 5A充10A放
184
+
185
+
186
+YR1035+
187
+
188
+![](2025-08-19-23-54-50.png)
189
+
190
+- [[internal-resistance-meter-dat]]
191
+
192
+## unbalance Series and Parallel
193
+
194
+You have a battery configuration: **3P + 6P + 6P in series**.
195
+- **3P group** = 3 cells in parallel
196
+- **6P groups** = 6 cells in parallel
197
+- **Series connection** → pack is 3S
198
+
199
+Even though some groups have more cells, the **smallest parallel group (3P)** limits the total usable capacity.
200
+
201
+---
202
+
203
+### 1. Discharge Behavior
204
+- Current is **the same through all series groups**.
205
+- Example: load draws 9A total:
206
+ - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell (high stress)
207
+ - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell (lighter load)
208
+- ✅ 3P cells drain faster.
209
+- ❌ Pack is considered “empty” when 3P group is fully discharged, even if 6P groups still have charge.
210
+
211
+---
212
+
213
+### 2. Charge Behavior
214
+- Charger applies current evenly through series groups.
215
+- Example: 9A charging current:
216
+ - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell
217
+ - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell
218
+- ✅ 3P group reaches full voltage first.
219
+- ❌ Charger stops when 3P group is full → extra cells in 6P groups aren’t fully used.
220
+
221
+---
222
+
223
+### 3. Key Effects
224
+1. **Capacity wasted**: Extra cells in larger parallel groups are underutilized.
225
+2. **Unbalanced stress**: Smaller parallel group wears out faster.
226
+3. **Reduced lifespan**: Smallest group limits whole pack life and capacity.
227
+
228
+---
229
+
230
+### 4. Best Practice
231
+- Ensure **all parallel groups in series have the same number of cells**.
232
+- Example: redesign as **3S6P** → full 18Ah usable capacity instead of being limited to 9Ah.
233
+
234
+---
235
+
236
+### ✅ **Summary**:
237
+In series packs, **the smallest parallel group determines the usable capacity**. Extra cells in larger groups are underused, and the smaller group experiences higher current stress, reducing overall pack efficiency and lifespan.
238
+
239
+
240
+## ref
241
+
242
+- [[battery-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
243
+
244
+- [[battery-pack]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-pack-kit-dat/battery-pack-kit-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-pack-kit-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[active-BMS-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[case-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[battery-holder-dat]] == rack
10
+
11
+- Nickel Sheet
12
+
13
+- Insulating Paper
14
+
15
+- [[18650-dat]] - [[18650]]
16
+
17
+## 3S7P == 12V 8400 mAH == 12V 8.4 AH
18
+
19
+![](2025-09-11-15-03-27.png)
20
+
21
+## wiring diagram
22
+
23
+![](2025-09-11-15-07-25.png)
24
+
25
+
26
+## examples
27
+
28
+![](2025-09-11-15-12-09.png)
29
+
30
+## Important Notes for Battery Pack Assembly
31
+
32
+1. **Activation Required**
33
+ After welding, the battery pack must be activated with a 12.6V charger before it can output normally. Without activation, the output voltage will not reach the expected level.
34
+
35
+2. **Insulation and Protection Board Installation**
36
+ It is strongly recommended to wrap the battery pack with fish paper (insulating paper) before installing the protection board. The protection board should not be attached directly to the battery cells. Wrap a layer of fish paper around the cells, then install the protection board.
37
+ Ensure all welds are solid—cold solder joints may cause overheating or fire. Only users with experience in battery pack assembly should purchase. If you are not familiar, please buy with caution. The shop only sells parts and is not responsible for any consequences of use.
38
+
39
+---
40
+
41
+### 3S 12.6V 40A Lithium Battery Protection Board
42
+
43
+- **Application:**
44
+ Suitable for lithium batteries with a nominal voltage of 3.7V and a fully charged voltage of 4.2V
45
+ (including 18650, 26650, and polymer lithium batteries; no restriction on cell size)
46
+
47
+- **Product Dimensions:**
48
+ - Enhanced version: 41 × 55 × 3.4 mm
49
+ - Balanced version: 41 × 60 × 3.4 mm
50
+
51
+- **Product Weight:**
52
+ - Enhanced version: 8.8g
53
+ - Balanced version: 9.8g
54
+
55
+- **Charging Voltage:** 12.6V ~ 13.6V
56
+- **Continuous Discharge Current (Max):** 40A (reduce load current if heat dissipation is poor)
57
+- **Continuous Charging Current (Max):** 20A
58
+
59
+- **Enhanced Version:**
60
+ Suitable for drills with starting current below 80A and power below 170W.
61
+
62
+- **Balanced Version:**
63
+ Same as above, but with balanced charging function.
64
+
65
+---
66
+
67
+#### Precautions
68
+
69
+1. **Battery Selection:**
70
+ To successfully start a drill, use either three 10C–20C power cells or six 5C–10C power cells.
71
+ Recommended cell models: SONY VTC4, VTC4A, VTC5A, VTC6.
72
+ Use 0V and 12.6V connection wires with copper wire of at least 3 mm² (do not use nickel strips!).
73
+
74
+2. **Wiring:**
75
+ Strictly follow the wiring diagram for 0V, 4.2V, 8.4V, and 12.6V connections.
76
+ When soldering wires, do not touch any components on the board and never intentionally short-circuit.
77
+
78
+3. **First-Time Soldering or Charging:**
79
+ When first soldering the battery or during charging, if any single cell exceeds 4.2V, the "430" resistor will heat up to discharge (stops heating when voltage drops to about 4.19V).
80
+ If the "430" resistor becomes extremely hot (too hot to touch), check for wiring errors.
81
+
82
+
83
+![](2025-09-11-15-09-51.png)
84
+
85
+
86
+## Purpose of Insulating Paper (Fish Paper) in a Battery Pack:
87
+
88
+1. **Electrical Insulation**
89
+ - Prevents short circuits between cells, busbars, and metal casings.
90
+
91
+2. **Thermal Resistance**
92
+ - Provides heat resistance and helps protect against localized overheating.
93
+
94
+3. **Mechanical Protection**
95
+ - Adds a physical barrier between components to reduce abrasion or vibration damage.
96
+
97
+4. **Safety Enhancement**
98
+ - Improves overall safety of the battery pack by minimizing risks of electrical arcing, leakage, or thermal runaway propagation.
99
+
100
+
101
+
102
+## ref
103
+
104
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/rc-battery.excalidraw
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@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
1
+
2
+# Lead-acid-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+## charge board
8
+
9
+- [[OPM1181-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+Batteries store the energy produced by your solar panels for later use.
16
+
17
+## Types:
18
+
19
+### General Lead-Acid Batteries:
20
+
21
+Common in automotive applications. They are relatively inexpensive and the technology is mature. However, they are heavy, have a shorter lifespan (approx. 3 years), require maintenance, and are not suitable for frequent deep discharge (recommended depth of discharge is ~20%).
22
+
23
+### Deep Cycle Lead-Acid Batteries:
24
+
25
+Designed for deep discharge (up to 80% or more) without significantly affecting lifespan. They have thicker plates and durable materials, making them well-suited for solar power systems, electric vehicles, and campers requiring continuous, stable power.
26
+
27
+
28
+**Capacity:** Measured in Amp-hours (Ah). A 12V 100Ah battery stores 12V * 100Ah = 1200 Watt-hours (Wh) of energy.
29
+
30
+![](2025-06-15-01-53-06.png)
31
+
32
+
33
+## lead-acid-battery-dat
34
+
35
+- LAB: Lead-Acid Battery
36
+- 蓄电池 (xù diàn chí) is the Chinese term for "rechargeable battery." It is a type of electrical battery that can be recharged multiple times. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and many other portable devices.
37
+
38
+- Here are some links where you can find more information about 蓄电池:
39
+
40
+- Wikipedia: Rechargeable Battery - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0
41
+- China Battery Industry Association - http://www.cbia.com.cn/
42
+- Battery University: Rechargeable Batteries - https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_rechargeable_batteries
43
+
44
+## voltage
45
+
46
+- 12V == [[solar-power-dat]]
47
+- 72V == [[motor-dat]]
48
+
49
+## LAB Example
50
+
51
+![](2025-04-21-16-25-17.png)
52
+
53
+2.6 Ah = 2.6 × 1000 = **2600 mAh**
54
+
55
+
56
+* **Brand:** ANJING
57
+* **Type:** Sealed Rechargeable Battery (Likely SLA/VRLA) Sealed Lead-Acid (a specific type, but often used generally)
58
+* **Nominal Voltage:** 12V
59
+* **Capacity:** 2.6Ah (Rated at 20-hour discharge rate - 12V 2.6Ah/20hr)
60
+ * This implies a discharge current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h) for 20 hours.
61
+* **Charging Method:** Constant Voltage Charge
62
+ * **Standby Use (Float):** 13.50V - 13.80V
63
+ * **Cycle Use:** 14.40V - 15.00V
64
+ * **Initial Charging Current:** Less than 0.78A (0.3C)
65
+* **Chemistry:** Lead-acid (Pb symbol present)
66
+* **Markings:**
67
+ * Recycling symbol
68
+ * Do not dispose symbol (crossed-out bin)
69
+
70
+As noted on the battery (12V2.6Ah/20hr), this specific 2.6Ah rating was determined using a 20-hour discharge period. This means it was likely discharged at a current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13A) for 20 hours.
71
+
72
+
73
+### Estimated Runtime Calculation
74
+
75
+This calculation estimates how long the ANJING 12V 2.6Ah battery can power a 5V 1A load using a DC-DC converter.
76
+
77
+**1. Calculate Load Power:**
78
+ - Load Voltage (V_load) = 5V
79
+ - Load Current (I_load) = 1A
80
+ - Load Power (P_load) = V_load × I_load = 5V × 1A = 5 Watts
81
+
82
+**2. Account for DC-DC Converter Efficiency:**
83
+ - Assume a typical converter efficiency (η) = 85% (or 0.85). Real-world efficiency may vary.
84
+ - Power drawn from the battery (P_batt) = P_load / η
85
+ - P_batt = 5W / 0.85 ≈ 5.88 Watts
86
+
87
+**3. Calculate Current Drawn from Battery:**
88
+ - Battery Nominal Voltage (V_batt) = 12V
89
+ - Current drawn from battery (I_batt) = P_batt / V_batt
90
+ - I_batt = 5.88W / 12V ≈ 0.49 Amps
91
+
92
+**4. Compare to Rated Discharge:**
93
+ - The battery's capacity (2.6Ah) is rated for a 20-hour discharge (as noted in the file: `12V2.6Ah/20hr`).
94
+ - Rated Discharge Current (I_rated) = 2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13 Amps
95
+ - The calculated draw (0.49A) is significantly higher than the rated discharge current (0.13A).
96
+
97
+**5. Calculate Ideal Runtime (Ignoring Peukert's Effect):**
98
+ - Battery Capacity (C) = 2.6Ah
99
+ - Ideal Runtime (T_ideal) = C / I_batt
100
+ - T_ideal = 2.6Ah / 0.49A ≈ 5.3 hours
101
+
102
+**6. Consider Peukert's Effect:**
103
+ - Lead-acid batteries deliver less total capacity when discharged at rates higher than their rating (Peukert's Law).
104
+ - Since 0.49A is much higher than the 0.13A rating, the *effective* capacity will be lower than 2.6Ah.
105
+
106
+**Conclusion:**
107
+
108
+The **ideal calculated runtime is approximately 5.3 hours**. However, due to the higher discharge current (0.49A vs. the 0.13A rating), the actual runtime will be **noticeably less than 5.3 hours**. The exact reduction depends on the specific Peukert exponent of this battery model, which is not provided.
109
+
110
+
111
+## app
112
+
113
+- [[power-storage-dat]]
114
+
115
+## ref
116
+
117
+- [[Lead-acid-battery]] - [[battery-rechargerable]] - [[power]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-FPV-dat/battery-FPV-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-FPV-dat
3
+
4
+## happymodel
5
+
6
+航模1S LIHV高压 3.8v 650mah 30C穿越机锂电池 Moblite7用 PH2.0
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+## GNB
11
+
12
+GNB高能 550mAh 2S 7.6V 100C HV 穿越机FPV Mobula8用高压锂电池
13
+
14
+高能高压锂电池 lihv 3.8V 520mah穿越机 mobula7 1S tinyhawk2/3
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## ACE格氏
20
+
21
+ACE格氏穿越机550mah锂电池RLINE金砖TATTU 2S 7.4V 95C 3S 11.1V
22
+
23
+TATTU 格氏 ACE 2S 3S 4S 450 650 850 mah 75c 锂电池
24
+
25
+## 志气
26
+
27
+志气锂电池11.1V水弹电池7.4V高放3S发射器300-1400mah聚合物XT30
28
+
29
+
30
+## DAI WONG GAU
31
+
32
+DAI WONG GAU大黄狗航模1350-1550mAh 6S150C竞速FPV穿越机锂电池
33
+
34
+
35
+## 花牌
36
+
37
+花牌 锂电池 7.4v / 11.1v 550 mah 40c 85C 超小型固定翼 穿越机
38
+
39
+
40
+
41
+## ref
42
+
43
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+# rechargerable-battery-dat
5
+
6
+- [[battery-protection-dat]] - [[BMS-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[battery-charger-dat]]
9
+
10
+
11
+## charge time
12
+
13
+| **Battery Type** | **Typical Charge Time** | **Notes** |
14
+| -------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
15
+| **Lead-acid** | 8-12 hours | Slow charge time, can be faster with a fast charger. |
16
+| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | 2-4 hours | Similar to lithium-ion but may take slightly longer. |
17
+| **Lithium-ion (Li-ion)** | 1-3 hours | Fastest charging, especially with modern fast chargers. |
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+## Common Rechargeable Battery Internal Resistance and Aging
22
+
23
+| Battery Type | Nominal Voltage | Capacity Range | Internal Resistance (New) | Internal Resistance After ~200 Cycles | Notes / Applications |
24
+| --------------------------- | --------------- | -------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
25
+| **AA NiMH** | 1.2V | 1800–2500 mAh | 20–50 mΩ | 30–80 mΩ | Consumer electronics, toys |
26
+| **AAA NiMH** | 1.2V | 600–1200 mAh | 30–70 mΩ | 40–100 mΩ | Small electronics, remote controls |
27
+| **18650 Li-ion** | 3.6–3.7V | 2000–3500 mAh | 30–80 mΩ | 40–120 mΩ | Laptops, power banks, flashlights |
28
+| **High-drain 18650 Li-ion** | 3.6–3.7V | 1500–3000 mAh | 15–30 mΩ | 25–50 mΩ | Power tools, e-cigarettes, high-current devices |
29
+| **26650 Li-ion** | 3.6–3.7V | 4000–6000 mAh | 10–40 mΩ | 20–60 mΩ | High-capacity flashlights, e-bikes |
30
+| **12V Lead-Acid (SLA/AGM)** | 12V | 7–20 Ah | 0.12–0.3 Ω | 0.15–0.4 Ω | Scooters, UPS, emergency lighting |
31
+| **12V LiFePO4** | 12.8V | 10–20 Ah | 5–20 mΩ | 10–30 mΩ | E-bikes, solar storage, UPS |
32
+| **9V NiMH** | 8.4–9V | 150–300 mAh | 150–300 mΩ | 200–400 mΩ | Smoke detectors, small electronics |
33
+| **NiCd AA** | 1.2V | 600–1000 mAh | 30–100 mΩ | 50–150 mΩ | Older toys, cordless phones |
34
+| **LiPo (3.7V per cell)** | 3.7V | 500–5000 mAh | 20–100 mΩ | 40–150 mΩ | Drones, RC cars, FPV drones |
35
+
36
+### Notes on Internal Resistance Change:
37
+- Internal resistance **increases gradually** with usage cycles and charging/discharging.
38
+- The amount of increase depends on:
39
+ - Battery chemistry and quality
40
+ - Depth of discharge and charging rate
41
+ - Temperature and storage conditions
42
+- Higher resistance results in **lower peak current capability** and slightly reduced capacity over time.
43
+
44
+
45
+
46
+## Types
47
+
48
+- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
49
+
50
+- [[LFP-dat]]
51
+
52
+- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
53
+
54
+
55
+## ref
56
+
57
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
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@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-app-dat
3
+
4
+### By Apps
5
+
6
+Robot tank battery
7
+
8
+3x 3000mAH x 3.7 == 33.3 Wh / 12.5V == **2.66 Ah (2660 mAh)
9
+
10
+![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
11
+
12
+![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
17
+
18
+![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
19
+
20
+- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[Electric-tools-battery-dat]]
21
+
22
+3x 18650
23
+
24
+![](2025-09-10-21-35-20.png)
25
+
26
+![](2025-09-10-21-35-39.png)
27
+
28
+power tool battery == 3S=3P/6P/6P == 15 batteries
29
+
30
+![](2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
31
+
32
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
33
+
34
+
35
+single-unit large battery
36
+
37
+48V / 200AH
38
+
39
+![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
40
+
41
+3S10P == 30 batteries == 12V 30000 mAH
42
+
43
+![](2025-09-10-22-03-23.png)
44
+
45
+3S5P == 15 batteries == 12V 15000 mAH
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+## calculata density
53
+
54
+If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
55
+
56
+Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
57
+
58
+Substituting the values:
59
+
60
+Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
61
+
62
+So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
63
+
64
+
65
+To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
66
+
67
+For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
68
+
69
+For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
70
+
71
+**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+## ref
76
+
77
+
78
+- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
79
+
80
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
1
+
2
+# lithium-battery-dat
3
+
4
+## info
5
+
6
+- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[battery-soldering-dat]]
9
+
10
+- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
11
+
12
+- [[li-battery-app-dat]]
13
+
14
+## Classification Summary
15
+
16
+By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
17
+
18
+By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
19
+
20
+By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+
26
+## Classification
27
+
28
+
29
+### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
30
+
31
+#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
32
+
33
+- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
34
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
35
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
36
+
37
+- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
38
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
39
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
40
+
41
+- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
42
+ - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
43
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
44
+
45
+- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
46
+ - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
47
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
48
+
49
+- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
50
+ - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
51
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
52
+
53
+#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
54
+
55
+- **Graphite**
56
+ - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
57
+ - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
58
+
59
+- **Silicon-based Materials**
60
+ - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
61
+ - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
62
+
63
+- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
64
+ - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
65
+ - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
66
+
67
+- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
68
+ - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
69
+ - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
70
+
71
+---
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
76
+
77
+Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
78
+
79
+---
80
+
81
+#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
82
+
83
+Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
84
+
85
+##### **Common Sizes:**
86
+
87
+- **18650**
88
+ - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
89
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
90
+ - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
91
+
92
+- **21700**
93
+ - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
94
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
95
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
96
+
97
+- **26650**
98
+ - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
99
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
100
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
101
+
102
+---
103
+
104
+#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
105
+
106
+Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
107
+
108
+##### **Common Sizes:**
109
+
110
+- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
111
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
112
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
113
+ - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
114
+
115
+- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
116
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
117
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
118
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
119
+
120
+---
121
+
122
+#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
123
+
124
+Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
125
+
126
+##### **Common Sizes:**
127
+
128
+- **Small Pouch Batteries**
129
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
130
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
131
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
132
+
133
+- **Large Pouch Batteries**
134
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
135
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
136
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
137
+
138
+---
139
+
140
+#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
141
+
142
+Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
143
+
144
+##### **Common Sizes:**
145
+
146
+- **CR2032**
147
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
148
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
149
+ - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
150
+
151
+- **CR2025**
152
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
153
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
154
+ - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
155
+
156
+---
157
+
158
+### **Summary**
159
+
160
+Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
161
+
162
+| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
163
+|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
164
+| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
165
+| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
166
+| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
167
+| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
168
+
169
+This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
170
+
171
+
172
+
173
+## li-battery tech
174
+
175
+### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
176
+
177
+Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
178
+
179
+If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
180
+
181
+
182
+
183
+
184
+### Lithium battery Check
185
+
186
+- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
187
+
188
+
189
+
190
+
191
+## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
192
+
193
+| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
194
+|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
195
+| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
196
+| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
197
+| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
198
+| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
199
+| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
200
+| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
201
+| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
202
+
203
+
204
+🧠 Which to Choose?
205
+18650: Most versatile and widely used.
206
+
207
+21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
208
+
209
+26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
210
+
211
+Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
212
+
213
+
214
+
215
+
216
+## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
217
+
218
+Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
219
+
220
+Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
221
+
222
+LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
223
+
224
+## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
225
+
226
+Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
227
+
228
+Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
229
+
230
+
231
+
232
+
233
+
234
+## ref
235
+
236
+- [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/LFP-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
1
+
2
+# LFP-dat
3
+
4
+- [[blade-battery-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
8
+
9
+LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
10
+
11
+Key Characteristics:
12
+
13
+Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
18
+
19
+## Key Features and Benefits:
20
+
21
+1. **Long Lifespan**
22
+ - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
23
+ - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
24
+
25
+2. **Safety**
26
+ - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
27
+ - Less prone to thermal runaway.
28
+
29
+3. **Lightweight**
30
+ - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
31
+
32
+4. **High Energy Density**
33
+ - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
34
+
35
+5. **Wide Temperature Range**
36
+ - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
37
+
38
+6. **Fast Charging**
39
+ - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
40
+
41
+7. **Low Self-Discharge**
42
+ - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
43
+
44
+8. **Environmentally Friendly**
45
+ - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
46
+
47
+---
48
+
49
+## Common Applications:
50
+1. **Solar Power Systems**
51
+ - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
52
+
53
+2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
54
+ - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
55
+
56
+3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
57
+ - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
58
+
59
+4. **Backup Power**
60
+ - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
61
+
62
+5. **Portable Electronics**
63
+ - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
64
+
65
+6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
66
+ - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
67
+
68
+---
69
+
70
+## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
71
+
72
+| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
73
+|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
74
+| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
75
+| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
76
+| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
77
+| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
78
+| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
79
+| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
80
+
81
+
82
+
83
+
84
+
85
+## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
86
+
87
+| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
88
+|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
89
+| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
90
+| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
91
+| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
92
+| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
93
+| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
94
+| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
95
+| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
96
+| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
97
+| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
98
+
99
+## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
100
+
101
+Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
102
+
103
+The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
104
+- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
105
+- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
106
+
107
+
108
+## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
109
+
110
+1. Safety is a priority:
111
+LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
112
+
113
+2. Long lifespan needed:
114
+Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
115
+
116
+3. High discharge/charge rates:
117
+Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
118
+
119
+4. Eco-consciousness:
120
+LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
121
+
122
+
123
+
124
+
125
+
126
+## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
127
+
128
+The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
129
+
130
+- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
131
+- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
132
+- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
133
+
134
+- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
135
+
136
+
137
+## ref
138
+
139
+- [[LFP]] - [[li-battery-material]] - [[li-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/blade-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
1
+
2
+# blade-battery-dat
3
+
4
+- [[BYD-dat]] - [[CATL-dat]] - [[EVE-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[LFP-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[solar-power-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[battery-system-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+## specs
15
+
16
+![](2025-09-11-14-59-46.png)
17
+
18
+149 - 18 - 99
19
+
20
+亿纬 - 3.7v - 19.5AH - (高倍率30c）
21
+
22
+
23
+## ref
24
+
25
+- [[LFP-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
1
+
2
+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
3
+
4
+
5
+Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
6
+
7
+---
8
+
9
+## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
10
+1. **High Energy Density**
11
+ - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
12
+2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
13
+ - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
14
+3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
15
+ - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
16
+4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
17
+ - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
18
+5. **Lower Safety**
19
+ - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
20
+6. **Higher Cost**
21
+ - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
22
+
23
+---
24
+
25
+## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
26
+| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
27
+|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
28
+| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
29
+| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
30
+
31
+- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
32
+- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
33
+
34
+---
35
+
36
+## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
37
+| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
38
+|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
39
+| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
40
+| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
41
+| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
42
+| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
43
+| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
44
+| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
45
+
46
+---
47
+
48
+## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
49
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
50
+ - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
51
+2. **Power Tools**
52
+ - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
53
+3. **Consumer Electronics**
54
+ - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
55
+
56
+---
57
+
58
+## **Future Trends**
59
+- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
60
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
61
+- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-material-dat
3
+
4
+- [[LFP-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- ExtremelySafe
8
+- Light-weighted
9
+- Versatileinnature
10
+- Low self-discharge level
11
+- Thin with huge capacity
12
+
13
+
14
+## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
+
16
+### Overview
17
+Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
+
19
+### Merits
20
+1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
+2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
+3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
+4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
+5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
+
26
+### Demerits
27
+
28
+1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
+2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
+3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
+
32
+
33
+## Compare
34
+
35
+![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
+
42
+| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
+| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
+| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
+| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
+| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
+| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
+| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
+| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
+| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
+| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
+| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
+| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png differ
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
1
+
2
+# li-ion-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
+
7
+## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
+
9
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
+
11
+constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
+
13
+
14
+## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
+
16
+Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
+
18
+- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
+
20
+- [[BMS-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+## ref
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-0V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650-0V-dat.md
3
+
4
+A Li-ion cell showing **0 V** usually means something seriously wrong.
5
+Two main causes:
6
+
7
+---
8
+
9
+## 1. **Protection Circuit Tripped** (Only for “protected 18650”)
10
+Some 18650 cells include a tiny PCB at the bottom.
11
+If the cell is over-discharged, the protection board **disconnects** the output → terminal voltage reads nearly **0 V**.
12
+
13
+- Internal cell voltage is usually still **1–2 V**, not truly 0 V.
14
+- Only applies if your cell is a **protected** 18650.
15
+
16
+---
17
+
18
+## 2. **Cell Is Internally Damaged** (Most common)
19
+A fully unprotected or old 18650 can reach 0 V if:
20
+
21
+- Severe over-discharge
22
+- Internal chemical breakdown
23
+- Internal short circuit
24
+- Copper plating inside
25
+- Safety vent (pressure valve) triggered
26
+
27
+If the safety vent opens, the cell is **permanently unsafe**.
28
+
29
+**True 0 V = the cell is dead.**
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+# ⚠️ Can You “Fix” a 0 V 18650?
34
+**No. Not safely.**
35
+Trying to recharge a 0 V Li-ion can cause:
36
+
37
+- Fire
38
+- Venting hot gas
39
+- Explosion
40
+- Thermal runaway
41
+
42
+Even trained engineers only attempt recovery in fireproof labs.
43
+
44
+**For home use:
45
+0 V = NOT repairable.**
46
+
47
+---
48
+
49
+# ✔️ What You Should Do
50
+- Do **NOT** charge it.
51
+- Do **NOT** heat, hammer, or puncture it.
52
+- Recycle it at an **e-waste / battery recycling point**.
53
+
54
+This is the only safe option.
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+## ref
59
+
60
+- [[18650-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650
3
+
4
+18mm x 65mm
5
+
6
+![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
7
+
8
+- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[18650-0V-dat]]
11
+
12
+## discharge current
13
+
14
+### 🔧 Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
15
+
16
+| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
17
+|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
18
+| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2A–3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
19
+| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
20
+| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10A–15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
21
+| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600–3000mAh |
22
+| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25A–30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
23
+
24
+---
25
+
26
+### 📌 Notes
27
+
28
+- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5–2× the continuous rating.
29
+- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
30
+ - Continuous discharge current
31
+ - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
32
+ - Required cooling
33
+- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
34
+ - Temperature
35
+ - Battery aging
36
+ - Internal resistance
37
+
38
+---
39
+
40
+### ⚠️ Warning
41
+
42
+Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
43
+- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
44
+- Reduce lifespan drastically
45
+- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
46
+
47
+---
48
+
49
+### ✅ Recommended Use
50
+
51
+| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
52
+|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
53
+| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5A–10A) |
54
+| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15A–30A) |
55
+| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
60
+
61
+| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
62
+| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
63
+| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
64
+| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
65
+| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
66
+| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
67
+| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
68
+| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
69
+| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
70
+| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
71
+| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+
76
+## **18650 Battery Types**
77
+
78
+| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
79
+| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
80
+| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
81
+| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
82
+| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
83
+| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
84
+
85
+---
86
+
87
+## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
88
+| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
89
+| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
90
+| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
91
+| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
92
+
93
+Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
94
+
95
+
96
+The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
97
+
98
+## safety concern
99
+
100
+After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
101
+
102
+To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
103
+
104
+However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
105
+
106
+In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
107
+
108
+- [[battery-protection-dat]]
109
+
110
+
111
+## CID safety
112
+
113
+The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
114
+
115
+Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
116
+
117
+
118
+### CID reset trick
119
+
120
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
121
+
122
+
123
+
124
+### 🔒 What is CID Safety for 18650 Batteries?
125
+
126
+#### What is CID?
127
+
128
+- **CID** stands for **Current Interrupt Device**.
129
+- It is a **built-in safety mechanism** inside many 18650 lithium-ion cells.
130
+- Designed to **prevent dangerous overpressure and overheating**.
131
+
132
+---
133
+
134
+#### How Does CID Work?
135
+
136
+- The CID is a **pressure-sensitive switch** inside the cell.
137
+- When internal gas pressure rises above a certain threshold (due to:
138
+ - Overcharging,
139
+ - Short circuit,
140
+ - Thermal runaway),
141
+
142
+ the CID **disconnects the internal current path**.
143
+- This **interrupts current flow**, effectively stopping the battery from further charging or discharging.
144
+- It **helps prevent cell rupture, fire, or explosion**.
145
+
146
+---
147
+
148
+#### Why Is CID Important?
149
+
150
+- Lithium-ion cells generate gas if damaged or overcharged.
151
+- Pressure build-up can cause catastrophic failure.
152
+- CID acts as a **last-resort safety valve** inside the cell.
153
+- It **works alongside external protection circuits and BMS**.
154
+
155
+---
156
+
157
+#### Summary Table
158
+
159
+| Feature | Description |
160
+|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|
161
+| Purpose | Prevent overpressure and overheating |
162
+| Mechanism | Pressure-activated internal switch |
163
+| Activation Threshold | Specific pressure level inside the cell |
164
+| Effect | Interrupts internal circuit to stop current flow |
165
+| Role | Safety backup inside individual 18650 cells |
166
+
167
+---
168
+
169
+#### Important Notes
170
+
171
+- CID **does not reset** after activation; cell is permanently disabled.
172
+- Cells with CID still **require external protection** (BMS).
173
+- Not all lithium cells have CID — mostly found in high-quality 18650s.
174
+
175
+### short test
176
+
177
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
178
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
179
+
180
+
181
+## 🔋 How to Use 18650 Batteries Safely
182
+
183
+### 1. Choose Quality Batteries
184
+
185
+- Buy from **reputable brands** (Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sony, Molicel)
186
+- Avoid cheap or counterfeit cells
187
+- Check for **safety features** like CID and PCM
188
+
189
+---
190
+
191
+### 2. Use Proper Chargers
192
+
193
+- Use a charger designed for **Li-ion 18650 cells**
194
+- Prefer chargers with **constant current / constant voltage (CC/CV)** charging profile
195
+- Avoid using chargers designed for other chemistries
196
+
197
+---
198
+
199
+### 3. Never Overcharge or Overdischarge
200
+
201
+- Do not charge above **4.2V per cell**
202
+- Do not discharge below **2.5V per cell**
203
+- Use a **Battery Management System (BMS)** for packs
204
+
205
+---
206
+
207
+### 4. Avoid Short Circuits
208
+
209
+- Do not let battery terminals touch metal objects
210
+- Use protective holders or cases
211
+- Handle with care to avoid damaging the cell casing
212
+
213
+---
214
+
215
+### 5. Prevent Physical Damage
216
+
217
+- Avoid dropping, crushing, or puncturing cells
218
+- Do not expose to extreme temperatures (keep between 0°C and 45°C for charging)
219
+
220
+---
221
+
222
+### 6. Store Properly
223
+
224
+- Store batteries in a **cool, dry place**
225
+- Keep batteries at around **40-60% charge** for long-term storage
226
+- Use battery cases to prevent accidental shorts
227
+
228
+---
229
+
230
+### 7. Monitor Battery Health
231
+
232
+- Check for swelling, corrosion, or leaks
233
+- Dispose of damaged or old batteries safely at designated recycling centers
234
+
235
+---
236
+
237
+### 8. Use Appropriate Protection Circuits
238
+
239
+- For battery packs, use a **BMS** to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and short circuit
240
+- Individual protected 18650 cells include an internal **PCM (Protection Circuit Module)**
241
+
242
+---
243
+
244
+### Summary Table
245
+
246
+| Safety Tip | Description |
247
+|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|
248
+| Buy quality cells | Avoid counterfeit or low-grade cells |
249
+| Use correct charger | CC/CV chargers designed for Li-ion |
250
+| Avoid overcharge/discharge | Charge max 4.2V, discharge min 2.5V |
251
+| Prevent short circuits | Use protective cases and careful handling |
252
+| Avoid physical damage | Do not crush, puncture, or overheat |
253
+| Store at partial charge | 40–60% SOC in cool, dry place |
254
+| Use BMS/PCM | Protect against electrical faults |
255
+
256
+
257
+
258
+## how to revive 18650 batteries at 0V
259
+
260
+## ✅ Tools You’ll Need
261
+- Multimeter
262
+- Smart charger (with 0V recovery mode) *or* TP4056 / bench power supply
263
+- Optional: Resistor (10–50Ω) for current limiting
264
+
265
+### 🔧 Method 1: Smart Charger with 0V Recovery
266
+Some chargers (e.g., **LiitoKala Lii-500**, **Nitecore**) can automatically revive 0V cells.
267
+
268
+#### Steps:
269
+1. Insert the battery into the charger.
270
+2. If supported, it will trickle charge until voltage reaches ~3.0V.
271
+3. Then it continues normal charging.
272
+4. Monitor temperature and voltage during charging.
273
+
274
+> ✅ **Low risk**
275
+> ✅ **Recommended method**
276
+> ✅ **High success rate** for mildly over-discharged cells
277
+
278
+---
279
+
280
+### 🔧 Method 2: Manual Trickle Charge (Bench PSU / TP4056)
281
+Only attempt if you are **experienced with electronics**.
282
+
283
+#### Steps:
284
+1. Set PSU to **3.0–3.2V**, current limit to **50–100mA**.
285
+2. Connect positive and negative terminals (double-check polarity!).
286
+3. Charge slowly until voltage rises to **2.5–3.0V**.
287
+4. Disconnect and let the cell rest for 10–15 minutes.
288
+5. If voltage holds, continue charging normally to **4.2V at 500–1000mA**.
289
+6. If voltage drops again → **discard the cell**.
290
+
291
+> ⚠️ **Medium risk**
292
+> ⚠️ **Requires attention and monitoring**
293
+
294
+---
295
+
296
+### ✅ After Revival
297
+Check:
298
+- 🔋 Voltage stability: Does it stay above 3.0V after rest?
299
+- 🌡️ Temperature: Any excessive heat during charging or discharging?
300
+- 🔋 Capacity: Use a charger/tester to measure actual mAh.
301
+
302
+---
303
+
304
+### ❌ Do NOT Attempt Revival If:
305
+- Battery is **swollen**, **leaking**, or **rusty**
306
+- Voltage **does not rise** after 10–20 mins of trickle charge
307
+- Cell gets **hot quickly** during charging
308
+
309
+---
310
+
311
+### ♻️ Safe Disposal
312
+Dispose of dead batteries at **electronics recycling** centers.
313
+Do **not** throw in regular trash.
314
+
315
+---
316
+
317
+### 🔄 Summary Table
318
+
319
+| Method | Risk Level | Tools Needed | Notes |
320
+|------------------------|------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|
321
+| Smart Charger (0V mode)| ✅ Low | Li-ion charger | Safest and easiest method |
322
+| Manual Trickle Charge | ⚠️ Medium | Bench PSU or TP4056 | Monitor voltage & temperature |
323
+| Force-Charge (unsafe) | ❌ High | Not recommended | Risk of fire or explosion |
324
+
325
+
326
+
327
+
328
+
329
+## battery rack
330
+
331
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
332
+
333
+## ref
334
+
335
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
336
+
337
+- [[18650]]
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/2024-03-29-15-59-09.png
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@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
1
+
2
+# 26650-dat
3
+
4
+- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
5
+
6
+## motorbike battery
7
+
8
+- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
+- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
+- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
+- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
+
13
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
+
15
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+## 1. Overview
21
+- **26650** = Cylindrical cell, **26 mm diameter**, **65 mm length**.
22
+- Commonly Li-ion chemistry (LiCoO₂, LiNiMnCo, LiFePO₄, etc.).
23
+
24
+## 2. Typical Specs (Li-ion NMC type)
25
+| Parameter | Common Value Range |
26
+|------------------------|---------------------------|
27
+| Nominal Voltage | 3.6–3.7 V |
28
+| Capacity | 4,000–5,500 mAh |
29
+| Energy (Wh) | 14.4–20.35 Wh |
30
+
31
+> **Energy formula**:
32
+> `Energy (Wh) = Nominal Voltage × Capacity (Ah)`
33
+
34
+Example:
35
+- 5000 mAh (5.0 Ah) × 3.65 V ≈ **18.25 Wh**
36
+
37
+## 3. LiFePO₄ 26650 Variant
38
+| Parameter | Common Value Range |
39
+|------------------------|---------------------------|
40
+| Nominal Voltage | 3.2–3.3 V |
41
+| Capacity | 3,000–3,500 mAh |
42
+| Energy (Wh) | 9.6–11.55 Wh |
43
+
44
+## 4. Summary
45
+- **NMC/NCA Li-ion 26650**: ~18 Wh typical.
46
+- **LiFePO₄ 26650**: ~10 Wh typical.
47
+- Actual usable energy is slightly less due to discharge cut-off and efficiency losses.
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+## ref
52
+
53
+- [[26650-lithium-battery]] - [[li-battery-size]] - [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/32125-dat/32125-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
1
+
2
+# 32125-dat
3
+
4
+**32125 Li Battery**
5
+
6
+- **Meaning of "32125":**
7
+ - **32** → Diameter ≈ 32 mm
8
+ - **125** → Length ≈ 125 mm
9
+ - **Format** → Cylindrical lithium-ion cell
10
+
11
+- **Type:**
12
+ - Typically a **LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** cylindrical cell
13
+
14
+- **Common Specs:**
15
+ - Nominal Voltage: 3.2 V
16
+ - Capacity: ~6,000 – 8,000 mAh (varies by manufacturer)
17
+ - High cycle life, safer chemistry compared to other Li-ion cells
18
+
19
+- **Applications:**
20
+ - Battery packs for **energy storage systems**, **EVs**, **electric tools**, and **solar storage**
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/li-battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-size-dat
3
+
4
+- [[32125-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
13
+
14
+
15
+- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
16
+- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
17
+- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
18
+- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
19
+- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
20
+- 32650 / 32700: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
21
+
22
+
23
+## ref
24
+
25
+- [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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1
+
2
+# pouch-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
+1. **Lightweight Design**
10
+ - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
+2. **High Energy Density**
12
+ - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
+3. **Better Safety**
14
+ - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
+4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
+ - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
+5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
+ - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
+6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
+ - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
+| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
+|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
+| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
+| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
+| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
+ - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
+2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
+ - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
+3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
+ - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
+4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
+ - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+## **Future Trends**
46
+- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
+- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
+
50
+---
51
+
52
+## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
+
54
+
55
+A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
+
57
+1. Good safety performance:
58
+
59
+The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
+
61
+2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
+
63
+in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
+
65
+3. The internal resistance is small:
66
+
67
+We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
+
69
+4. Flexible planning:
70
+
71
+the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
+
73
+![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+
2
+# portable-power-bank-dat
3
+
4
+### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
+
6
+The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
+
8
+1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
+ * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
+
11
+2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
+ * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
+
14
+3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
+ * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
+ * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
+
18
+4. **Calculation Example:**
19
+ * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
+ * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
+ * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
+ * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
+
24
+**Key Considerations:**
25
+
26
+* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
+* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
+* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+
34
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
+
36
+
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/2025-08-24-18-46-42.png
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battery-dat/battery-size-dat/2025-08-24-18-46-51.png
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battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR1220-dat/CR1220-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
1
+
2
+# CR1220-dat
3
+
4
+The CR1220 is a lithium coin cell battery with the following key features:
5
+
6
+Specifications:
7
+- Diameter: 12 mm
8
+- Thickness: 2.0 mm
9
+- Nominal Voltage: 3V
10
+- Capacity: Approximately 35-40 mAh (varies by brand)
11
+- Chemistry: Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2)
12
+- Operating Temperature Range: -30°C to +60°C
13
+
14
+Common Applications:
15
+- Watches
16
+- Calculators
17
+- Car key fobs
18
+- Small medical devices (like glucose meters)
19
+- Motherboards (for CMOS memory)
20
+- Small toys
21
+
22
+Advantages:
23
+- Long Shelf Life: Typically 5-10 years due to low self-discharge rates.
24
+- High Energy Density: Ideal for compact devices.
25
+- Stable Voltage Output: Ensures consistent device operation.
26
+
27
+
28
+## Pulse Current
29
+
30
+The CR1220 lithium coin cell battery is designed for low-power devices, and its discharge current specifications depend on the manufacturer and application. Here's an overview:
31
+
32
+1. Continuous Discharge Current
33
+- Typical Range: 0.1 mA to 0.2 mA
34
+- This current is sufficient for steady operation in devices like watches, calculators, and small sensors.
35
+
36
+1. Maximum Pulse Discharge Current
37
+- Typical Range: 1 mA to 5 mA (varies by brand)
38
+- The battery can briefly supply higher currents for short bursts, such as transmitting signals in key fobs or powering small LEDs.
39
+
40
+### Important Notes:
41
+
42
+Overloading the Battery:
43
+
44
+If the discharge current exceeds the specified range for a long time, it may cause:
45
+- Sudden voltage drop
46
+- Reduced capacity
47
+- Battery heating or leakage
48
+
49
+Brand Variation:
50
+
51
+Manufacturers like Panasonic, Sony, or Maxell may have slightly different specifications for their CR1220 batteries. Always check the datasheet for the specific brand you're using.
52
+
53
+### Recommendations:
54
+
55
+If your device requires higher discharge currents (e.g., above 10 mA), consider:
56
+
57
+Adding a Capacitor: To handle short bursts of high current.
58
+Using a Larger Battery: Such as CR2032 or CR2450, which are better suited for higher-power applications.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR123-dat/CR123-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+
2
+# CR123-dat
3
+
4
+## CR123A Battery Information
5
+
6
+- **Type:** Lithium (LiMnO₂)
7
+- **Nominal Voltage:** 3.0 V
8
+- **Capacity:** 1400–1600 mAh (typical)
9
+- **Diameter:** 17 mm (0.67 in)
10
+- **Height:** 34.5 mm (1.36 in)
11
+- **Weight:** ~17 g
12
+- **Operating Temperature:** -40°C to +60°C
13
+- **Typical Applications:** Cameras, flashlights, security equipment, sensors
14
+
15
+### Features
16
+
17
+- High energy density
18
+- Long shelf life (up to 10 years)
19
+- Wide operating temperature range
20
+- Stable discharge voltage
21
+
22
+### Common Manufacturers
23
+
24
+- Panasonic
25
+- Duracell
26
+- Energizer
27
+- GP Batteries
28
+
29
+### Notes
30
+
31
+- Not rechargeable (primary cell)
32
+- Sometimes labeled as CR123, CR123A, DL123A, or EL123A
33
+
34
+## ref
35
+
36
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2032-dat/CR2032-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2032-dat
3
+
4
+The CR2032 lithium coin cell battery typically supports the following continuous discharge current specifications, depending on the manufacturer:
5
+
6
+## Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
+
8
+Range: 0.2 mA to 0.3 mA
9
+
10
+This current is ideal for low-power devices like remote controls, medical devices, and calculators that operate steadily over long periods.
11
+
12
+
13
+## ref
14
+
15
+- [[battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2045-dat/CR2045-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2045-dat
3
+
4
+- [[CR1220-dat]] - [[CR2032-dat]] - [[CR2045-dat]] - [[CR2450-dat]]
5
+
6
+The CR2450 lithium coin cell battery supports higher discharge currents than smaller coin cells like the CR2032 or CR1220. Here's an overview:
7
+
8
+1. Typical Continuous Discharge Current
9
+- Range: 0.5 mA to 1.0 mA
10
+- Suitable for devices requiring steady, low-power consumption over long periods, such as medical sensors, remote controls, and watches.
11
+
12
+
13
+## ref
14
+
15
+- [[battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2450-dat/CR2450-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
1
+
2
+# CR2450-dat
3
+
4
+The CR2450 is a coin cell lithium battery. Its size is defined by its name:
5
+
6
+Diameter: 24 mm
7
+Height (thickness): 5.0 mm
8
+The "CR" prefix indicates it's a lithium manganese dioxide battery. The numbers "2450" mean 24 mm diameter and 5.0 mm thickness.
9
+
10
+
11
+三、新电池能用多久？
12
+
13
+- 4节CR2450电池，每节电池容量为600mAH，总容量为2400mAH。
14
+- 正品南孚电池CR2450的容量：600mAH
15
+- 新电池每节电池容量为600mAH，总容量为2400mAH。
16
+- 可以使用的时间为：2400mAH / 260uA = 9360小时，约等于365天。
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-9V-dat/battery-9V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-9V-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+### Professional Name of Common 9V Battery
6
+
7
+| Standard/System | Name |
8
+|----------------------|-------------|
9
+| **IEC** | 6LR61 |
10
+| **ANSI/NEDA** | 1604A |
11
+| **Common Name** | 9V battery |
12
+| **Alkaline Chemistry** | 6LR61 |
13
+| **NiMH Rechargeable** | 6HR61 |
14
+| **Carbon-Zinc** | 6F22 |
15
+
16
+**Notes:**
17
+- Rectangular shape with snap connectors on top.
18
+- Commonly used in smoke detectors, guitar pedals, remote controllers, etc.
19
+
20
+
21
+## Common Names for the 9V Battery
22
+
23
+### IEC and ANSI Designations:
24
+- **IEC: 6LR61** (alkaline)
25
+- **IEC: 6F22** (zinc-carbon)
26
+- **ANSI: 1604A** (alkaline)
27
+- **ANSI: 1604D** (zinc-carbon)
28
+
29
+### Common Names:
30
+- **9V battery**
31
+- **PP3 battery** (original series name from the manufacturer Ever Ready)
32
+- **E-block** battery
33
+
34
+### Typical Chemistry Types:
35
+- **Alkaline** (most common consumer version)
36
+- **Lithium** (longer life, lighter)
37
+- **Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)** (rechargeable)
38
+- **Zinc-carbon** (cheaper, shorter lifespan)
39
+
40
+### Common Uses:
41
+- Smoke detectors
42
+- Guitar pedals
43
+- Radios
44
+- Multimeters
45
+
46
+## Typical Discharge Current of a 9V Battery
47
+
48
+### 1. **Alkaline 9V Battery (e.g., Duracell, Energizer)**
49
+- **Continuous current**: ~15–50 mA (milliamps)
50
+- **Peak current**: Up to **400–500 mA** (for short bursts)
51
+- **Capacity**: ~500–600 mAh (at low drain)
52
+
53
+### 2. **Zinc-Carbon 9V Battery**
54
+- **Continuous current**: ~5–15 mA
55
+- **Peak current**: ~100–200 mA
56
+- **Capacity**: ~400–500 mAh
57
+
58
+### 3. **Lithium 9V Battery**
59
+- **Continuous current**: Up to **120–200 mA**
60
+- **Peak current**: Often **500–1200 mA**
61
+- **Capacity**: ~1000–1200 mAh
62
+
63
+### 4. **Rechargeable 9V Batteries**
64
+- **NiMH (Nickel-metal hydride)**:
65
+ - **Typical current**: 50–100 mA continuous
66
+ - **Peak current**: ~200–400 mA
67
+ - **Capacity**: ~150–300 mAh
68
+
69
+### Notes:
70
+- Drawing high current continuously will **reduce battery life** quickly.
71
+- Actual current delivered depends on the **internal resistance** and **load**.
72
+
73
+
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-size-dat.md
3
+
4
+- [[battery-9V-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[CR123-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[CR1220-dat]] - [[CR2032-dat]] - [[CR2045-dat]] - [[CR2450-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[li-battery-size-dat]]
11
+
12
+## parallel coin batteries
13
+
14
+![](2025-08-24-18-46-42.png)
15
+
16
+![](2025-08-24-18-46-51.png)
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+## ref
22
+
23
+- [[battery-dat]] - [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/2025-11-18-17-02-15.png
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battery-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/2025-11-18-17-04-32.png
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battery-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/2025-11-19-16-02-44.png
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battery-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/2025-11-19-16-11-34.png
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battery-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/2025-11-19-16-12-15.png
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battery-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/battery-smartphone-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-smartphone-dat.md
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[bq27541-dat]] - [[ti-power-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+## integrated battery
10
+
11
+- [[pixel-3xl-dat]] - [[phone-pixel-dat]]
12
+
13
+![](2025-11-18-17-02-15.png)
14
+
15
+![](2025-11-18-17-04-32.png)
16
+
17
+![](2025-11-19-16-11-34.png)
18
+
19
+![](2025-11-19-16-12-15.png)
20
+
21
+battery pins
22
+
23
+
24
+| Pin | Name | Function |
25
+|-----|--------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
26
+| AL | Alarm/Alert/Allow | Used for signaling battery status (faults, over-temp, etc.) or enabling/disabling battery functions. |
27
+| TH | Thermistor/Temperature | Connects to a thermistor for monitoring battery temperature, ensuring safe charging/discharging. |
28
+| SC | Sense/Serial Clock | Used for voltage/current sensing or as a clock line in communication protocols (e.g., I²C/SMBus). |
29
+| SD | Serial Data/Shutdown | Used for data communication (I²C/SMBus data line) or to control battery shutdown. |
30
+| ID | Identification | Identifies battery type/capacity via resistor or chip, ensuring device compatibility and correct charging. |
31
+[[phone-pixel-dat]]
32
+These pins are typical in smart/integrated batteries, supporting safety, communication, and identification features.
33
+
34
+- [[pixel-phone-dat]]
35
+
36
+### How to Bypass Battery Pins
37
+
38
+| Pin | Bypass Method | Notes / Risks |
39
+|-----|--------------|---------------|
40
+| AL | Connect to ground or Vcc | Disables protection; may allow battery operation but removes fault detection. |
41
+| TH | Replace with fixed resistor (10kΩ–100kΩ) | Simulates safe temperature; disables thermal protection. |
42
+| SC | Connect to main battery terminal or leave open | Sensing/communication features lost. |
43
+| SD | Tie to ground or Vcc | Keeps battery enabled; disables smart/shutdown features. |
44
+| ID | Add resistor (e.g., 10kΩ) to ground or Vcc | Mimics correct battery type; may affect charging safety. |
45
+
46
+> ⚠️ Bypassing disables safety features and can be dangerous. Use only for testing, not
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+## phone battery connector
51
+
52
+![](2025-11-19-16-02-44.png)
53
+
54
+Replacement Battery FPC Connector (On the Flex Cable) for Google Pixel 3 / 3XL / 4 / 4XL / 5 / 5XL / LG G7
55
+
56
+
57
+## ref
58
+
59
+- [[battery-app-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/2025-05-08-01-10-00.png
... ...
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battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/battery-soldering-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-soldering-dat
3
+
4
+支持点焊镍片、铁片、不锈钢片等多种材质强劲多能，焊接牢固，焊点优良
5
+
6
+Support spot welding of nickel sheets, iron sheets, stainless steel sheets and other materials. Strong and versatile, strong welding, excellent welding points
7
+
8
+
9
+![](2025-05-08-01-10-00.png)
10
+
11
+## stack soldering
12
+
13
+The green part is Insulating Gasket
14
+
15
+Copper sheet at the bottom, nickel-plated strip on top, stacked together for welding.
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## ref
20
+
21
+- [[battery]] - [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-supply-dat/battery-supply-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-supply-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## single battery supply
6
+
7
+low dropout battery supply is used to provide stable voltage from a single battery cell.
8
+
9
+- [[HM6245-dat]]
10
+
11
+dc boost and down converter to supply 5V or 3.3V from single battery.
12
+
13
+- [[JW3651-dat]]
14
+
15
+
16
+## ref
17
+
18
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-system-dat/2025-09-11-12-10-01.png
... ...
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battery-dat/battery-system-dat/battery-system-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-system-dat
3
+
4
+car battery rechargerable system
5
+
6
+![](2025-09-11-12-10-01.png)
7
+
8
+
battery-dat/battery-tester-dat/battery-tester-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
1
+# battery-tester-dat
2
+
3
+## testing tools
4
+
5
+- capacity - [[electronic-loader-dat]]
6
+- internal resistance == discharge current - [[internal-resistance-meter-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+## Q: Can I determine a lead‑acid battery's capacity by measuring its voltage with a multimeter for a fixed short time (e.g., 5 minutes)?
12
+
13
+A: No. A 5‑minute voltage reading cannot reliably determine battery capacity.
14
+
15
+Why:
16
+- **Battery voltage is not a direct, linear indicator of remaining capacity**; voltage changes little across much of the discharge curve.
17
+
18
+- Capacity is defined by total charge delivered: Capacity (Ah) = Current (A) × Time (h). You must discharge with a known constant current to a cutoff voltage to measure capacity.
19
+
20
+- A multimeter alone cannot integrate current over time (coulomb counting).
21
+
22
+- Short tests can only give rough hints; extrapolating capacity from a 5‑minute test (even at high current) yields large errors.
23
+
24
+Quick practical checks for battery health:
25
+
26
+- Resting (open‑circuit) voltage: charge fully, wait ~12 hours, then measure. ≳12.6 V indicates generally healthy for a 12 V lead‑acid battery.
27
+- Internal resistance test: fast and useful indicator of capacity degradation.
28
+- Short high‑current load test (starter test): observe voltage sag under load.
29
+
30
+### To measure capacity accurately:
31
+
32
+- Use a constant‑current electronic load or a dedicated battery capacity tester and discharge to a defined cutoff (e.g., 10.5 V for 12 V batteries); record current × time.
33
+- Or use a device that logs current over time (coulomb counter) while discharging.
34
+
35
+### Q: How does a lead‑acid battery's internal resistance typically change after ~200 charge/discharge cycles?
36
+
37
+A: Internal resistance generally increases after repeated cycling, but the magnitude depends on usage conditions.
38
+
39
+Why:
40
+
41
+- Repeated charge/discharge causes sulfation (lead sulfate crystallization 硫化), active‑material shedding, separator aging, and electrolyte stratification — all of which reduce ionic/electronic pathways and raise internal resistance.
42
+
43
+Typical trend (example: small 12 V sealed lead‑acid):
44
+- Factory/new: ~7–9 mΩ (milliohms)
45
+- After ~200 cycles at deep discharge (≈80% DOD): can rise to ~12–18 mΩ
46
+
47
+Notes on variation:
48
+
49
+- Shallow cycling (≈30% DOD) and moderate temperature: resistance may only increase modestly (e.g., 20–30%).
50
+- Deep cycling combined with high temperature: resistance can increase much more, potentially doubling.
51
+
52
+Practical scenarios (examples):
53
+
54
+1) Vehicle or high‑current starter load
55
+
56
+- New battery (low internal resistance): turning the key holds voltage ≳11 V and the engine cranks easily.
57
+- Aged battery (internal resistance increased): voltage may collapse to ~9 V or lower on crank, motor may fail to turn.
58
+- Symptoms: weak cranking sounds, slow or no crank.
59
+
60
+2) Supplying an inverter / UPS under heavy load
61
+
62
+- New battery: inverter sustains heavy load and can deliver ≳80% of nominal capacity.
63
+- High‑resistance battery: voltage drops quickly under load, inverter alarms or shuts down early.
64
+- Symptoms: frequent alarms, early shutdown while capacity still remains in the battery.
65
+
66
+3) Electric scooter / light EV acceleration
67
+
68
+- New battery: small voltage dip on acceleration, smooth power delivery.
69
+- High‑resistance battery: large voltage drop on throttle, controller may trigger low‑voltage protection and cut power intermittently.
70
+- Symptoms: sudden power loss under acceleration, power returns when throttle is released.
71
+
72
+4) Charging behavior
73
+
74
+- New battery: accepts high charge current initially, charges efficiently.
75
+- High‑resistance battery: charge current is limited, charger may switch to float early and report a finished charge even though usable capacity is low.
76
+- Symptoms: charging appears to finish quickly but the battery discharges rapidly in use.
77
+
78
+
79
+## Testing methods
80
+
81
+Detecting capacity and health of used lead‑acid batteries can be divided into quick checks and accurate tests. Below is a complete procedure you can choose from depending on available tools.
82
+
83
+1) Quick checks (minutes)
84
+
85
+- Resting (open‑circuit) voltage — rough check:
86
+ - Charge fully, then rest for ~12 hours before measuring.
87
+ - ≳12.6 V: generally healthy
88
+ - 12.4–12.5 V: moderate degradation
89
+ - ≤12.3 V: likely aged or discharged
90
+ - Note: This only indicates state of charge/obvious aging, not true capacity.
91
+
92
+- Internal resistance test (recommended):
93
+ - Use a battery internal‑resistance meter (inexpensive handheld units to mid‑range testers).
94
+ - Example guidance:
95
+ - Small 12 V, 7 Ah battery: <20 mΩ healthy; 30–40 mΩ fair; >50 mΩ scrap.
96
+ - Automotive starting batteries: internal resistance is on the order of tens of milliohms; a noticeable increase vs. new indicates degraded performance.
97
+
98
+- Instant voltage‑drop (load) test — simple practical check:
99
+ - Connect a known heavy load (e.g., high‑beam headlight or ~100 W resistor) and observe the instantaneous voltage drop.
100
+ - New battery: drop typically ≤0.4–0.5 V
101
+ - Aged battery: instantaneous drop may exceed 1.0 V
102
+
103
+2) Accurate testing (hours)
104
+
105
+- Constant‑current discharge capacity test (gold standard):
106
+ - Fully charge the battery (use appropriate charger, e.g., 14.4 V CV for 12 V lead‑acid until absorption/current falls).
107
+ - Rest the battery with charger disconnected for ≥2 hours.
108
+ - Discharge at a constant current (recommended 0.05C–0.1C; e.g., for 100 Ah battery use 5–10 A) down to the cutoff voltage (commonly 10.5 V for 12 V batteries).
109
+ - Calculate capacity: Capacity (Ah) = Discharge current (A) × Discharge time (h).
110
+ - Example: 5 A discharge to 10.5 V took 15 h → capacity = 5 × 15 = 75 Ah. If measured capacity < 80% of rated, the battery is significantly aged.
111
+
112
+3) Good / bad reference (example thresholds)
113
+
114
+| Status | Resting voltage (12 V battery) | Internal resistance (automotive, mΩ) | Measured capacity | Conclusion |
115
+|----------|-------------------------------:|-------------------------------------:|------------------:|-----------|
116
+| Excellent| ≥ 12.6 V | ≤ 8 mΩ | ≥ 90% | Healthy |
117
+| Moderate | 12.4–12.5 V | 9–15 mΩ | 70–90% | Usable |
118
+| Poor | ≤ 12.3 V | 15–25 mΩ | 50–70% | Marginal |
119
+| Scrap | ≤ 12.0 V | ≥ 25 mΩ | < 50% | Replace |
120
+
121
+
122
+
123
+
124
+
125
+## ref
126
+
127
+- [[battery-dat]] - [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
1
+
2
+# super-cap-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## 2.7v super capacitor
6
+
7
+
8
+- 2.7v1.0F 6.3*12（1个）
9
+- 2.7v1.0F 8*12（1个）
10
+- 2.7v1.5F 6.3*12（1个）
11
+- 2.7v2.0F 8*12（1个）
12
+- 2.7v3.3F 6.3*22（1个）
13
+- 2.7v3.3F 8*20（1个）
14
+- 2.7v4.0F 6.3*23（1个）
15
+- 2.7v5.0F 8*20（1个）
16
+- 2.7v5.0F 10*16（1个）
17
+- 2.7v7.0F 8*25（1个）
18
+- 2.7v7.0F 10*21（1个）
19
+- 2.7v10F 10*25.5（1个）
20
+- 2.7v15F 12.5*25（1个）
21
+- 2.7v20F 12.5*25（1个）= 3.2
22
+- 2.7v30F 12.5*31（1个）
23
+
24
+
25
+- 黑2.7V0.3F（10个）
26
+- 2.7V1F（5个）
27
+- 2.7V2F（5个）
28
+- 2.7V3F（5个）
29
+- 3V3F（2个）
30
+- 2.7V3.3F（5个）蓝色
31
+- 3V3.3F（2个）
32
+- 2.7V4F（5个）
33
+- 2.7V4.7F（5个）
34
+- 2.7V5F（1个）
35
+- 2.7V7F（2个）
36
+- 2.7V10F（1个）
37
+- 2.7V15F（1个）
38
+- 3V15F（1个）
39
+- 2.7V18F（1个）
40
+- 3V20F（1个）
41
+- 2.7V22F（1个）
42
+- 2.7V25F（1个）
43
+- 2.7V30F（1个）
44
+- 2.7V35F（1个）
45
+- 2.7V40F（1个）
46
+- 2.7V70F（1个）
47
+- 2.7V100F（1个）= 7
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+## XH414
52
+
53
+
54
+![](2024-10-02-20-48-23.png)
55
+
56
+- Brand: Seiko Corporation (SII)
57
+- Model: XH414H-1V01E
58
+- Specifications: Thickness 1.4, Diameter 4.8
59
+- Capacitance: 0.08F
60
+- Voltage: 3.3V
61
+- Charging time: 30min
62
+- Weight: 0.07g
63
+- Internal resistance: 80-100 ohms
64
+- Operating temperature range: -20~60 degrees Celsius
65
+
66
+
67
+
68
+
69
+
70
+## ref
71
+
72
+- [[super-cap]]
73
+
74
+- [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-app-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/2025-11-18-17-02-15.png
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power-dat/battery-app-dat/battery-smartphone-dat/battery-smartphone-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-smartphone-dat.md
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[bq27541-dat]] - [[ti-power-dat]]
6
-
7
-
8
-
9
-## integrated battery
10
-
11
-- [[pixel-3xl-dat]] - [[phone-pixel-dat]]
12
-
13
-![](2025-11-18-17-02-15.png)
14
-
15
-![](2025-11-18-17-04-32.png)
16
-
17
-![](2025-11-19-16-11-34.png)
18
-
19
-![](2025-11-19-16-12-15.png)
20
-
21
-battery pins
22
-
23
-
24
-| Pin | Name | Function |
25
-|-----|--------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
26
-| AL | Alarm/Alert/Allow | Used for signaling battery status (faults, over-temp, etc.) or enabling/disabling battery functions. |
27
-| TH | Thermistor/Temperature | Connects to a thermistor for monitoring battery temperature, ensuring safe charging/discharging. |
28
-| SC | Sense/Serial Clock | Used for voltage/current sensing or as a clock line in communication protocols (e.g., I²C/SMBus). |
29
-| SD | Serial Data/Shutdown | Used for data communication (I²C/SMBus data line) or to control battery shutdown. |
30
-| ID | Identification | Identifies battery type/capacity via resistor or chip, ensuring device compatibility and correct charging. |
31
-[[phone-pixel-dat]]
32
-These pins are typical in smart/integrated batteries, supporting safety, communication, and identification features.
33
-
34
-- [[pixel-phone-dat]]
35
-
36
-### How to Bypass Battery Pins
37
-
38
-| Pin | Bypass Method | Notes / Risks |
39
-|-----|--------------|---------------|
40
-| AL | Connect to ground or Vcc | Disables protection; may allow battery operation but removes fault detection. |
41
-| TH | Replace with fixed resistor (10kΩ–100kΩ) | Simulates safe temperature; disables thermal protection. |
42
-| SC | Connect to main battery terminal or leave open | Sensing/communication features lost. |
43
-| SD | Tie to ground or Vcc | Keeps battery enabled; disables smart/shutdown features. |
44
-| ID | Add resistor (e.g., 10kΩ) to ground or Vcc | Mimics correct battery type; may affect charging safety. |
45
-
46
-> ⚠️ Bypassing disables safety features and can be dangerous. Use only for testing, not
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-## phone battery connector
51
-
52
-![](2025-11-19-16-02-44.png)
53
-
54
-Replacement Battery FPC Connector (On the Flex Cable) for Google Pixel 3 / 3XL / 4 / 4XL / 5 / 5XL / LG G7
55
-
56
-
57
-## ref
58
-
59
-- [[battery-app-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2025-09-03-14-16-10.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/QI-dat/QI-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# QI-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-## board
8
-
9
-- [[OPM1168-dat]] - [[OPM1167-dat]]
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-## 🔋 What is Qi Wireless Charging?
16
-**Qi** (pronounced *"chee"*) is a **wireless power transfer standard** developed by the **Wireless Power Consortium (WPC)**.
17
-It allows devices such as smartphones, earbuds, and wearables to charge **without cables**, using **inductive power transfer**.
18
-
19
----
20
-
21
-## ⚙️ How It Works
22
-Qi charging uses **electromagnetic induction** between two coils:
23
-- **Transmitter coil (Tx)** – in the charging pad/base.
24
-- **Receiver coil (Rx)** – inside the device (e.g., phone or earbuds).
25
-
26
-### Process:
27
-1. The charger creates an **alternating magnetic field**.
28
-2. The receiver coil in the device converts it into **electrical energy**.
29
-3. This energy is used to **charge the battery**.
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-## ⚡ Technical Details
34
-
35
-| Parameter | Typical Value | Notes |
36
-| ------------------ | ------------- | --------------------------------- |
37
-| **Frequency** | 110–205 kHz | For inductive power transfer |
38
-| **Voltage Output** | 5V / 9V / 12V | Depending on power profile |
39
-| **Power Levels** | 5W, 10W, 15W | Standard Qi power levels |
40
-| **Efficiency** | ~70–85% | Depends on alignment and distance |
41
-| **Distance** | ≤ 5 mm | Coil-to-coil gap must be small |
42
-
43
----
44
-
45
-## 🧩 Qi Power Profiles
46
-| Profile | Power | Usage |
47
-| --------------------------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
48
-| **Baseline Power Profile (BPP)** | Up to 5W | Universal compatibility |
49
-| **Extended Power Profile (EPP)** | Up to 15W | Fast wireless charging |
50
-| **Future Qi2 (Magnetic Power Profile)** | Up to 15W+ | Magnetic alignment, higher efficiency |
51
-
52
----
53
-
54
-## 🧲 Qi2 Standard (2023–2025)
55
-The **Qi2** update introduces:
56
-- **Magnetic Power Profile (MPP)** — based on Apple’s **MagSafe** design.
57
-- **Automatic alignment** via magnets for higher efficiency.
58
-- **15W fast charging** standardized for all brands.
59
-- **Backward compatibility** with older Qi devices.
60
-
61
----
62
-
63
-## ✅ Advantages
64
-- No physical cable wear or connector damage.
65
-- Water/dust sealing possible (no exposed port).
66
-- Universal compatibility across many brands.
67
-
68
----
69
-
70
-## ⚠️ Limitations
71
-- Slower than wired fast charging.
72
-- Requires precise coil alignment.
73
-- Generates more heat.
74
-- Charging distance is short (<5 mm).
75
-
76
----
77
-
78
-## 📱 Common Qi-Compatible Devices
79
-- Most modern **Android** phones (Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei, etc.)
80
-- **Apple iPhones** (iPhone 8 and later)
81
-- **Wireless earbuds** with Qi charging cases
82
-- **Smartwatches** (select models)
83
-
84
----
85
-
86
-## 🧠 Tip
87
-For best performance:
88
-- Use **Qi-certified** chargers.
89
-- Avoid **metal cases** or **thick covers** (>3 mm).
90
-- Center the device properly on the pad.
91
-- Keep the pad **cool and dust-free**.
92
-
93
----
94
-
95
-## 🔌 Example Setup
96
-```text
97
-[Wall Adapter] → [Qi Charger Base (Tx Coil)] ⇄ (Inductive Field) ⇄ [Phone (Rx Coil → Battery)]
98
-
99
-```
100
-## ref
101
-
102
-- [[wireless-charge-dat]] - [[TI-power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/active-BMS-dat/active-BMS-dat.md
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@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# active-BMS-dat
3
-
4
-# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
5
-
6
-An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
7
-
8
-- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
9
-- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
10
-- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
11
-- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
12
-
13
-This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
14
-
15
-
16
-
17
-## capacitive type active BMS
18
-
19
-- 电容式主动均衡板
20
-- 修电池组压差·
21
-- 恢复电池组容量·
22
-- 延长电池组寿命
23
-- 24小时不间断·
24
-- 自动启动·
25
-- 整体均衡
26
-
27
-
28
-![](2025-08-19-19-19-06.png)
29
-
30
-
31
-## basic active charger
32
-
33
-### 2S version
34
-
35
-![](2025-09-10-21-43-47.png)
36
-
37
-The diagram below shows the module discharge. The battery is a 2-series configuration, and the connected batteries must support a 20A discharge current. This can be achieved by connecting batteries in parallel or by purchasing batteries with a higher discharge current.
38
-
39
-For example, if the battery is 2000mAh with a 10C discharge rate, then only 2 series and 2 parallel (2S2P) are needed, which can provide a discharge current of 40A.
40
-
41
-For stable discharge, 2 series and 4 parallel (2S4P) are required, and attention should be paid to heat dissipation, as the battery power will drop quickly during discharge.
42
-
43
-![](2025-09-10-21-45-38.png)
44
-
45
-- To successfully start an electric drill, you need two 10C-20C power batteries, or four 5C-10C power batteries (recommended battery models: Sony VTC4S, VTC4A, VTC5, VTC6). For the 0V and 8.4V connection wires, use copper wires of at least 2 square millimeters (do not use strips).
46
-- When welding the battery for the first time, you need to charge it first to get output. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, and 8.4V. When welding wires, do not touch any components on the board, and do not intentionally short-circuit.
47
-- When welding the battery for the first time or while charging, as long as any single cell exceeds 4.2V, the "430" resistor will heat up to discharge (discharge stops when it drops to about 4.19V). If the "430" resistor becomes very hot (too hot to touch), please check if the wiring is incorrect.
48
-
49
-#### 故障处理：
50
-
51
-| Fault Phenomenon | Fault Check & Cause |
52
-|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
53
-| Cannot charge | Measure the voltage of 3 battery groups. If any group exceeds about 4.25V, the protection board triggers overcharge protection. |
54
-| Cannot discharge | Measure the voltage of 4 battery groups. If any group drops below about 2.5V, the protection board triggers over-discharge protection. |
55
-| Charging/discharging fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
56
-| Overcharge/over-discharge fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
57
-| Discharge protection | Check if the battery pack has sufficient discharge capability. |
58
-| Cold solder joint | Check if the load's starting current exceeds the protection board's overcurrent protection current. |
59
-| Solder bridge | One pin of a component is not connected to the PCB pad, or two or more pins are shorted together. |
60
-| ESD breakdown A | When powered off, measure MOSFET G, D, S pins. If the forward and reverse resistance between any two pins is 0Ω, it is broken down. |
61
-| ESD breakdown B | Remove the MOSFET and measure resistance between G-D and G-S. If resistance exists, it is broken down. Normally, resistance should be
62
-
63
-
64
-### 3S version
65
-
66
-![](2025-09-10-21-44-20.png)
67
-
68
-note
69
-
70
-1. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, 8.4V, and 12.6V. Be careful to check for short circuits.
71
-2. When connecting 3 battery groups in series, make sure each group has the same voltage. If not, fully charge each group separately before connecting them in series. During discharge testing, the group whose voltage drops quickly is the bad battery—replace it with a good one.
72
-3. Never mix good and bad batteries together, and do not mix new and old batteries.
73
-4. To successfully start an electric drill, you need three 15C-20C power batteries, or six 10C-15C power batteries (ordinary 18650 batteries cannot start an electric drill!!!).
74
-5. For loads with brushed motors, you must connect a non-polarized capacitor (rated voltage above 25V, capacity 10uF-100uF) in parallel at the motor's positive and negative terminals to prevent reverse voltage spikes from the motor from interfering with the protection board or
75
-
76
-
77
-
78
-## ref
79
-
80
-- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/battery-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,263 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# BMS-dat
3
-
4
-- [[passive-BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[fast-charge-methods-dat]] - [[USB-PD-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-## 3. Protection Features
10
-
11
-Look for these essential protections:
12
-
13
-| Protection Type | Description |
14
-|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
15
-| Overcharge protection | Stops charging if cell voltage too high|
16
-| Overdischarge protection | Prevents deep discharge that damages cells |
17
-| Overcurrent protection | Cuts off current if it exceeds safe limits |
18
-| Short circuit protection | Immediate cutoff on short circuit detection |
19
-| Balancing | Balances cells to keep voltages equal (especially important for multi-cell packs) |
20
-| Temperature protection | Monitors temperature to avoid overheating |
21
-
22
-- also check the board's temperature rising when dishcarging
23
-
24
-## 🔋 Active vs. Passive BMS
25
-
26
-A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
----
31
-
32
-### ✅ 1. Passive BMS
33
-
34
-#### 🔧 How It Works:
35
-- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
36
-- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
37
-
38
-#### ⚙️ Features:
39
-- Simple and inexpensive
40
-- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
41
-- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
42
-
43
-#### ⚠️ Downsides:
44
-- Wastes energy
45
-- Balancing is slower
46
-- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
47
-
48
----
49
-
50
-### ✅ 2. Active BMS
51
-
52
-#### 🔧 How It Works:
53
-- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
54
-- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
55
-
56
-#### ⚙️ Features:
57
-- High efficiency
58
-- Faster, more accurate balancing
59
-- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
60
-
61
-#### ⚠️ Downsides:
62
-- More complex and expensive
63
-- Requires advanced control circuitry
64
-
65
----
66
-
67
-### 🔄 Summary Table
68
-
69
-| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
70
-| ------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
71
-| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
72
-| Efficiency | Low | High |
73
-| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
74
-| Cost | Low | High |
75
-| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
76
-| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
77
-
78
----
79
-
80
-### 🤔 Which Should You Use?
81
-
82
-- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
83
-- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
84
-
85
-
86
-## BMS Charging
87
-
88
-🔌 Can I Use a 12V AC-DC Plug to Charge a 3S1P Lithium Battery Pack with BMS?
89
-
90
-### 🔋 Battery Overview: 3S1P Lithium-Ion Pack
91
-
92
-- **3S** = 3 cells in series → 3.7V × 3 = **11.1V nominal**
93
-- **Full charge voltage** = 4.2V × 3 = **12.6V**
94
-- **Charging voltage required**: **12.6V constant voltage (CV)**
95
-- **Typical charging current**: 1A–2A (depending on cell & BMS)
96
-
97
----
98
-
99
-### ⚠️ Can You Use a 12V AC-DC Plug?
100
-
101
-| **Plug Output Voltage** | **Can You Use It?** | **Explanation** |
102
-| ------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
103
-| **12.0V** | ⚠️ Not ideal | Will undercharge the pack (only ~90–95% full) |
104
-| **12.6V regulated** | ✅ Yes | Perfect match for 3S lithium pack |
105
-| **>12.6V (e.g., 13.8V)** | ❌ No | May overcharge and damage the battery/BMS |
106
-| **Unregulated output** | ❌ No | Unsafe — may exceed safe voltage limits |
107
-
108
----
109
-
110
-### ✅ Best Practice: Use a Dedicated 3S Lithium Charger
111
-
112
-- **Output Voltage**: 12.6V DC (constant voltage)
113
-- **Current Limit**: 1A–2A (match your BMS and battery spec)
114
-- **Charging Profile**: CC/CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage)
115
-
116
----
117
-
118
-### 🔐 Role of the BMS
119
-
120
-- Provides **protection** (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, etc.)
121
-- **Does NOT regulate** the input voltage
122
-- **Still requires** a proper 12.6V charger to function safely
123
-
124
----
125
-
126
-### ✅ Summary
127
-
128
-- You **can** charge your 3S1P pack with a **regulated 12.6V charger**.
129
-- A **standard 12.0V plug** is **not recommended** — it won’t fully charge the battery.
130
-- Avoid any charger **above 12.6V** unless it’s specifically designed for lithium charging.
131
-
132
-### Charger
133
-
134
-| Requirement | Needed? | Why |
135
-| ---------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------- |
136
-| Smart chip like TP4056 | ❌ No | Your **BMS provides safety features** |
137
-| Proper voltage (12.6V) | ✅ Yes | Essential for full charge |
138
-| Current limiting | ✅ Yes | Prevents overheating or stress |
139
-| CC/CV charging | ✅ Yes | Ensures correct lithium charging |
140
-
141
-
142
-## Single Cell Protection solution
143
-
144
-### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
145
-
146
-A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
147
-
148
-G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
149
-
150
-![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
151
-
152
-### DW01 + FM8205
153
-
154
-### protection board
155
-
156
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
157
-
158
-
159
-
160
-## Precautions before applying BMS:
161
-
162
-1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
163
-
164
-- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
165
-- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
166
-- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
167
-
168
-The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
169
-
170
-2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
171
-
172
-Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
173
-
174
-3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
175
-
176
-4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
177
-
178
-If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
179
-
180
-A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
181
-
182
-
183
-
184
-## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
185
-
186
-[[18650-dat]]
187
-
188
-### ⚙️ What is a 3S1P Pack?
189
-
190
-- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** → 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
191
-- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** → Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
192
-- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
193
- - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5A–10A discharge
194
-
195
----
196
-
197
-### ✅ Recommended BMS Current Ratings
198
-
199
-| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
200
-| ---------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
201
-| Standard 18650 (3A–5A) | 5A–10A | 10A–15A |
202
-| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10A–15A | 15A–20A |
203
-| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
204
-
205
-> ⚠️ Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2×).
206
-
207
----
208
-
209
-### 🔐 Ideal Protection Settings
210
-
211
-- **Continuous current**: 10–15A
212
-- **Overcurrent trip**: 20–25A
213
-- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
214
-- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
215
-- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
216
-- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
217
-
218
-
219
-## 🔧 Example
220
-
221
-If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
222
-- **Use BMS rated for 10A–15A continuous**
223
-- **Trip limit around 20A–25A**
224
-
225
-
226
-
227
-## CN
228
-
229
-### 一、核心功能（最重要）
230
-
231
-#### 1️⃣ 安全保护（最核心）
232
-防止电池进入危险状态：
233
-- 过充保护（Overcharge）
234
-- 过放保护（Over-discharge）
235
-- 过流保护（Over-current）
236
-- 短路保护（Short Circuit）
237
-- 过温 / 低温保护（Over / Under Temperature）
238
-
239
-👉 **没有 BMS，锂电池是高度危险的**
240
-
241
----
242
-
243
-#### 2️⃣ 电池状态监测（Monitoring）
244
-实时监控电池关键参数：
245
-- 单体电压（Cell Voltage）
246
-- 总电压（Pack Voltage）
247
-- 电流（Charge / Discharge Current）
248
-- 温度（Cell / MOS / 环境）
249
-
250
----
251
-
252
-#### 3️⃣ 电量估算（SOC）
253
-- SOC（State of Charge，剩余电量）
254
-- 有时包含 SOH（State of Health，健康状态）
255
-
256
-👉 告诉系统 **“还剩多少电、还能不能用”**
257
-
258
-
259
-## ref
260
-
261
-
262
-
263
-- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2025-09-11-20-17-24.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2025-09-11-20-23-46.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
-
4
-## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
5
-
6
-These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
7
-
8
-🔧 Example:
9
-
10
-IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
11
-
12
-Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
13
-
14
-
15
-## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
16
-
17
-== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
18
-
19
-
20
-- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
21
-
22
-Example setup:
23
-
24
-Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
25
-
26
-The BMS will:
27
-
28
-- Protect against overcharge
29
-- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
30
-
31
-
32
-
33
-
34
-## ref
35
-
36
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# passive-BMS-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[BMS-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[CN3305-dat]] == 2S ~ 4S - [[CONSONANCE-dat]]
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-## common passive BMS charger
16
-
17
-![](2025-09-11-20-17-24.png)
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP2326-dat]]
22
-
23
-
24
-![](2025-09-11-20-23-46.png)
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
... ...
Binary files a/power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf and /dev/null differ
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-balancer-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-06.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-balancer-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png
... ...
Binary files a/power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-balancer-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png and /dev/null differ
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-balancer-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-51.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-balancer-dat/battery-balancer-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-balancer-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## Method 1.
6
-
7
-How to use single [[TP4056-dat]] to charge 2S lithium battery pack?
8
-
9
-The battery should be built with all pins out:
10
-
11
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-06.png)
12
-
13
-parallel charging by [[TP4056-dat]] directly
14
-
15
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-34.png)
16
-
17
-Board looks like:
18
-
19
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-51.png)
20
-
21
-
22
-## Method 2.
23
-
24
-If building your own charger or pack, include a BMS, and use a charger with current limit and CV/CC behavior.
25
-
26
-如果你自己DIY电池组或充电系统，务必使用保护板（BMS），并选择支持恒流恒压输出的充电器。
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-- [[battery-charger-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
1
-# battery-charge-dat
2
-
3
-https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Battery_Charge
4
-
5
-The most following charger options are for the lithium-ion battery
6
-
7
-- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-- [[BMS-dat]]
12
-
13
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
14
-
15
-- [[fast-charge-methods-dat]]
16
-
17
-- 1S common option == [[TP4056-dat]]
18
-
19
-
20
-## Chip Info
21
-
22
-- [[LTC4054-dat]] - [[MCP73831-dat]]
23
-
24
-[[TP-dat]] - [[TP4056-dat]] - [[TP5000-dat]] - [[TP4054-dat]] - [[TP4067-dat]]
25
-
26
-[[injoinic-dat]]
27
-- [[IP5306-dat]]
28
-
29
-- [[CN3722-dat]] - [[CN3768-dat]]
30
-
31
-
32
-## Board
33
-
34
-- [[OPM1193-dat]] - [[OPM1156-dat]]
35
-
36
-
37
-
38
-## Compare
39
-
40
-| Type | Feature | charge-current |
41
-| -------- | --------------------------------- | -------------- |
42
-| TP5000 | Li-MnO2, LiFePO4(LFP) charger IC, | 0.5A |
43
-| MCP73831 | 0LED indicator | 0.5A |
44
-| TP4056 | Linear charging | ~1A |
45
-| TP4054 |
46
-
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-## Quick-Charge QC Options
51
-
52
-* FP6719 / FP6717 / FP6291 DC-DC Boost
53
-* PSC5415
54
-* ME2149
55
-* Solution - FP6601 + TPS61088
56
-QC Protocol Identify:
57
-* FM5888
58
-* LI4001 - LI4001是一款面向5V交流适配器的2A锂离子电池充电芯片。采用700KHz开关降压型转换器拓扑结构工作。LI4001包括完整的涓流充电、恒流充电、恒压充电、充电自动终止电路、自动再充电以及过流保护、短路保护电路。最大2A的可编程充电电流与简单的外围电路造就了一种能被嵌入在各种手持式应用中的小型化充电器。由于集成了温度保护、输入欠压闭锁，提高了芯片的应用可靠性。
59
-* BQ24170
60
-* TP5100 - 2A开关降压 8.4V/4.2V锂电池充电器芯片
61
-
62
-
63
-
64
-
65
-## Module LDO RTC
66
-request
67
-* MT2503 ED20 -> 1.1V RTC LDO
68
-* SIM800 -> 2.8V RTC LDO
69
-
70
-
71
-
72
-## voltage map
73
-
74
-| volt | composite | sum |
75
-| ---- | --------- | ----- |
76
-| 4.2 | 2 | 8.4V |
77
-| 4.2 | 3 | 12.6V |
78
-| 4.2 | 4 | 16.8V |
79
-| 4.2 | 5 | 21V |
80
-
81
-
82
-## battery cables
83
-
84
-- [[SM2.54-dat]] - [[JST-dat]] - [[15EDGRKP-3.81mm-dat]] - [[XT-dat]] - [[cable-dat]]
85
-
86
-
87
-## 2S charger
88
-
89
-
90
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
91
-
92
-![](2025-09-03-14-16-10.png)
93
-
94
-
95
-## test tools
96
-
97
-- [[internal-resistance-meter]] - [[capacity-meter-dat]]
98
-
99
-
100
-
101
-
102
-## ref
103
-
104
-- [[battery-dat]]
105
-
106
-- [[battery-charger]]
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/fast-charge-methods-dat/USB-PD-dat/USB-PD-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# USB-PD-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## board
6
-
7
-- [[OPM1185-dat]]
8
-
9
-## demo video
10
-https://t.me/electrodragon3/404
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/fast-charge-methods-dat/fast-charge-methods-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# fast-charge-methods-dat
3
-
4
-- [[USB-PD-dat]] - [[PD3.0-dat]] - [[PD2.0-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[USB-QC-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[USB-PPS-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[QC-charge-dat]] - [[PPS-dat]]
11
-
12
-- [[FCP-dat]] - [[SCP-dat]] - [[VOOC-dat]] - [[PE-dat]] - [[AFC-dat]] - [[MTK-PE-dat]]
13
-
14
-- [[wireless-charge-dat]] - [[QI-dat]]
15
-
16
-- [[USB-FC-dat]] - [[USB-FC-trigger-dat]] - [[BC1.2-dat]] - [[Apple-2.4A-dat]] - [[DCP-dat]] - [[CDP-dat]] - [[SDP-dat]]
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-
22
-# ⚡ Most Popular Fast-Charging Protocols (2025)
23
-
24
-## 🧩 Universal / Cross-Brand Standards
25
-
26
-| Protocol | Organization / Brand | Max Power (Typical) | Notes |
27
-| ------------------------------------------ | -------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
28
-| **USB Power Delivery (USB-PD)** | USB-IF | Up to **240W** (48V⎓5A) | Widely adopted across laptops, phones, tablets. Supports PPS (Programmable Power Supply) for fine voltage control. |
29
-| **USB PD PPS (Programmable Power Supply)** | USB-IF | Typically **25–45W** for phones | Used by Samsung, Google, etc. Allows dynamic voltage adjustment for efficiency. |
30
-| **Qualcomm Quick Charge (QC)** | Qualcomm | QC 3.0: 18W<br>QC 4+/5: up to 100–240W | Backward-compatible, integrated in many Snapdragon phones. QC5 supports PD. |
31
-
32
----
33
-
34
-## 📱 Brand-Specific Protocols
35
-
36
-| Protocol | Brand | Max Power | Compatible With | Notes |
37
-| ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
38
-| **Samsung Adaptive Fast Charging (AFC)** | Samsung | 15W–25W | USB PD PPS (partially compatible) | Older Galaxy models. Replaced by PD PPS. |
39
-| **Apple Fast Charge (PD-based)** | Apple | Up to 27W (iPhone 15) | USB PD PPS | Apple uses PD standard, Lightning or USB-C. |
40
-| **OPPO VOOC / SuperVOOC / SuperVOOC 2.0** | OPPO / OnePlus / Realme | Up to **240W** | Proprietary | Very high current (e.g., 10V⎓24A). Requires special cable and charger. |
41
-| **OnePlus Warp / SuperVOOC** | OnePlus | Up to **150–240W** | OPPO VOOC ecosystem | Rebranded VOOC with special USB-C pins. |
42
-| **Xiaomi HyperCharge / Mi Turbo Charge** | Xiaomi | Up to **210W** | Proprietary | One of the fastest commercial protocols. |
43
-| **Huawei SuperCharge** | Huawei | Up to **100W** | Proprietary | Smart voltage/current adjustment (e.g., 10V⎓4A). |
44
-| **vivo FlashCharge** | vivo | Up to **120W** | Proprietary | Similar to VOOC but not compatible. |
45
-| **MediaTek Pump Express (PE / PE+)** | MediaTek | Up to **30W** | USB PD | Older MTK-based phones; now replaced by PD PPS. |
46
-
47
----
48
-
49
-## 🔌 Laptop / High-Power Devices
50
-
51
-| Protocol | Devices | Max Power | Notes |
52
-| ------------------------------------------------ | ----------------- | --------- | ----------------------------------------- |
53
-| **USB PD 3.1 EPR (Extended Power Range)** | Laptops, monitors | **240W** | Supports 28V, 36V, 48V levels. |
54
-| **Lenovo / Dell / HP Proprietary PD Extensions** | Laptops | 65–240W | PD-compatible but add vendor-specific ID. |
55
-
56
----
57
-
58
-## 💡 Summary
59
-
60
-| Category | Typical Devices | Typical Power |
61
-| ------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------- |
62
-| Universal (USB-PD / QC) | Most modern phones, laptops | 18–100W |
63
-| Proprietary (VOOC, SuperCharge) | Chinese brand phones | 30–240W |
64
-| Legacy (AFC, Pump Express) | Older phones | <25W |
65
-
66
----
67
-
68
-✅ **Most common in 2025:**
69
-- **USB Power Delivery (PD + PPS)** → Global standard
70
-- **Qualcomm Quick Charge 4/5** → Common with PD support
71
-- **VOOC / SuperVOOC / HyperCharge** → Popular in Asia
72
-
73
-
74
-
75
-
76
-### ⚡ Most Common Fast Charging Methods (as of 2025)
77
-
78
-| Charging Standard | Used By | Protocol Type | Max Power | Notes |
79
-| -------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
80
-| **USB Power Delivery (USB-PD / PD 3.0 / PD 3.1 PPS)** | Google, Apple, Samsung, Dell, Lenovo, etc. | Open (industry standard) | Up to **240 W** (PD 3.1 EPR) | 🔹 **Most common and universal** fast-charging standard; used by almost all modern phones and laptops. |
81
-| **Qualcomm Quick Charge (QC 3.0 / 4.0 / 5.0)** | Many Android phones (Xiaomi, Motorola, etc.) | Proprietary | Up to **100 W** | Widely used on Snapdragon-based phones; newer versions are compatible with USB-PD. |
82
-| **Samsung Adaptive Fast Charging / Super Fast Charging (PPS)** | Samsung Galaxy series | Proprietary (PD-PPS based) | Up to **45 W** | Built on USB-PD PPS, ensures better heat control. |
83
-| **OPPO / OnePlus / Realme VOOC / SUPERVOOC / Warp Charge** | OPPO, OnePlus, Realme | Proprietary | 65–240 W | Extremely fast but requires matching charger + cable. |
84
-| **Huawei SuperCharge** | Huawei phones | Proprietary | Up to **100 W** | Uses high current (e.g. 10V/4A) or PD for newer models. |
85
-| **Apple Fast Charging (PD)** | iPhone 8 and newer | USB-PD | Up to **27 W** | Requires USB-C to Lightning or USB-C to USB-C cable. |
86
-
87
-#### 🔋 Summary
88
-- 🌍 **Most universal and widely adopted:** **USB Power Delivery (PD)**
89
-- ⚙️ **Most compatible across brands:** **USB-PD PPS (Programmable Power Supply)**
90
-- ⚡ **Fastest (but proprietary):** **SUPERVOOC / Warp Charge / SuperCharge**
91
-
92
-#### ✅ So, the most commonly used fast charging method overall:
93
-> **USB Power Delivery (USB-PD, especially PD 3.0 / PD 3.1 with PPS)**
94
-
95
-
96
-## boards
97
-
98
-- [[OPM1185-dat]] - [[wch-dat]]
99
-
100
-
101
-## chips
102
-
103
-- [[injoinic-dat]]
104
-
105
-- [[ISW-dat]]
106
-
107
-
108
-
109
-
110
-## apps
111
-
112
-- [[phone-pixel-dat]]
113
-
114
-
115
-
116
-## demo video
117
-
118
-- [[USB-PD-dat]]
119
-
120
-
121
-
122
-## ref
123
-
124
-- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-dat/2025-08-19-18-20-56.png
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/2025-05-12-14-32-59.png
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-RC-dat/battery-RC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-RC-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-05-12-14-32-59.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- Rated Voltage: 7.4V
8
-- Charging Cable: 22AWG-4cm
9
-- Maximum Current: 60A
10
-- Discharge Cable: 17AWG-5.5cm
11
-- **Discharge Rate**: 30C
12
-- Weight: 84.7g
13
-- Default Plug: XT30U
14
-- Dimensions: L123*W19*H17mm
15
-
16
-## ref
17
-
18
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/A27-battery-dat/A27-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# A27-battery-dat
3
-
4
-# 🔋 12V 27A Battery (A27)
5
-
6
-A **12V 27A battery** (also known as **A27**, **27A**, or **MN27**) is a small, cylindrical **alkaline battery** used in compact electronic devices.
7
-
8
-## 📋 Specifications
9
-
10
-| Property | Value |
11
-|----------------------|----------------------------------------|
12
-| **Voltage** | 12V |
13
-| **Diameter** | ~8.0 mm |
14
-| **Length** | ~28.2 mm |
15
-| **Chemistry** | Alkaline (MnO₂/Zn) |
16
-| **Capacity** | 20–30 mAh |
17
-| **Common Use Cases** | Car remotes, garage openers, doorbells, small electronics |
18
-| **Other Names** | A27, 27A, MN27, GP27A, L828, EL812, 27AE |
19
-
20
-## ⚠️ Important Notes
21
-
22
-- The **“27A”** refers to the model number, **not 27 amps of output**.
23
-- It is **not suitable** for high-drain devices like motors or LED strips.
24
-
25
-## 🔄 Alternatives for Higher Power Needs
26
-
27
-If you need more current or rechargeable options:
28
-- **12V Li-ion packs** (e.g., 3S 18650 battery pack)
29
-- **12V Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries**
30
-- **12V LiFePO₄ batteries**
31
-
32
-
33
-## ref
34
-
35
-- [[battery-alkaline-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AA-battery-dat/AA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AA-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## ref
7
-
8
-- [[battery-leakage-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/AAA-battery-dat/AAA-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AAA-battery-dat
3
-
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-alkaline-dat/battery-alkaline-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-alkaline-dat
3
-
4
-- [[AA-battery-dat]] - [[AAA-battery-dat]] - [[A27-battery-dat]]
5
-
6
-## explosion and fire
7
-
8
-Yes, if a AA alkaline battery explodes, it can cause a fire or at least create a situation that could lead to burns. When a battery overheats due to damage, improper use, or a short circuit, it can vent or even rupture. This can release chemicals like potassium hydroxide, which is corrosive, and create a lot of heat, potentially igniting nearby materials.
9
-
10
-However, alkaline batteries are not particularly flammable, so they might not produce flames, but they can still cause burns or damage through heat and chemical release. If a battery does explode, it's important to avoid touching it directly and clean up the area safely with protective gloves.
11
-
12
-## ref
13
-
14
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-capacity-dat/battery-capacity-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-capacity-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
6
-
7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-## battery test
12
-
13
-| voltage | cutoff voltage | min.VOLT | ad. capacity | time | current |
14
-| ------- | -------------- | -------- | ------------ | ---- | ------- |
15
-| 12V | 9V | 7.5V | 20000 mAH | 10h | 2A |
16
-| 3.7V | 3V | 2.5V |
17
-
18
-
19
-### 2. Example for a Typical Li-ion 26650 (5000 mAh)
20
-- Discharge Current: **0.5 A** (500 mA)
21
-- Expected Capacity: **5000 mAh**
22
-Time = 5000 mAh ÷ 500 mA = 10 hours
23
-
24
-
25
-### 3. Practical Notes
26
-- **Cutoff Voltage**:
27
- - Li-ion NMC/NCA: ~2.5–3.0 V
28
- - LiFePO₄: ~2.0–2.5 V
29
-- **Temperature**: Test at room temp (~25 °C) for rated results.
30
-- **CC Test**: Your tester should log voltage & time; capacity is the area under the discharge curve.
31
-
32
-
33
-
34
-
35
-
36
-
37
-## Car Sedan Lead-Acid battery
38
-
39
-- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]]
40
-
41
-- Typical Voltage (V): 12 V
42
-- Typical Capacity Range (Ah): 40 Ah to 70 Ah
43
-
44
-Calculating Energy (Wh) = Voltage (V) × Capacity (Ah)
45
-
46
-- Minimum Energy: 12 V × 40 Ah = 480 Wh
47
-- Maximum Energy: 12 V × 70 Ah = 840 Wh
48
-
49
-So, the energy stored in a typical car lead-acid battery is usually between 480 Wh and 840 Wh.
50
-
51
-## 20000 mAh * 3.7V
52
-
53
-Energy (Wh) = 20 Ah × 3.7 V = 74 Wh
54
-
55
-## 2.6Ah * 12V
56
-
57
-Energy (Wh) = 2.6 Ah × 12 V = 31.2 Wh
58
-
59
-## 1000 Wh
60
-
61
-1000 watt-hours (Wh) == 1 度
62
-
63
-Runtime = 1000 Wh / 5V * 1A = 1000 Wh / 5W = 200 hours
64
-
65
-## quick calculation
66
-
67
-2000 mAh = 2 Ah
68
-Runtime ≈ (2 Ah * 3.7 V * 0.85) / (1 A * 5 V) ≈ 1.26 hours
69
-
70
-for 20000 mAh, == 12.6 hours
71
-
72
-## Calculating Runtime for a 2000mAh Power Bank Supplying a 1A @ 5V Device
73
-
74
-Here's a breakdown of how to estimate the runtime:
75
-
76
-### 1. Power Bank Energy
77
-
78
-* **Capacity:** 2000 mAh (milliampere-hours) = 2 Ah (ampere-hours)
79
-* **Nominal Voltage:** 3.7 V (typical for lithium-ion/polymer batteries)
80
-* **Total Energy (Watt-hours, Wh):** Capacity (Ah) × Voltage (V)
81
- * `2 Ah * 3.7 V = 7.4 Wh`
82
-
83
-### 2. Device Power Consumption
84
-
85
-* **Current:** 1 A (ampere)
86
-* **Voltage:** 5 V (standard USB output)
87
-* **Power Needed (Watts, W):** Current (A) × Voltage (V)
88
- * `1 A * 5 V = 5 W`
89
-
90
-### 3. Efficiency Consideration
91
-
92
-Power banks are not 100% efficient when converting their internal battery voltage (3.7V) to the required 5V output. Energy is lost, primarily as heat, during this conversion.
93
-* **Estimated Efficiency:** Let's assume an average efficiency of **85%** (or 0.85). This can vary between 80% and 95% depending on the quality of the power bank circuitry.
94
-
95
-### 4. Effective Energy Available
96
-
97
-This is the amount of the power bank's stored energy that can actually be delivered to the device after accounting for conversion losses.
98
-* **Effective Energy:** Total Energy (Wh) × Efficiency
99
- * `7.4 Wh * 0.85 ≈ 6.29 Wh`
100
-
101
-### 5. Calculate Runtime
102
-
103
-* **Runtime (hours):** Effective Energy Available (Wh) / Device Power Consumption (W)
104
- * `6.29 Wh / 5 W ≈ 1.26 hours`
105
-
106
-### Conclusion
107
-
108
-A 2000mAh, 3.7V power bank can theoretically supply a device drawing 1A at 5V for approximately **1.26 hours**, or about **1 hour and 15 minutes**.
109
-
110
-**Disclaimer:** This is an estimate. Actual runtime depends on factors such as:
111
-* The precise efficiency of the specific power bank.
112
-* The age and health of the battery cells.
113
-* The quality of the charging cable (resistance losses).
114
-* Ambient temperature.
115
-* Whether the device's power draw is constant or fluctuates.
116
-
117
-
118
-## ref
119
-
120
-- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# battery-dat
4
-
5
-- [[battery-size-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]] - [[passive-BMS-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-
16
-- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-app-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
17
-
18
-
19
-- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
20
-
21
-- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]] - [[battery-discharge-dat]]
22
-
23
-- [[battery-alkaline-dat]] - [[battery-9V-dat]]
24
-
25
-- [[battery-soldering-dat]] - [[battery-tester-dat]]
26
-
27
-
28
-
29
-- [[spot-welding-dat]]
30
-
31
-- [[battery-supply-dat]]
32
-
33
-
34
-- [[super-cap-dat]]
35
-
36
-
37
-## coin battery dat
38
-
39
-CR2030 provides up to 3V 210~225 mAh, and CR1220 provides up to 3V 38mAh power.
40
-
41
-Both button cells provide very low discharge rate that can work for 1-3 years.
42
-
43
-
44
-
45
-## 🔋 Battery Specifications
46
-
47
-| Specification | Description | Example / Notes |
48
-| ----------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
49
-| **Nominal Voltage (V)** | Average voltage during discharge | 3.7V (Li-ion), 1.2V (NiMH) |
50
-| **Capacity (mAh or Ah)** | Amount of charge the battery holds | 2200mAh = 2.2A for 1 hour |
51
-| **Discharge Rate (C-Rating)** | Multiplier of capacity for safe discharge rate | 10C = 10 × Capacity (e.g. 10A for 1000mAh) |
52
-| **Burst Discharge Rate** | Max short-duration current | 20C = 20 × Capacity |
53
-| **Max Continuous Discharge** | Maximum current battery can supply continuously | Capacity × C-rating |
54
-| **Internal Resistance (mΩ)** | Resistance inside the cell (lower is better) | 5–50 mΩ |
55
-| **Charge Rate (C or A)** | Max safe charging current | 1C for 2200mAh = 2.2A |
56
-| **Cycle Life** | Number of charge/discharge cycles before capacity drops (e.g. to 80%) | 300–1000 cycles |
57
-| **Cutoff Voltage** | Minimum safe voltage during discharge | 3.0V (Li-ion) |
58
-| **Max Charge Voltage** | Voltage at full charge | 4.2V per cell (Li-ion) |
59
-| **Temperature Range (°C)** | Safe operating/charging temperature range | -20°C to 60°C (discharge), 0–45°C (charge) |
60
-
61
-
62
-
63
-
64
-## compare
65
-
66
-
67
-
68
-
69
-| **Battery Type** | **Size** | **Voltage** | **Capacity** | **Current Capability** | **Typical Use** | **Features** |
70
-| ---------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
71
-| **AA Alkaline** | 14.5 x 50.5 mm | 1.5V | 2000-3000 mAh | Up to 700-1000 mA | Medium to high power devices | High capacity, suitable for long runtime |
72
-| **CR2032** | 20 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 200 mAh | ~0.2-3 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Compact, suitable for low-power applications |
73
-| **CR2025** | 20 x 2.5 mm | 3V | 150 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Low-power devices | Slightly lower capacity than CR2032 |
74
-| **LR44** | 11.6 x 5.4 mm | 1.5V | 110-130 mAh | ~1-10 mA (sustained) | Small low-power devices | Small size, lower voltage, and capacity |
75
-| **CR1220** | 12 x 2.0 mm | 3V | 35-40 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA (sustained), up to 5 mA (peak) | Small electronics, key fobs | Very small and thin for low-power devices |
76
-| **CR1632** | 16 x 3.2 mm | 3V | 120 mAh | ~0.2-2 mA (sustained), up to 10 mA (peak) | Watches, calculators | Slightly thicker, offers more capacity |
77
-| **SR621SW** | 6.8 x 2.1 mm | 1.55V | 17-20 mAh | ~0.1-1 mA | Watches, small calculators | Stable voltage, long-lasting in low-drain devices |
78
-| **LR927** | 9.5 x 2.7 mm | 1.5V | 30-45 mAh | ~0.5-3 mA | Laser pointers, small toys | Small, used in low-power gadgets |
79
-
80
-
81
-## AA vs. AAA
82
-
83
-
84
-| **Feature** | **AA Battery** | **AAA Battery** |
85
-| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
86
-| **Size** | 14.5 mm (diameter) x 50.5 mm (length) | 10.5 mm (diameter) x 44.5 mm (length) |
87
-| **Voltage** | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) | 1.5V (Alkaline) / 1.2V (Rechargeable NiMH) |
88
-| **Capacity** | 2000-3000 mAh (Alkaline) | 600-1200 mAh (Alkaline) |
89
-| **Current Capability** | 700-1000 mA sustained | 300-500 mA sustained |
90
-| **Typical Use** | Medium to high-power devices: flashlights, toys, wireless mice, clocks | Low-power devices: remote controls, small toys, wireless keyboards |
91
-| **Weight** | Approx. 23 g (Alkaline) | Approx. 11.5 g (Alkaline) |
92
-| **Cost** | Generally slightly more expensive per battery | Slightly less expensive per battery |
93
-| **Energy Density** | Higher capacity and energy per unit | Lower capacity due to smaller size |
94
-| **Runtime** | Longer due to higher capacity | Shorter due to lower capacity |
95
-| **Features** | Ideal for devices that require more power and have higher current demands | Ideal for smaller devices that require less power and a more compact size |
96
-
97
-
98
-### Key Differences:
99
-
100
-Size: AA batteries are larger than AAA batteries, both in diameter and length. This difference in size translates to a larger energy storage capacity for AA batteries.
101
-
102
-Capacity: AA batteries typically have 2-3 times the capacity of AAA batteries. This means AA batteries will last longer in devices that use the same amount of power.
103
-
104
-Current Capability: AA batteries can deliver higher currents (700-1000 mA), making them better suited for devices that need more power, such as flashlights, toys, and certain electronics. AAA batteries, due to their smaller size, typically provide lower current (300-500 mA), which is suitable for low-power devices like remote controls and wireless keyboards.
105
-
106
-Weight: AA batteries are about twice as heavy as AAA batteries due to their larger size and greater energy storage.
107
-
108
-Usage: Devices that require more energy or have higher power consumption tend to use AA batteries, while devices that prioritize size and weight, like remotes and small electronics, often use AAA batteries.
109
-
110
-
111
-
112
-
113
-## battery stable circuit
114
-
115
-- [[SX1308-dat]] - [[ME6206-dat]]
116
-
117
-![](2025-08-19-17-12-34.png)
118
-
119
-
120
-
121
-## BL-5C nokia battery
122
-
123
-![](2025-08-19-18-20-56.png)
124
-
125
-
126
-
127
-- [[battery-smartphone-dat]]
128
-
129
-
130
-- [[battery]] - [[l76-dat]] - [[super-cap-dat]]
131
-
132
-- [[XH-414H]] - [[ohm-dat]]
133
-
134
-
135
-
136
-## ref
137
-
138
-- [[voltage-dat]] - [[power-level-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-discharge-dat/battery-discharge-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-discharge-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## C-Rate
6
-
7
-**C-rate** is a measure of how fast a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity.
8
-
9
-### 🔹 Formula:
10
-
11
- C-rate × Capacity (Ah) = Current (A)
12
-
13
-### 🧮 Examples:
14
-
15
-- For a **500mAh (0.5Ah)** battery:
16
- - **1C** = 0.5A
17
- - **2C** = 1A
18
- - **30C** = 15A
19
-
20
-- For a **1000mAh (1Ah)** battery:
21
- - **1C** = 1A
22
- - **10C** = 10A
23
-
24
-### 📌 In Simple Terms:
25
-- **1C** = full charge/discharge in **1 hour**
26
-- **2C** = in **30 minutes**
27
-- **10C** = in **6 minutes**
28
-- **30C** = in **2 minutes**
29
-
30
-> Higher C-rates mean **more current**, which leads to **more heat**, **more stress**, and requires better battery and driver design.
31
-
32
-
33
-
34
-## info
35
-
36
-- [[L293-dat]]
37
-
38
-## ⚠️ Can I Use L293 to Discharge and Drive DC Motors at 30C?
39
-
40
-### ❌ Short Answer:
41
-**No**, the L293 (or L293D) is not suitable for handling high discharge currents like **30C**, especially from lithium batteries. It is far too limited in current handling.
42
-
43
----
44
-
45
-### 🔧 Quick Comparison Table
46
-
47
-| Feature | L293D / L293 (typical) | Requirement for 30C Discharge |
48
-| --------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
49
-| **Max Continuous Output Current** | ~600 mA (L293D) to 1A (L293) | Often 15A+ (for 500mAh @ 30C) |
50
-| **Peak Current** | Up to 1.2A (very short burst) | Much higher (30C = 15A!) |
51
-| **Output Voltage Drop** | High (2–3V loss) | Not acceptable for high power |
52
-| **Thermal Handling** | Poor (gets hot quickly) | Needs heatsinking, high current design |
53
-| **PWM Support** | Yes (limited frequency) | OK, but irrelevant if current limit is breached |
54
-
55
----
56
-
57
-### 🔋 What Happens at 30C Discharge?
58
-
59
-Example: 14500 Li-ion (500mAh) @ 30C
60
-→ 0.5Ah × 30C = **15A**
61
-
62
-- L293 can only handle **0.6A–1A max**, **not even close**
63
-- Same applies for 18650 (e.g., 3000mAh × 30C = 90A)
64
-
65
----
66
-
67
-### 🔥 Risks of Using L293 at High C-Rates
68
-
69
-- **Overheating** and possible **component failure**
70
-- **Battery damage** from over-discharge
71
-- **Motor underperformance**
72
-- **Voltage drops** and high inefficiency
73
-- Possible **fire hazard** with lithium cells
74
-
75
----
76
-
77
-### ✅ Better Alternatives
78
-
79
-Use high-current drivers designed for motors and Li-ion/LiPo cells:
80
-
81
-| Driver/Controller Type | Suitable Current Range | Notes |
82
-| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
83
-| **MOSFET H-Bridge** | 10A – 100A+ | Efficient, low heat loss |
84
-| **VNH5019 / BTS7960** | 12A – 40A | Great for higher-power motors |
85
-| **ESC (Electronic Speed Controller)** | 10A – 100A+ | Designed for brushless and RC motors |
86
-| **L298N** | Up to ~2A | Still too weak for high-C applications |
87
-
88
----
89
-
90
-### ✅ Rule of Thumb
91
-
92
-If your motor requires **more than 1A**, **avoid L293/L293D**.
93
-Use a **MOSFET-based** driver or **high-current motor controller** instead. - [[mosfet-dat]]
94
-
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-leakage-dat/battery-leakage-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-leakage-dat
3
-
4
-## AA Battery Leakage After Long-Term Disuse
5
-
6
-### Professional Term:
7
-- **Electrolyte leakage**
8
-- **Battery leakage**
9
-- More technically: **Battery electrolyte leakage due to self-discharge and chemical decomposition**
10
-
11
-### Causes:
12
-- **Zinc corrosion** over time
13
-- **Gas buildup** inside the battery
14
-- **Seal failure**, leading to leakage
15
-- **Chemical degradation** of the battery's internal components
16
-
17
-### Common Leakage Substance:
18
-- **Potassium hydroxide** (from alkaline batteries)
19
- - A caustic and corrosive substance that can damage electronics and surfaces
20
-
21
-### Notes:
22
-- Most common in **alkaline** and **zinc-carbon** AA batteries
23
-- Happens especially when batteries are **stored unused for extended periods**
24
-
25
-### Prevention Tips:
26
-- Remove batteries from unused devices
27
-- Store batteries in a cool, dry place
28
-- Use newer batteries with better sealing technology
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-- [[AA-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/2025-05-08-01-10-00.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-soldering-dat/battery-soldering-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-soldering-dat
3
-
4
-支持点焊镍片、铁片、不锈钢片等多种材质强劲多能，焊接牢固，焊点优良
5
-
6
-Support spot welding of nickel sheets, iron sheets, stainless steel sheets and other materials. Strong and versatile, strong welding, excellent welding points
7
-
8
-
9
-![](2025-05-08-01-10-00.png)
10
-
11
-## stack soldering
12
-
13
-The green part is Insulating Gasket
14
-
15
-Copper sheet at the bottom, nickel-plated strip on top, stacked together for welding.
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## ref
20
-
21
-- [[battery]] - [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-supply-dat/battery-supply-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-supply-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## single battery supply
6
-
7
-low dropout battery supply is used to provide stable voltage from a single battery cell.
8
-
9
-- [[HM6245-dat]]
10
-
11
-dc boost and down converter to supply 5V or 3.3V from single battery.
12
-
13
-- [[JW3651-dat]]
14
-
15
-
16
-## ref
17
-
18
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-system-dat/2025-09-11-12-10-01.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-system-dat/battery-system-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-system-dat
3
-
4
-car battery rechargerable system
5
-
6
-![](2025-09-11-12-10-01.png)
7
-
8
-
power-dat/battery-dat/super-cap-dat/2024-10-02-20-48-23.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-dat/super-cap-dat/super-cap-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# super-cap-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## 2.7v super capacitor
6
-
7
-
8
-- 2.7v1.0F 6.3*12（1个）
9
-- 2.7v1.0F 8*12（1个）
10
-- 2.7v1.5F 6.3*12（1个）
11
-- 2.7v2.0F 8*12（1个）
12
-- 2.7v3.3F 6.3*22（1个）
13
-- 2.7v3.3F 8*20（1个）
14
-- 2.7v4.0F 6.3*23（1个）
15
-- 2.7v5.0F 8*20（1个）
16
-- 2.7v5.0F 10*16（1个）
17
-- 2.7v7.0F 8*25（1个）
18
-- 2.7v7.0F 10*21（1个）
19
-- 2.7v10F 10*25.5（1个）
20
-- 2.7v15F 12.5*25（1个）
21
-- 2.7v20F 12.5*25（1个）= 3.2
22
-- 2.7v30F 12.5*31（1个）
23
-
24
-
25
-- 黑2.7V0.3F（10个）
26
-- 2.7V1F（5个）
27
-- 2.7V2F（5个）
28
-- 2.7V3F（5个）
29
-- 3V3F（2个）
30
-- 2.7V3.3F（5个）蓝色
31
-- 3V3.3F（2个）
32
-- 2.7V4F（5个）
33
-- 2.7V4.7F（5个）
34
-- 2.7V5F（1个）
35
-- 2.7V7F（2个）
36
-- 2.7V10F（1个）
37
-- 2.7V15F（1个）
38
-- 3V15F（1个）
39
-- 2.7V18F（1个）
40
-- 3V20F（1个）
41
-- 2.7V22F（1个）
42
-- 2.7V25F（1个）
43
-- 2.7V30F（1个）
44
-- 2.7V35F（1个）
45
-- 2.7V40F（1个）
46
-- 2.7V70F（1个）
47
-- 2.7V100F（1个）= 7
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-## XH414
52
-
53
-
54
-![](2024-10-02-20-48-23.png)
55
-
56
-- Brand: Seiko Corporation (SII)
57
-- Model: XH414H-1V01E
58
-- Specifications: Thickness 1.4, Diameter 4.8
59
-- Capacitance: 0.08F
60
-- Voltage: 3.3V
61
-- Charging time: 30min
62
-- Weight: 0.07g
63
-- Internal resistance: 80-100 ohms
64
-- Operating temperature range: -20~60 degrees Celsius
65
-
66
-
67
-
68
-
69
-
70
-## ref
71
-
72
-- [[super-cap]]
73
-
74
-- [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-drainer-dat/battery-drainer-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
1
-# battery drainer dat
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-## boards
6
-
7
-- [[OPM1133-dat]] - [[OPM1134-dat]] - [[OPM1135-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[OPM1137-dat]]
10
-
11
-## Demo
12
-
13
-- [battery drainer demo 1](https://twitter.com/electro_phoenix/status/1706211461562089835)
14
-- [battery drainer demo 2](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/b3IUuTj2xAk)
15
-- [battery drainer demo 3](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NJlMkMQhHOI)
16
-
17
-## ref
18
-
19
-
20
-- [[battery-drainer]]
21
-
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650-battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-![](2024-03-29-16-01-14.png)
6
-
7
-![](2024-03-29-16-01-28.png)
8
-
9
-## Flexible Connection battery holder
10
-
11
-![](2025-05-12-14-49-25.png)
12
-
13
-
14
-## Plastic houseing battery holder
15
-
16
-
17
-### 2S 18650 battery holder
18
-
19
-== 4.2*2 = 8.4V
20
-
21
-![](2025-05-08-18-07-17.png)
22
-
23
-- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
24
-
25
-### 4S 18650 battery holder
26
-
27
-== 4.2*4 = 16.8V
28
-
29
-![](2025-05-08-18-07-25.png)
30
-
31
-
32
-## ref
33
-
34
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2024-03-29-16-01-14.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2024-03-29-16-01-28.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-08-18-06-19.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-08-18-07-17.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-08-18-07-25.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/18650-battery-holder-dat/2025-05-12-14-49-25.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/2025-08-30-16-22-09.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-04-58.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2024-09-22-00-21-47.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/2025-12-30-15-02-43.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat/AA-battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# AA-battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## 3X AA battery holder
7
-
8
-== 1.5*3 = 4.5V
9
-
10
-![](2025-05-08-18-06-19.png)
11
-
12
-
13
-## PCB type
14
-
15
-![](2024-03-28-18-04-58.png)
16
-
17
-## PCB PTH soldering
18
-
19
-![](2024-09-22-00-21-47.png)
20
-
21
-
22
-## cylindar battery holder
23
-
24
-![](2025-12-30-15-02-43.png)
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-## ref
29
-
30
-- [[AA-battery-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-07-40.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/2024-03-28-18-08-18.png
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power-dat/battery-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat/CR2032-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2032-holder.md
3
-
4
-## Dimension
5
-
6
-### type 1 - PCB soldering
7
-
8
-![](2024-03-28-18-07-40.png)
9
-
10
-![](2024-03-28-18-08-18.png)
11
-
12
-#### type 1A - PCB soldering 2
13
-
14
-- [[SX1308-dat]]
15
-
16
-### type 2 - PTH plastic holder
17
-
18
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/cr2032-cr2025-battery-holder/
19
-
20
-- [[CPP1018-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-### type 3 - PTH plastic holder
26
-
27
-- [[CPP1026-dat]]
28
-
29
-
30
-- [[CR2032-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-holder-dat/battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-- [[CR2032-holder-dat]] - [[AA-battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
5
-
6
-## 18650 battery holder
7
-
8
-![](2025-08-30-16-22-09.png)
9
-
10
-
11
-
12
-## ref
13
-
14
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-05-12-16-09-09.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-07-23-19-30-54.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-07-23-19-31-29.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-07-23-19-32-19.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-07-23-19-32-32.png
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-08-19-23-54-50.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-09-30-21-25-57.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-09-30-21-26-17.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/2025-09-30-21-26-41.png
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-pack-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-pack-dat
3
-
4
-- in the pack including [[BMS-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
9
-
10
-- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
11
-
12
-- battery test by [[electronic-loader-dat]]
13
-
14
-- check [[battery-discharge-dat]]
15
-
16
-- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
17
-
18
-- FB design - [[resistor-feedback-dat]]
19
-
20
-- soldering by [[spot-welding-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-## battery pack examples
24
-
25
-- 48V 15Ah == 703 RMB - - [[32125-dat]] [[li-battery-dat]]
26
-
27
-- 36V 9AH == 1269 RMB
28
-
29
-- [[e-bike-dat]]
30
-
31
-### laptop internal battery pack
32
-
33
-3S-3P == 11V - [[lenovo-dat]]
34
-
35
-![](2025-09-30-21-25-57.png)
36
-
37
-![](2025-09-30-21-26-17.png)
38
-
39
-![](2025-09-30-21-26-41.png)
40
-
41
-
42
-## 🔋 Common Lithium Battery Pack Combinations
43
-
44
-- 2S = 8.4V
45
-- 3S = 12.6V
46
-- 4S = 16.8V
47
-
48
-
49
-| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Full Charge Voltage (V) | Description |
50
-| ------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
51
-| 1S1P | 3.7V | 4.2V | Single cell |
52
-| 1S2P | 3.7V | 4.2V | 2 cells in parallel |
53
-| 2S1P | 7.4V | 8.4V | 2 cells in series |
54
-| 2S2P | 7.4V | 8.4V | 4 cells total (2 series × 2 parallel) |
55
-| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **12.6V** | **Common for RC and drones** |
56
-| 3S2P | 11.1V | 12.6V | 6 cells total |
57
-| 4S1P | 14.8V | 16.8V | Laptop batteries, [[power-tools-dat]] |
58
-| 4S2P | 14.8V | 16.8V | Higher capacity variant |
59
-| 5S1P | 18.5V | 21.0V | Electric tools |
60
-| 5S2P | 18.5V | 21.0V | Longer runtime tools |
61
-| 6S1P | 22.2V | 25.2V | Drones, high-power packs |
62
-| 6S2P | 22.2V | 25.2V | More capacity, same voltage |
63
-| 7S1P | 25.9V | 29.4V | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
64
-| 7S2P | 25.9V | 29.4V | E-bikes, scooters |
65
-| 10S1P | 37V | 42.0V | Standard for e-bike packs |
66
-| 10S2P | 37V | 42.0V | Common e-bike configuration |
67
-| 13S1P | 48.1V | 54.6V | High-voltage e-bike pack |
68
-| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **54.6V** | **E-bikes, scooters** |
69
-| 14S1P | 51.8V | 58.8V | Some 52V e-bike packs |
70
-| 14S2P | 51.8V | 58.8V | Higher capacity |
71
-
72
-common apps - [[Electric-tools-dat]] - [[drone-battery-dat]]
73
-
74
-
75
-## why one bad 18650 battery will ruin other paralled batteries
76
-
77
-How it ruins other paralleled batteries:
78
-
79
-- **Constant Discharging of Healthy Cells**: Healthy cells in parallel will try to "charge" the bad cell that is at a lower voltage. This means the good cells are constantly discharging into the bad cell, even when no external load is connected. This continuous drain can over-discharge the healthy cells, reducing their lifespan and capacity.
80
-- **Overheating and Safety Risks**: The bad cell, due to higher internal resistance or being constantly charged by other cells, can overheat. This heat can transfer to adjacent healthy cells, potentially damaging them or even leading to thermal runaway in severe cases, which is a significant safety hazard (fire or explosion).
81
-- **Reduced Overall Pack Performance**: The overall capacity and current delivery capability of the pack will be severely limited by the weakest cell. The pack will perform as if all cells are as bad as the faulty one.
82
-- **Accelerated Aging of Healthy Cells**: The constant stress of trying to compensate for the bad cell accelerates the aging process of the healthy cells.
83
-
84
-## can 18650 lihtium battery be soldered by soldering iron?
85
-
86
-
87
-* **Heat Damage:** Lithium-ion cells are sensitive to heat. Excessive heat from a soldering iron can:
88
- * Damage the internal chemistry of the cell, reducing its capacity, lifespan, and performance.
89
- * Melt or damage the internal safety components like the pressure vent or PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) switch.
90
- * In extreme cases, lead to thermal runaway, which can cause the battery to vent, catch fire, or even explode.
91
-
92
-* **Difficulty:** The positive and negative terminals of 18650 cells are often made of materials (like nickel or steel) that can be difficult to solder to without specialized flux and a powerful iron. Prolonged heating to achieve a good solder joint increases the risk of heat damage.
93
-
94
-* **Safety Risks:**
95
- * Accidentally short-circuiting the battery with the soldering iron tip or solder can cause extremely high currents, leading to sparks, burns, and battery damage.
96
- * Overheating can release flammable and toxic gases.
97
-
98
-### **Recommended Alternatives:**
99
-
100
-* **Spot Welding:** This is the industry-standard method for connecting 18650 cells. Spot welders deliver a very high current for a very short duration, creating a strong weld with minimal heat transfer to the cell's internals.
101
-* **Battery Holders:** Using appropriate battery holders allows for connections without soldering directly to the cells. This is a safer option for many DIY projects.
102
-* **Pre-tabbed Cells:** Some 18650 cells are available with nickel tabs already spot-welded to the terminals. These tabs are much easier and safer to solder to.
103
-
104
-
105
-
106
-
107
-
108
-## Simple 1S to 2S management Solutions
109
-
110
-![](2025-05-12-16-09-09.png)
111
-
112
-
113
-## FPV power battery
114
-
115
-**Balance Connector**
116
-
117
-- 2S battery = 2 cells in series → total 2 voltages to monitor (Cell 1 & Cell 2).
118
-- The 3 pins are:
119
- - **Pin 1 (B-)** → negative of first cell / main ground.
120
- - **Pin 2 (C1)** → middle point between cell 1 and cell 2.
121
- - **Pin 3 (B+)** → positive of second cell / total pack voltage.
122
-- This lets a **balance charger** measure each cell individually.
123
-
124
-
125
-
126
-## "Powerful" battery
127
-
128
-### 1. Upgrade to Higher Cell Count (More Voltage)
129
-- **Switch from 2S (7.4V) to 3S (11.1V) or 4S (14.8V)** for more motor RPM and torque.
130
-- ✅ **Check compatibility** of your **ESC and motor** before upgrading.
131
- - If not rated for higher voltage, you risk burning them out.
132
-
133
-**Pros:**
134
-- Significant performance boost
135
-- Higher speed and torque
136
-
137
-**Cons:**
138
-- Can overheat/damage components
139
-- May require stronger drivetrain
140
-
141
----
142
-
143
-### 2. Increase Battery Discharge Rate (C-Rating)
144
-- **Higher C-rating = more current output**, improving throttle response and torque.
145
-
146
-**Example:**
147
-- 2S 5000mAh 20C → 5A × 20 = 100A max discharge
148
-- 2S 5000mAh 50C → 5A × 50 = 250A max discharge
149
-
150
-**Pros:**
151
-- Better throttle response
152
-- Handles load more effectively (climbing, off-road)
153
-
154
-**Cons:**
155
-- Higher cost
156
-- May be slightly heavier
157
-
158
----
159
-
160
-### 3. Increase Capacity (mAh)
161
-- **Higher mAh = longer run-time** and **less voltage sag under load**
162
-
163
-**Example:**
164
-- Upgrade from 2200mAh to 5000mAh for more endurance
165
-
166
-
167
-## reference images
168
-
169
-![](2025-07-23-19-30-54.png)
170
-
171
-![](2025-07-23-19-31-29.png)
172
-
173
-![](2025-07-23-19-32-19.png)
174
-
175
-![](2025-07-23-19-32-32.png)
176
-
177
-
178
-## 分容
179
-
180
-先并联充好电，再串联24串一组 恒流放电，需要接个极空保护板计量容量，每次触发保护时标计一个单体的容量， 并移走替换满电的，直到一轮一轮的测完
181
-
182
-
183
-分容可以有这个: EBC-A10H 电池容量测试仪 充放电仪 电子负载 电源测试 5A充10A放
184
-
185
-
186
-YR1035+
187
-
188
-![](2025-08-19-23-54-50.png)
189
-
190
-- [[internal-resistance-meter-dat]]
191
-
192
-## unbalance Series and Parallel
193
-
194
-You have a battery configuration: **3P + 6P + 6P in series**.
195
-- **3P group** = 3 cells in parallel
196
-- **6P groups** = 6 cells in parallel
197
-- **Series connection** → pack is 3S
198
-
199
-Even though some groups have more cells, the **smallest parallel group (3P)** limits the total usable capacity.
200
-
201
----
202
-
203
-### 1. Discharge Behavior
204
-- Current is **the same through all series groups**.
205
-- Example: load draws 9A total:
206
- - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell (high stress)
207
- - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell (lighter load)
208
-- ✅ 3P cells drain faster.
209
-- ❌ Pack is considered “empty” when 3P group is fully discharged, even if 6P groups still have charge.
210
-
211
----
212
-
213
-### 2. Charge Behavior
214
-- Charger applies current evenly through series groups.
215
-- Example: 9A charging current:
216
- - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell
217
- - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell
218
-- ✅ 3P group reaches full voltage first.
219
-- ❌ Charger stops when 3P group is full → extra cells in 6P groups aren’t fully used.
220
-
221
----
222
-
223
-### 3. Key Effects
224
-1. **Capacity wasted**: Extra cells in larger parallel groups are underutilized.
225
-2. **Unbalanced stress**: Smaller parallel group wears out faster.
226
-3. **Reduced lifespan**: Smallest group limits whole pack life and capacity.
227
-
228
----
229
-
230
-### 4. Best Practice
231
-- Ensure **all parallel groups in series have the same number of cells**.
232
-- Example: redesign as **3S6P** → full 18Ah usable capacity instead of being limited to 9Ah.
233
-
234
----
235
-
236
-### ✅ **Summary**:
237
-In series packs, **the smallest parallel group determines the usable capacity**. Extra cells in larger groups are underused, and the smaller group experiences higher current stress, reducing overall pack efficiency and lifespan.
238
-
239
-
240
-## ref
241
-
242
-- [[battery-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
243
-
244
-- [[battery-pack]] - [[battery]]
... ...
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@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-pack-kit-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[active-BMS-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[case-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[battery-holder-dat]] == rack
10
-
11
-- Nickel Sheet
12
-
13
-- Insulating Paper
14
-
15
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[18650]]
16
-
17
-## 3S7P == 12V 8400 mAH == 12V 8.4 AH
18
-
19
-![](2025-09-11-15-03-27.png)
20
-
21
-## wiring diagram
22
-
23
-![](2025-09-11-15-07-25.png)
24
-
25
-
26
-## examples
27
-
28
-![](2025-09-11-15-12-09.png)
29
-
30
-## Important Notes for Battery Pack Assembly
31
-
32
-1. **Activation Required**
33
- After welding, the battery pack must be activated with a 12.6V charger before it can output normally. Without activation, the output voltage will not reach the expected level.
34
-
35
-2. **Insulation and Protection Board Installation**
36
- It is strongly recommended to wrap the battery pack with fish paper (insulating paper) before installing the protection board. The protection board should not be attached directly to the battery cells. Wrap a layer of fish paper around the cells, then install the protection board.
37
- Ensure all welds are solid—cold solder joints may cause overheating or fire. Only users with experience in battery pack assembly should purchase. If you are not familiar, please buy with caution. The shop only sells parts and is not responsible for any consequences of use.
38
-
39
----
40
-
41
-### 3S 12.6V 40A Lithium Battery Protection Board
42
-
43
-- **Application:**
44
- Suitable for lithium batteries with a nominal voltage of 3.7V and a fully charged voltage of 4.2V
45
- (including 18650, 26650, and polymer lithium batteries; no restriction on cell size)
46
-
47
-- **Product Dimensions:**
48
- - Enhanced version: 41 × 55 × 3.4 mm
49
- - Balanced version: 41 × 60 × 3.4 mm
50
-
51
-- **Product Weight:**
52
- - Enhanced version: 8.8g
53
- - Balanced version: 9.8g
54
-
55
-- **Charging Voltage:** 12.6V ~ 13.6V
56
-- **Continuous Discharge Current (Max):** 40A (reduce load current if heat dissipation is poor)
57
-- **Continuous Charging Current (Max):** 20A
58
-
59
-- **Enhanced Version:**
60
- Suitable for drills with starting current below 80A and power below 170W.
61
-
62
-- **Balanced Version:**
63
- Same as above, but with balanced charging function.
64
-
65
----
66
-
67
-#### Precautions
68
-
69
-1. **Battery Selection:**
70
- To successfully start a drill, use either three 10C–20C power cells or six 5C–10C power cells.
71
- Recommended cell models: SONY VTC4, VTC4A, VTC5A, VTC6.
72
- Use 0V and 12.6V connection wires with copper wire of at least 3 mm² (do not use nickel strips!).
73
-
74
-2. **Wiring:**
75
- Strictly follow the wiring diagram for 0V, 4.2V, 8.4V, and 12.6V connections.
76
- When soldering wires, do not touch any components on the board and never intentionally short-circuit.
77
-
78
-3. **First-Time Soldering or Charging:**
79
- When first soldering the battery or during charging, if any single cell exceeds 4.2V, the "430" resistor will heat up to discharge (stops heating when voltage drops to about 4.19V).
80
- If the "430" resistor becomes extremely hot (too hot to touch), check for wiring errors.
81
-
82
-
83
-![](2025-09-11-15-09-51.png)
84
-
85
-
86
-## Purpose of Insulating Paper (Fish Paper) in a Battery Pack:
87
-
88
-1. **Electrical Insulation**
89
- - Prevents short circuits between cells, busbars, and metal casings.
90
-
91
-2. **Thermal Resistance**
92
- - Provides heat resistance and helps protect against localized overheating.
93
-
94
-3. **Mechanical Protection**
95
- - Adds a physical barrier between components to reduce abrasion or vibration damage.
96
-
97
-4. **Safety Enhancement**
98
- - Improves overall safety of the battery pack by minimizing risks of electrical arcing, leakage, or thermal runaway propagation.
99
-
100
-
101
-
102
-## ref
103
-
104
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# Lead-acid-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-## charge board
8
-
9
-- [[OPM1181-dat]]
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-Batteries store the energy produced by your solar panels for later use.
16
-
17
-## Types:
18
-
19
-### General Lead-Acid Batteries:
20
-
21
-Common in automotive applications. They are relatively inexpensive and the technology is mature. However, they are heavy, have a shorter lifespan (approx. 3 years), require maintenance, and are not suitable for frequent deep discharge (recommended depth of discharge is ~20%).
22
-
23
-### Deep Cycle Lead-Acid Batteries:
24
-
25
-Designed for deep discharge (up to 80% or more) without significantly affecting lifespan. They have thicker plates and durable materials, making them well-suited for solar power systems, electric vehicles, and campers requiring continuous, stable power.
26
-
27
-
28
-**Capacity:** Measured in Amp-hours (Ah). A 12V 100Ah battery stores 12V * 100Ah = 1200 Watt-hours (Wh) of energy.
29
-
30
-![](2025-06-15-01-53-06.png)
31
-
32
-
33
-## lead-acid-battery-dat
34
-
35
-- LAB: Lead-Acid Battery
36
-- 蓄电池 (xù diàn chí) is the Chinese term for "rechargeable battery." It is a type of electrical battery that can be recharged multiple times. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and many other portable devices.
37
-
38
-- Here are some links where you can find more information about 蓄电池:
39
-
40
-- Wikipedia: Rechargeable Battery - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0
41
-- China Battery Industry Association - http://www.cbia.com.cn/
42
-- Battery University: Rechargeable Batteries - https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_rechargeable_batteries
43
-
44
-## voltage
45
-
46
-- 12V == [[solar-power-dat]]
47
-- 72V == [[motor-dat]]
48
-
49
-## LAB Example
50
-
51
-![](2025-04-21-16-25-17.png)
52
-
53
-2.6 Ah = 2.6 × 1000 = **2600 mAh**
54
-
55
-
56
-* **Brand:** ANJING
57
-* **Type:** Sealed Rechargeable Battery (Likely SLA/VRLA) Sealed Lead-Acid (a specific type, but often used generally)
58
-* **Nominal Voltage:** 12V
59
-* **Capacity:** 2.6Ah (Rated at 20-hour discharge rate - 12V 2.6Ah/20hr)
60
- * This implies a discharge current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h) for 20 hours.
61
-* **Charging Method:** Constant Voltage Charge
62
- * **Standby Use (Float):** 13.50V - 13.80V
63
- * **Cycle Use:** 14.40V - 15.00V
64
- * **Initial Charging Current:** Less than 0.78A (0.3C)
65
-* **Chemistry:** Lead-acid (Pb symbol present)
66
-* **Markings:**
67
- * Recycling symbol
68
- * Do not dispose symbol (crossed-out bin)
69
-
70
-As noted on the battery (12V2.6Ah/20hr), this specific 2.6Ah rating was determined using a 20-hour discharge period. This means it was likely discharged at a current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13A) for 20 hours.
71
-
72
-
73
-### Estimated Runtime Calculation
74
-
75
-This calculation estimates how long the ANJING 12V 2.6Ah battery can power a 5V 1A load using a DC-DC converter.
76
-
77
-**1. Calculate Load Power:**
78
- - Load Voltage (V_load) = 5V
79
- - Load Current (I_load) = 1A
80
- - Load Power (P_load) = V_load × I_load = 5V × 1A = 5 Watts
81
-
82
-**2. Account for DC-DC Converter Efficiency:**
83
- - Assume a typical converter efficiency (η) = 85% (or 0.85). Real-world efficiency may vary.
84
- - Power drawn from the battery (P_batt) = P_load / η
85
- - P_batt = 5W / 0.85 ≈ 5.88 Watts
86
-
87
-**3. Calculate Current Drawn from Battery:**
88
- - Battery Nominal Voltage (V_batt) = 12V
89
- - Current drawn from battery (I_batt) = P_batt / V_batt
90
- - I_batt = 5.88W / 12V ≈ 0.49 Amps
91
-
92
-**4. Compare to Rated Discharge:**
93
- - The battery's capacity (2.6Ah) is rated for a 20-hour discharge (as noted in the file: `12V2.6Ah/20hr`).
94
- - Rated Discharge Current (I_rated) = 2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13 Amps
95
- - The calculated draw (0.49A) is significantly higher than the rated discharge current (0.13A).
96
-
97
-**5. Calculate Ideal Runtime (Ignoring Peukert's Effect):**
98
- - Battery Capacity (C) = 2.6Ah
99
- - Ideal Runtime (T_ideal) = C / I_batt
100
- - T_ideal = 2.6Ah / 0.49A ≈ 5.3 hours
101
-
102
-**6. Consider Peukert's Effect:**
103
- - Lead-acid batteries deliver less total capacity when discharged at rates higher than their rating (Peukert's Law).
104
- - Since 0.49A is much higher than the 0.13A rating, the *effective* capacity will be lower than 2.6Ah.
105
-
106
-**Conclusion:**
107
-
108
-The **ideal calculated runtime is approximately 5.3 hours**. However, due to the higher discharge current (0.49A vs. the 0.13A rating), the actual runtime will be **noticeably less than 5.3 hours**. The exact reduction depends on the specific Peukert exponent of this battery model, which is not provided.
109
-
110
-
111
-## app
112
-
113
-- [[power-storage-dat]]
114
-
115
-## ref
116
-
117
-- [[Lead-acid-battery]] - [[battery-rechargerable]] - [[power]]
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-FPV-dat/battery-FPV-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-FPV-dat
3
-
4
-## happymodel
5
-
6
-航模1S LIHV高压 3.8v 650mah 30C穿越机锂电池 Moblite7用 PH2.0
7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-## GNB
11
-
12
-GNB高能 550mAh 2S 7.6V 100C HV 穿越机FPV Mobula8用高压锂电池
13
-
14
-高能高压锂电池 lihv 3.8V 520mah穿越机 mobula7 1S tinyhawk2/3
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## ACE格氏
20
-
21
-ACE格氏穿越机550mah锂电池RLINE金砖TATTU 2S 7.4V 95C 3S 11.1V
22
-
23
-TATTU 格氏 ACE 2S 3S 4S 450 650 850 mah 75c 锂电池
24
-
25
-## 志气
26
-
27
-志气锂电池11.1V水弹电池7.4V高放3S发射器300-1400mah聚合物XT30
28
-
29
-
30
-## DAI WONG GAU
31
-
32
-DAI WONG GAU大黄狗航模1350-1550mAh 6S150C竞速FPV穿越机锂电池
33
-
34
-
35
-## 花牌
36
-
37
-花牌 锂电池 7.4v / 11.1v 550 mah 40c 85C 超小型固定翼 穿越机
38
-
39
-
40
-
41
-## ref
42
-
43
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
-# rechargerable-battery-dat
5
-
6
-- [[battery-protection-dat]] - [[BMS-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[battery-charger-dat]]
9
-
10
-
11
-## charge time
12
-
13
-| **Battery Type** | **Typical Charge Time** | **Notes** |
14
-| -------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
15
-| **Lead-acid** | 8-12 hours | Slow charge time, can be faster with a fast charger. |
16
-| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | 2-4 hours | Similar to lithium-ion but may take slightly longer. |
17
-| **Lithium-ion (Li-ion)** | 1-3 hours | Fastest charging, especially with modern fast chargers. |
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-## Common Rechargeable Battery Internal Resistance and Aging
22
-
23
-| Battery Type | Nominal Voltage | Capacity Range | Internal Resistance (New) | Internal Resistance After ~200 Cycles | Notes / Applications |
24
-| --------------------------- | --------------- | -------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
25
-| **AA NiMH** | 1.2V | 1800–2500 mAh | 20–50 mΩ | 30–80 mΩ | Consumer electronics, toys |
26
-| **AAA NiMH** | 1.2V | 600–1200 mAh | 30–70 mΩ | 40–100 mΩ | Small electronics, remote controls |
27
-| **18650 Li-ion** | 3.6–3.7V | 2000–3500 mAh | 30–80 mΩ | 40–120 mΩ | Laptops, power banks, flashlights |
28
-| **High-drain 18650 Li-ion** | 3.6–3.7V | 1500–3000 mAh | 15–30 mΩ | 25–50 mΩ | Power tools, e-cigarettes, high-current devices |
29
-| **26650 Li-ion** | 3.6–3.7V | 4000–6000 mAh | 10–40 mΩ | 20–60 mΩ | High-capacity flashlights, e-bikes |
30
-| **12V Lead-Acid (SLA/AGM)** | 12V | 7–20 Ah | 0.12–0.3 Ω | 0.15–0.4 Ω | Scooters, UPS, emergency lighting |
31
-| **12V LiFePO4** | 12.8V | 10–20 Ah | 5–20 mΩ | 10–30 mΩ | E-bikes, solar storage, UPS |
32
-| **9V NiMH** | 8.4–9V | 150–300 mAh | 150–300 mΩ | 200–400 mΩ | Smoke detectors, small electronics |
33
-| **NiCd AA** | 1.2V | 600–1000 mAh | 30–100 mΩ | 50–150 mΩ | Older toys, cordless phones |
34
-| **LiPo (3.7V per cell)** | 3.7V | 500–5000 mAh | 20–100 mΩ | 40–150 mΩ | Drones, RC cars, FPV drones |
35
-
36
-### Notes on Internal Resistance Change:
37
-- Internal resistance **increases gradually** with usage cycles and charging/discharging.
38
-- The amount of increase depends on:
39
- - Battery chemistry and quality
40
- - Depth of discharge and charging rate
41
- - Temperature and storage conditions
42
-- Higher resistance results in **lower peak current capability** and slightly reduced capacity over time.
43
-
44
-
45
-
46
-## Types
47
-
48
-- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
49
-
50
-- [[LFP-dat]]
51
-
52
-- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
53
-
54
-
55
-## ref
56
-
57
-- [[battery-dat]]
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@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-app-dat
3
-
4
-### By Apps
5
-
6
-Robot tank battery
7
-
8
-3x 3000mAH x 3.7 == 33.3 Wh / 12.5V == **2.66 Ah (2660 mAh)
9
-
10
-![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
11
-
12
-![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
13
-
14
-
15
-
16
-for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
17
-
18
-![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
19
-
20
-- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[Electric-tools-battery-dat]]
21
-
22
-3x 18650
23
-
24
-![](2025-09-10-21-35-20.png)
25
-
26
-![](2025-09-10-21-35-39.png)
27
-
28
-power tool battery == 3S=3P/6P/6P == 15 batteries
29
-
30
-![](2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
31
-
32
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
33
-
34
-
35
-single-unit large battery
36
-
37
-48V / 200AH
38
-
39
-![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
40
-
41
-3S10P == 30 batteries == 12V 30000 mAH
42
-
43
-![](2025-09-10-22-03-23.png)
44
-
45
-3S5P == 15 batteries == 12V 15000 mAH
46
-
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-
52
-## calculata density
53
-
54
-If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
55
-
56
-Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
57
-
58
-Substituting the values:
59
-
60
-Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
61
-
62
-So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
63
-
64
-
65
-To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
66
-
67
-For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
68
-
69
-For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
70
-
71
-**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
72
-
73
-
74
-
75
-## ref
76
-
77
-
78
-- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
79
-
80
-- [[power-dat]]
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\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# lithium-battery-dat
3
-
4
-## info
5
-
6
-- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[battery-soldering-dat]]
9
-
10
-- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
11
-
12
-- [[li-battery-app-dat]]
13
-
14
-## Classification Summary
15
-
16
-By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
17
-
18
-By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
19
-
20
-By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-
26
-## Classification
27
-
28
-
29
-### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
30
-
31
-#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
32
-
33
-- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
34
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
35
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
36
-
37
-- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
38
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
39
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
40
-
41
-- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
42
- - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
43
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
44
-
45
-- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
46
- - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
47
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
48
-
49
-- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
50
- - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
51
- - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
52
-
53
-#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
54
-
55
-- **Graphite**
56
- - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
57
- - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
58
-
59
-- **Silicon-based Materials**
60
- - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
61
- - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
62
-
63
-- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
64
- - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
65
- - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
66
-
67
-- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
68
- - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
69
- - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
70
-
71
----
72
-
73
-
74
-
75
-### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
76
-
77
-Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
78
-
79
----
80
-
81
-#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
82
-
83
-Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
84
-
85
-##### **Common Sizes:**
86
-
87
-- **18650**
88
- - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
89
- - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
90
- - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
91
-
92
-- **21700**
93
- - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
94
- - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
95
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
96
-
97
-- **26650**
98
- - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
99
- - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
100
- - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
101
-
102
----
103
-
104
-#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
105
-
106
-Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
107
-
108
-##### **Common Sizes:**
109
-
110
-- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
111
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
112
- - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
113
- - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
114
-
115
-- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
116
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
117
- - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
118
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
119
-
120
----
121
-
122
-#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
123
-
124
-Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
125
-
126
-##### **Common Sizes:**
127
-
128
-- **Small Pouch Batteries**
129
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
130
- - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
131
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
132
-
133
-- **Large Pouch Batteries**
134
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
135
- - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
136
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
137
-
138
----
139
-
140
-#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
141
-
142
-Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
143
-
144
-##### **Common Sizes:**
145
-
146
-- **CR2032**
147
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
148
- - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
149
- - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
150
-
151
-- **CR2025**
152
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
153
- - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
154
- - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
155
-
156
----
157
-
158
-### **Summary**
159
-
160
-Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
161
-
162
-| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
163
-|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
164
-| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
165
-| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
166
-| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
167
-| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
168
-
169
-This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
170
-
171
-
172
-
173
-## li-battery tech
174
-
175
-### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
176
-
177
-Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
178
-
179
-If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
180
-
181
-
182
-
183
-
184
-### Lithium battery Check
185
-
186
-- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
187
-
188
-
189
-
190
-
191
-## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
192
-
193
-| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
194
-|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
195
-| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
196
-| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
197
-| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
198
-| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
199
-| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
200
-| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
201
-| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
202
-
203
-
204
-🧠 Which to Choose?
205
-18650: Most versatile and widely used.
206
-
207
-21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
208
-
209
-26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
210
-
211
-Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
212
-
213
-
214
-
215
-
216
-## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
217
-
218
-Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
219
-
220
-Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
221
-
222
-LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
223
-
224
-## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
225
-
226
-Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
227
-
228
-Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
229
-
230
-
231
-
232
-
233
-
234
-## ref
235
-
236
-- [[lithium-battery]]
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/LFP-dat.md
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@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# LFP-dat
3
-
4
-- [[blade-battery-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
8
-
9
-LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
10
-
11
-Key Characteristics:
12
-
13
-Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
14
-
15
-
16
-
17
-A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
18
-
19
-## Key Features and Benefits:
20
-
21
-1. **Long Lifespan**
22
- - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
23
- - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
24
-
25
-2. **Safety**
26
- - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
27
- - Less prone to thermal runaway.
28
-
29
-3. **Lightweight**
30
- - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
31
-
32
-4. **High Energy Density**
33
- - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
34
-
35
-5. **Wide Temperature Range**
36
- - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
37
-
38
-6. **Fast Charging**
39
- - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
40
-
41
-7. **Low Self-Discharge**
42
- - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
43
-
44
-8. **Environmentally Friendly**
45
- - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
46
-
47
----
48
-
49
-## Common Applications:
50
-1. **Solar Power Systems**
51
- - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
52
-
53
-2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
54
- - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
55
-
56
-3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
57
- - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
58
-
59
-4. **Backup Power**
60
- - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
61
-
62
-5. **Portable Electronics**
63
- - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
64
-
65
-6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
66
- - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
67
-
68
----
69
-
70
-## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
71
-
72
-| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
73
-|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
74
-| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
75
-| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
76
-| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
77
-| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
78
-| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
79
-| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
80
-
81
-
82
-
83
-
84
-
85
-## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
86
-
87
-| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
88
-|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
89
-| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
90
-| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
91
-| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
92
-| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
93
-| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
94
-| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
95
-| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
96
-| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
97
-| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
98
-
99
-## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
100
-
101
-Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
102
-
103
-The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
104
-- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
105
-- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
106
-
107
-
108
-## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
109
-
110
-1. Safety is a priority:
111
-LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
112
-
113
-2. Long lifespan needed:
114
-Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
115
-
116
-3. High discharge/charge rates:
117
-Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
118
-
119
-4. Eco-consciousness:
120
-LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
121
-
122
-
123
-
124
-
125
-
126
-## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
127
-
128
-The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
129
-
130
-- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
131
-- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
132
-- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
133
-
134
-- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
135
-
136
-
137
-## ref
138
-
139
-- [[LFP]] - [[li-battery-material]] - [[li-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/blade-battery-dat.md
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@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# blade-battery-dat
3
-
4
-- [[BYD-dat]] - [[CATL-dat]] - [[EVE-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[LFP-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[solar-power-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[battery-system-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-## specs
15
-
16
-![](2025-09-11-14-59-46.png)
17
-
18
-149 - 18 - 99
19
-
20
-亿纬 - 3.7v - 19.5AH - (高倍率30c）
21
-
22
-
23
-## ref
24
-
25
-- [[LFP-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
3
-
4
-
5
-Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
6
-
7
----
8
-
9
-## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
10
-1. **High Energy Density**
11
- - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
12
-2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
13
- - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
14
-3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
15
- - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
16
-4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
17
- - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
18
-5. **Lower Safety**
19
- - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
20
-6. **Higher Cost**
21
- - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
22
-
23
----
24
-
25
-## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
26
-| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
27
-|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
28
-| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
29
-| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
30
-
31
-- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
32
-- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
33
-
34
----
35
-
36
-## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
37
-| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
38
-|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
39
-| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
40
-| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
41
-| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
42
-| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
43
-| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
44
-| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
45
-
46
----
47
-
48
-## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
49
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
50
- - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
51
-2. **Power Tools**
52
- - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
53
-3. **Consumer Electronics**
54
- - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
55
-
56
----
57
-
58
-## **Future Trends**
59
-- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
60
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
61
-- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
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-
2
-# li-battery-material-dat
3
-
4
-- [[LFP-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-13-40.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-20-01.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- ExtremelySafe
8
-- Light-weighted
9
-- Versatileinnature
10
-- Low self-discharge level
11
-- Thin with huge capacity
12
-
13
-
14
-## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
-
16
-### Overview
17
-Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
-
19
-### Merits
20
-1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
-2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
-3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
-4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
-5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
-
26
-### Demerits
27
-
28
-1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
-2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
-3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
-
32
-
33
-## Compare
34
-
35
-![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
-## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
-
42
-| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
-|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
-| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
-| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
-| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
-| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
-| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
-| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
-| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
-| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
-| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
-| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
-| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# li-ion-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
-
7
-## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
-
9
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
-
11
-constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
-
13
-
14
-## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
-
16
-Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
-
18
-- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
-
20
-- [[BMS-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-## ref
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-0V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650-0V-dat.md
3
-
4
-A Li-ion cell showing **0 V** usually means something seriously wrong.
5
-Two main causes:
6
-
7
----
8
-
9
-## 1. **Protection Circuit Tripped** (Only for “protected 18650”)
10
-Some 18650 cells include a tiny PCB at the bottom.
11
-If the cell is over-discharged, the protection board **disconnects** the output → terminal voltage reads nearly **0 V**.
12
-
13
-- Internal cell voltage is usually still **1–2 V**, not truly 0 V.
14
-- Only applies if your cell is a **protected** 18650.
15
-
16
----
17
-
18
-## 2. **Cell Is Internally Damaged** (Most common)
19
-A fully unprotected or old 18650 can reach 0 V if:
20
-
21
-- Severe over-discharge
22
-- Internal chemical breakdown
23
-- Internal short circuit
24
-- Copper plating inside
25
-- Safety vent (pressure valve) triggered
26
-
27
-If the safety vent opens, the cell is **permanently unsafe**.
28
-
29
-**True 0 V = the cell is dead.**
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-# ⚠️ Can You “Fix” a 0 V 18650?
34
-**No. Not safely.**
35
-Trying to recharge a 0 V Li-ion can cause:
36
-
37
-- Fire
38
-- Venting hot gas
39
-- Explosion
40
-- Thermal runaway
41
-
42
-Even trained engineers only attempt recovery in fireproof labs.
43
-
44
-**For home use:
45
-0 V = NOT repairable.**
46
-
47
----
48
-
49
-# ✔️ What You Should Do
50
-- Do **NOT** charge it.
51
-- Do **NOT** heat, hammer, or puncture it.
52
-- Recycle it at an **e-waste / battery recycling point**.
53
-
54
-This is the only safe option.
55
-
56
-
57
-
58
-## ref
59
-
60
-- [[18650-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# 18650
3
-
4
-18mm x 65mm
5
-
6
-![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
7
-
8
-- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[18650-0V-dat]]
11
-
12
-## discharge current
13
-
14
-### 🔧 Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
15
-
16
-| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
17
-|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
18
-| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2A–3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
19
-| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
20
-| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10A–15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
21
-| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600–3000mAh |
22
-| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25A–30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
23
-
24
----
25
-
26
-### 📌 Notes
27
-
28
-- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5–2× the continuous rating.
29
-- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
30
- - Continuous discharge current
31
- - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
32
- - Required cooling
33
-- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
34
- - Temperature
35
- - Battery aging
36
- - Internal resistance
37
-
38
----
39
-
40
-### ⚠️ Warning
41
-
42
-Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
43
-- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
44
-- Reduce lifespan drastically
45
-- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
46
-
47
----
48
-
49
-### ✅ Recommended Use
50
-
51
-| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
52
-|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
53
-| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5A–10A) |
54
-| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15A–30A) |
55
-| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
56
-
57
-
58
-
59
-## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
60
-
61
-| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
62
-| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
63
-| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
64
-| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
65
-| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
66
-| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
67
-| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
68
-| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
69
-| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
70
-| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
71
-| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
72
-
73
-
74
-
75
-
76
-## **18650 Battery Types**
77
-
78
-| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
79
-| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
80
-| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
81
-| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
82
-| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
83
-| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
84
-
85
----
86
-
87
-## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
88
-| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
89
-| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
90
-| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
91
-| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
92
-
93
-Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
94
-
95
-
96
-The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
97
-
98
-## safety concern
99
-
100
-After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
101
-
102
-To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
103
-
104
-However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
105
-
106
-In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
107
-
108
-- [[battery-protection-dat]]
109
-
110
-
111
-## CID safety
112
-
113
-The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
114
-
115
-Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
116
-
117
-
118
-### CID reset trick
119
-
120
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
121
-
122
-
123
-
124
-### 🔒 What is CID Safety for 18650 Batteries?
125
-
126
-#### What is CID?
127
-
128
-- **CID** stands for **Current Interrupt Device**.
129
-- It is a **built-in safety mechanism** inside many 18650 lithium-ion cells.
130
-- Designed to **prevent dangerous overpressure and overheating**.
131
-
132
----
133
-
134
-#### How Does CID Work?
135
-
136
-- The CID is a **pressure-sensitive switch** inside the cell.
137
-- When internal gas pressure rises above a certain threshold (due to:
138
- - Overcharging,
139
- - Short circuit,
140
- - Thermal runaway),
141
-
142
- the CID **disconnects the internal current path**.
143
-- This **interrupts current flow**, effectively stopping the battery from further charging or discharging.
144
-- It **helps prevent cell rupture, fire, or explosion**.
145
-
146
----
147
-
148
-#### Why Is CID Important?
149
-
150
-- Lithium-ion cells generate gas if damaged or overcharged.
151
-- Pressure build-up can cause catastrophic failure.
152
-- CID acts as a **last-resort safety valve** inside the cell.
153
-- It **works alongside external protection circuits and BMS**.
154
-
155
----
156
-
157
-#### Summary Table
158
-
159
-| Feature | Description |
160
-|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|
161
-| Purpose | Prevent overpressure and overheating |
162
-| Mechanism | Pressure-activated internal switch |
163
-| Activation Threshold | Specific pressure level inside the cell |
164
-| Effect | Interrupts internal circuit to stop current flow |
165
-| Role | Safety backup inside individual 18650 cells |
166
-
167
----
168
-
169
-#### Important Notes
170
-
171
-- CID **does not reset** after activation; cell is permanently disabled.
172
-- Cells with CID still **require external protection** (BMS).
173
-- Not all lithium cells have CID — mostly found in high-quality 18650s.
174
-
175
-### short test
176
-
177
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
178
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
179
-
180
-
181
-## 🔋 How to Use 18650 Batteries Safely
182
-
183
-### 1. Choose Quality Batteries
184
-
185
-- Buy from **reputable brands** (Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sony, Molicel)
186
-- Avoid cheap or counterfeit cells
187
-- Check for **safety features** like CID and PCM
188
-
189
----
190
-
191
-### 2. Use Proper Chargers
192
-
193
-- Use a charger designed for **Li-ion 18650 cells**
194
-- Prefer chargers with **constant current / constant voltage (CC/CV)** charging profile
195
-- Avoid using chargers designed for other chemistries
196
-
197
----
198
-
199
-### 3. Never Overcharge or Overdischarge
200
-
201
-- Do not charge above **4.2V per cell**
202
-- Do not discharge below **2.5V per cell**
203
-- Use a **Battery Management System (BMS)** for packs
204
-
205
----
206
-
207
-### 4. Avoid Short Circuits
208
-
209
-- Do not let battery terminals touch metal objects
210
-- Use protective holders or cases
211
-- Handle with care to avoid damaging the cell casing
212
-
213
----
214
-
215
-### 5. Prevent Physical Damage
216
-
217
-- Avoid dropping, crushing, or puncturing cells
218
-- Do not expose to extreme temperatures (keep between 0°C and 45°C for charging)
219
-
220
----
221
-
222
-### 6. Store Properly
223
-
224
-- Store batteries in a **cool, dry place**
225
-- Keep batteries at around **40-60% charge** for long-term storage
226
-- Use battery cases to prevent accidental shorts
227
-
228
----
229
-
230
-### 7. Monitor Battery Health
231
-
232
-- Check for swelling, corrosion, or leaks
233
-- Dispose of damaged or old batteries safely at designated recycling centers
234
-
235
----
236
-
237
-### 8. Use Appropriate Protection Circuits
238
-
239
-- For battery packs, use a **BMS** to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and short circuit
240
-- Individual protected 18650 cells include an internal **PCM (Protection Circuit Module)**
241
-
242
----
243
-
244
-### Summary Table
245
-
246
-| Safety Tip | Description |
247
-|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|
248
-| Buy quality cells | Avoid counterfeit or low-grade cells |
249
-| Use correct charger | CC/CV chargers designed for Li-ion |
250
-| Avoid overcharge/discharge | Charge max 4.2V, discharge min 2.5V |
251
-| Prevent short circuits | Use protective cases and careful handling |
252
-| Avoid physical damage | Do not crush, puncture, or overheat |
253
-| Store at partial charge | 40–60% SOC in cool, dry place |
254
-| Use BMS/PCM | Protect against electrical faults |
255
-
256
-
257
-
258
-## how to revive 18650 batteries at 0V
259
-
260
-## ✅ Tools You’ll Need
261
-- Multimeter
262
-- Smart charger (with 0V recovery mode) *or* TP4056 / bench power supply
263
-- Optional: Resistor (10–50Ω) for current limiting
264
-
265
-### 🔧 Method 1: Smart Charger with 0V Recovery
266
-Some chargers (e.g., **LiitoKala Lii-500**, **Nitecore**) can automatically revive 0V cells.
267
-
268
-#### Steps:
269
-1. Insert the battery into the charger.
270
-2. If supported, it will trickle charge until voltage reaches ~3.0V.
271
-3. Then it continues normal charging.
272
-4. Monitor temperature and voltage during charging.
273
-
274
-> ✅ **Low risk**
275
-> ✅ **Recommended method**
276
-> ✅ **High success rate** for mildly over-discharged cells
277
-
278
----
279
-
280
-### 🔧 Method 2: Manual Trickle Charge (Bench PSU / TP4056)
281
-Only attempt if you are **experienced with electronics**.
282
-
283
-#### Steps:
284
-1. Set PSU to **3.0–3.2V**, current limit to **50–100mA**.
285
-2. Connect positive and negative terminals (double-check polarity!).
286
-3. Charge slowly until voltage rises to **2.5–3.0V**.
287
-4. Disconnect and let the cell rest for 10–15 minutes.
288
-5. If voltage holds, continue charging normally to **4.2V at 500–1000mA**.
289
-6. If voltage drops again → **discard the cell**.
290
-
291
-> ⚠️ **Medium risk**
292
-> ⚠️ **Requires attention and monitoring**
293
-
294
----
295
-
296
-### ✅ After Revival
297
-Check:
298
-- 🔋 Voltage stability: Does it stay above 3.0V after rest?
299
-- 🌡️ Temperature: Any excessive heat during charging or discharging?
300
-- 🔋 Capacity: Use a charger/tester to measure actual mAh.
301
-
302
----
303
-
304
-### ❌ Do NOT Attempt Revival If:
305
-- Battery is **swollen**, **leaking**, or **rusty**
306
-- Voltage **does not rise** after 10–20 mins of trickle charge
307
-- Cell gets **hot quickly** during charging
308
-
309
----
310
-
311
-### ♻️ Safe Disposal
312
-Dispose of dead batteries at **electronics recycling** centers.
313
-Do **not** throw in regular trash.
314
-
315
----
316
-
317
-### 🔄 Summary Table
318
-
319
-| Method | Risk Level | Tools Needed | Notes |
320
-|------------------------|------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|
321
-| Smart Charger (0V mode)| ✅ Low | Li-ion charger | Safest and easiest method |
322
-| Manual Trickle Charge | ⚠️ Medium | Bench PSU or TP4056 | Monitor voltage & temperature |
323
-| Force-Charge (unsafe) | ❌ High | Not recommended | Risk of fire or explosion |
324
-
325
-
326
-
327
-
328
-
329
-## battery rack
330
-
331
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
332
-
333
-## ref
334
-
335
-- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
336
-
337
-- [[18650]]
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/2024-03-29-15-59-09.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/26650-dat/26650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 26650-dat
3
-
4
-- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
5
-
6
-## motorbike battery
7
-
8
-- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
-- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
-- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
-- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
-
13
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
-
15
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-## 1. Overview
21
-- **26650** = Cylindrical cell, **26 mm diameter**, **65 mm length**.
22
-- Commonly Li-ion chemistry (LiCoO₂, LiNiMnCo, LiFePO₄, etc.).
23
-
24
-## 2. Typical Specs (Li-ion NMC type)
25
-| Parameter | Common Value Range |
26
-|------------------------|---------------------------|
27
-| Nominal Voltage | 3.6–3.7 V |
28
-| Capacity | 4,000–5,500 mAh |
29
-| Energy (Wh) | 14.4–20.35 Wh |
30
-
31
-> **Energy formula**:
32
-> `Energy (Wh) = Nominal Voltage × Capacity (Ah)`
33
-
34
-Example:
35
-- 5000 mAh (5.0 Ah) × 3.65 V ≈ **18.25 Wh**
36
-
37
-## 3. LiFePO₄ 26650 Variant
38
-| Parameter | Common Value Range |
39
-|------------------------|---------------------------|
40
-| Nominal Voltage | 3.2–3.3 V |
41
-| Capacity | 3,000–3,500 mAh |
42
-| Energy (Wh) | 9.6–11.55 Wh |
43
-
44
-## 4. Summary
45
-- **NMC/NCA Li-ion 26650**: ~18 Wh typical.
46
-- **LiFePO₄ 26650**: ~10 Wh typical.
47
-- Actual usable energy is slightly less due to discharge cut-off and efficiency losses.
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-## ref
52
-
53
-- [[26650-lithium-battery]] - [[li-battery-size]] - [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/32125-dat/32125-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 32125-dat
3
-
4
-**32125 Li Battery**
5
-
6
-- **Meaning of "32125":**
7
- - **32** → Diameter ≈ 32 mm
8
- - **125** → Length ≈ 125 mm
9
- - **Format** → Cylindrical lithium-ion cell
10
-
11
-- **Type:**
12
- - Typically a **LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** cylindrical cell
13
-
14
-- **Common Specs:**
15
- - Nominal Voltage: 3.2 V
16
- - Capacity: ~6,000 – 8,000 mAh (varies by manufacturer)
17
- - High cycle life, safer chemistry compared to other Li-ion cells
18
-
19
-- **Applications:**
20
- - Battery packs for **energy storage systems**, **EVs**, **electric tools**, and **solar storage**
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/li-battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-size-dat
3
-
4
-- [[32125-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-
12
-- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
13
-
14
-
15
-- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
16
-- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
17
-- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
18
-- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
19
-- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
20
-- 32650 / 32700: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
21
-
22
-
23
-## ref
24
-
25
-- [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/pouch-battery-dat/2025-02-21-15-06-43.png
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@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# pouch-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
-1. **Lightweight Design**
10
- - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
-2. **High Energy Density**
12
- - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
-3. **Better Safety**
14
- - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
-4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
- - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
-5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
- - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
-6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
- - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
-
22
----
23
-
24
-## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
-| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
-|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
-| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
-| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
-| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
- - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
-2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
- - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
-3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
- - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
-4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
- - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
-
43
----
44
-
45
-## **Future Trends**
46
-- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
-- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
-
50
----
51
-
52
-## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
-
54
-
55
-A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
-
57
-1. Good safety performance:
58
-
59
-The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
-
61
-2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
-
63
-in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
-
65
-3. The internal resistance is small:
66
-
67
-We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
-
69
-4. Flexible planning:
70
-
71
-the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
-
73
-![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# portable-power-bank-dat
3
-
4
-### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
-
6
-The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
-
8
-1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
- * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
-
11
-2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
- * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
-
14
-3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
- * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
- * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
-
18
-4. **Calculation Example:**
19
- * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
- * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
- * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
- * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
-
24
-**Key Considerations:**
25
-
26
-* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
-* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
-* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-
34
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
-
36
-
power-dat/battery-size-dat/2025-08-24-18-46-42.png
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power-dat/battery-size-dat/2025-08-24-18-46-51.png
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power-dat/battery-size-dat/CR1220-dat/CR1220-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR1220-dat
3
-
4
-The CR1220 is a lithium coin cell battery with the following key features:
5
-
6
-Specifications:
7
-- Diameter: 12 mm
8
-- Thickness: 2.0 mm
9
-- Nominal Voltage: 3V
10
-- Capacity: Approximately 35-40 mAh (varies by brand)
11
-- Chemistry: Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2)
12
-- Operating Temperature Range: -30°C to +60°C
13
-
14
-Common Applications:
15
-- Watches
16
-- Calculators
17
-- Car key fobs
18
-- Small medical devices (like glucose meters)
19
-- Motherboards (for CMOS memory)
20
-- Small toys
21
-
22
-Advantages:
23
-- Long Shelf Life: Typically 5-10 years due to low self-discharge rates.
24
-- High Energy Density: Ideal for compact devices.
25
-- Stable Voltage Output: Ensures consistent device operation.
26
-
27
-
28
-## Pulse Current
29
-
30
-The CR1220 lithium coin cell battery is designed for low-power devices, and its discharge current specifications depend on the manufacturer and application. Here's an overview:
31
-
32
-1. Continuous Discharge Current
33
-- Typical Range: 0.1 mA to 0.2 mA
34
-- This current is sufficient for steady operation in devices like watches, calculators, and small sensors.
35
-
36
-1. Maximum Pulse Discharge Current
37
-- Typical Range: 1 mA to 5 mA (varies by brand)
38
-- The battery can briefly supply higher currents for short bursts, such as transmitting signals in key fobs or powering small LEDs.
39
-
40
-### Important Notes:
41
-
42
-Overloading the Battery:
43
-
44
-If the discharge current exceeds the specified range for a long time, it may cause:
45
-- Sudden voltage drop
46
-- Reduced capacity
47
-- Battery heating or leakage
48
-
49
-Brand Variation:
50
-
51
-Manufacturers like Panasonic, Sony, or Maxell may have slightly different specifications for their CR1220 batteries. Always check the datasheet for the specific brand you're using.
52
-
53
-### Recommendations:
54
-
55
-If your device requires higher discharge currents (e.g., above 10 mA), consider:
56
-
57
-Adding a Capacitor: To handle short bursts of high current.
58
-Using a Larger Battery: Such as CR2032 or CR2450, which are better suited for higher-power applications.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-size-dat/CR123-dat/CR123-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR123-dat
3
-
4
-## CR123A Battery Information
5
-
6
-- **Type:** Lithium (LiMnO₂)
7
-- **Nominal Voltage:** 3.0 V
8
-- **Capacity:** 1400–1600 mAh (typical)
9
-- **Diameter:** 17 mm (0.67 in)
10
-- **Height:** 34.5 mm (1.36 in)
11
-- **Weight:** ~17 g
12
-- **Operating Temperature:** -40°C to +60°C
13
-- **Typical Applications:** Cameras, flashlights, security equipment, sensors
14
-
15
-### Features
16
-
17
-- High energy density
18
-- Long shelf life (up to 10 years)
19
-- Wide operating temperature range
20
-- Stable discharge voltage
21
-
22
-### Common Manufacturers
23
-
24
-- Panasonic
25
-- Duracell
26
-- Energizer
27
-- GP Batteries
28
-
29
-### Notes
30
-
31
-- Not rechargeable (primary cell)
32
-- Sometimes labeled as CR123, CR123A, DL123A, or EL123A
33
-
34
-## ref
35
-
36
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2032-dat/CR2032-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2032-dat
3
-
4
-The CR2032 lithium coin cell battery typically supports the following continuous discharge current specifications, depending on the manufacturer:
5
-
6
-## Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
-
8
-Range: 0.2 mA to 0.3 mA
9
-
10
-This current is ideal for low-power devices like remote controls, medical devices, and calculators that operate steadily over long periods.
11
-
12
-
13
-## ref
14
-
15
-- [[battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2045-dat/CR2045-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2045-dat
3
-
4
-- [[CR1220-dat]] - [[CR2032-dat]] - [[CR2045-dat]] - [[CR2450-dat]]
5
-
6
-The CR2450 lithium coin cell battery supports higher discharge currents than smaller coin cells like the CR2032 or CR1220. Here's an overview:
7
-
8
-1. Typical Continuous Discharge Current
9
-- Range: 0.5 mA to 1.0 mA
10
-- Suitable for devices requiring steady, low-power consumption over long periods, such as medical sensors, remote controls, and watches.
11
-
12
-
13
-## ref
14
-
15
-- [[battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2450-dat/CR2450-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2450-dat
3
-
4
-The CR2450 is a coin cell lithium battery. Its size is defined by its name:
5
-
6
-Diameter: 24 mm
7
-Height (thickness): 5.0 mm
8
-The "CR" prefix indicates it's a lithium manganese dioxide battery. The numbers "2450" mean 24 mm diameter and 5.0 mm thickness.
9
-
10
-
11
-三、新电池能用多久？
12
-
13
-- 4节CR2450电池，每节电池容量为600mAH，总容量为2400mAH。
14
-- 正品南孚电池CR2450的容量：600mAH
15
-- 新电池每节电池容量为600mAH，总容量为2400mAH。
16
-- 可以使用的时间为：2400mAH / 260uA = 9360小时，约等于365天。
power-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-9V-dat/battery-9V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-9V-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-### Professional Name of Common 9V Battery
6
-
7
-| Standard/System | Name |
8
-|----------------------|-------------|
9
-| **IEC** | 6LR61 |
10
-| **ANSI/NEDA** | 1604A |
11
-| **Common Name** | 9V battery |
12
-| **Alkaline Chemistry** | 6LR61 |
13
-| **NiMH Rechargeable** | 6HR61 |
14
-| **Carbon-Zinc** | 6F22 |
15
-
16
-**Notes:**
17
-- Rectangular shape with snap connectors on top.
18
-- Commonly used in smoke detectors, guitar pedals, remote controllers, etc.
19
-
20
-
21
-## Common Names for the 9V Battery
22
-
23
-### IEC and ANSI Designations:
24
-- **IEC: 6LR61** (alkaline)
25
-- **IEC: 6F22** (zinc-carbon)
26
-- **ANSI: 1604A** (alkaline)
27
-- **ANSI: 1604D** (zinc-carbon)
28
-
29
-### Common Names:
30
-- **9V battery**
31
-- **PP3 battery** (original series name from the manufacturer Ever Ready)
32
-- **E-block** battery
33
-
34
-### Typical Chemistry Types:
35
-- **Alkaline** (most common consumer version)
36
-- **Lithium** (longer life, lighter)
37
-- **Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)** (rechargeable)
38
-- **Zinc-carbon** (cheaper, shorter lifespan)
39
-
40
-### Common Uses:
41
-- Smoke detectors
42
-- Guitar pedals
43
-- Radios
44
-- Multimeters
45
-
46
-## Typical Discharge Current of a 9V Battery
47
-
48
-### 1. **Alkaline 9V Battery (e.g., Duracell, Energizer)**
49
-- **Continuous current**: ~15–50 mA (milliamps)
50
-- **Peak current**: Up to **400–500 mA** (for short bursts)
51
-- **Capacity**: ~500–600 mAh (at low drain)
52
-
53
-### 2. **Zinc-Carbon 9V Battery**
54
-- **Continuous current**: ~5–15 mA
55
-- **Peak current**: ~100–200 mA
56
-- **Capacity**: ~400–500 mAh
57
-
58
-### 3. **Lithium 9V Battery**
59
-- **Continuous current**: Up to **120–200 mA**
60
-- **Peak current**: Often **500–1200 mA**
61
-- **Capacity**: ~1000–1200 mAh
62
-
63
-### 4. **Rechargeable 9V Batteries**
64
-- **NiMH (Nickel-metal hydride)**:
65
- - **Typical current**: 50–100 mA continuous
66
- - **Peak current**: ~200–400 mA
67
- - **Capacity**: ~150–300 mAh
68
-
69
-### Notes:
70
-- Drawing high current continuously will **reduce battery life** quickly.
71
-- Actual current delivered depends on the **internal resistance** and **load**.
72
-
73
-
power-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-size-dat.md
3
-
4
-- [[battery-9V-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[CR123-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[CR1220-dat]] - [[CR2032-dat]] - [[CR2045-dat]] - [[CR2450-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[li-battery-size-dat]]
11
-
12
-## parallel coin batteries
13
-
14
-![](2025-08-24-18-46-42.png)
15
-
16
-![](2025-08-24-18-46-51.png)
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-## ref
22
-
23
-- [[battery-dat]] - [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-tester-dat/battery-tester-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
1
-# battery-tester-dat
2
-
3
-## testing tools
4
-
5
-- capacity - [[electronic-loader-dat]]
6
-- internal resistance == discharge current - [[internal-resistance-meter-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-## Q: Can I determine a lead‑acid battery's capacity by measuring its voltage with a multimeter for a fixed short time (e.g., 5 minutes)?
12
-
13
-A: No. A 5‑minute voltage reading cannot reliably determine battery capacity.
14
-
15
-Why:
16
-- **Battery voltage is not a direct, linear indicator of remaining capacity**; voltage changes little across much of the discharge curve.
17
-
18
-- Capacity is defined by total charge delivered: Capacity (Ah) = Current (A) × Time (h). You must discharge with a known constant current to a cutoff voltage to measure capacity.
19
-
20
-- A multimeter alone cannot integrate current over time (coulomb counting).
21
-
22
-- Short tests can only give rough hints; extrapolating capacity from a 5‑minute test (even at high current) yields large errors.
23
-
24
-Quick practical checks for battery health:
25
-
26
-- Resting (open‑circuit) voltage: charge fully, wait ~12 hours, then measure. ≳12.6 V indicates generally healthy for a 12 V lead‑acid battery.
27
-- Internal resistance test: fast and useful indicator of capacity degradation.
28
-- Short high‑current load test (starter test): observe voltage sag under load.
29
-
30
-### To measure capacity accurately:
31
-
32
-- Use a constant‑current electronic load or a dedicated battery capacity tester and discharge to a defined cutoff (e.g., 10.5 V for 12 V batteries); record current × time.
33
-- Or use a device that logs current over time (coulomb counter) while discharging.
34
-
35
-### Q: How does a lead‑acid battery's internal resistance typically change after ~200 charge/discharge cycles?
36
-
37
-A: Internal resistance generally increases after repeated cycling, but the magnitude depends on usage conditions.
38
-
39
-Why:
40
-
41
-- Repeated charge/discharge causes sulfation (lead sulfate crystallization 硫化), active‑material shedding, separator aging, and electrolyte stratification — all of which reduce ionic/electronic pathways and raise internal resistance.
42
-
43
-Typical trend (example: small 12 V sealed lead‑acid):
44
-- Factory/new: ~7–9 mΩ (milliohms)
45
-- After ~200 cycles at deep discharge (≈80% DOD): can rise to ~12–18 mΩ
46
-
47
-Notes on variation:
48
-
49
-- Shallow cycling (≈30% DOD) and moderate temperature: resistance may only increase modestly (e.g., 20–30%).
50
-- Deep cycling combined with high temperature: resistance can increase much more, potentially doubling.
51
-
52
-Practical scenarios (examples):
53
-
54
-1) Vehicle or high‑current starter load
55
-
56
-- New battery (low internal resistance): turning the key holds voltage ≳11 V and the engine cranks easily.
57
-- Aged battery (internal resistance increased): voltage may collapse to ~9 V or lower on crank, motor may fail to turn.
58
-- Symptoms: weak cranking sounds, slow or no crank.
59
-
60
-2) Supplying an inverter / UPS under heavy load
61
-
62
-- New battery: inverter sustains heavy load and can deliver ≳80% of nominal capacity.
63
-- High‑resistance battery: voltage drops quickly under load, inverter alarms or shuts down early.
64
-- Symptoms: frequent alarms, early shutdown while capacity still remains in the battery.
65
-
66
-3) Electric scooter / light EV acceleration
67
-
68
-- New battery: small voltage dip on acceleration, smooth power delivery.
69
-- High‑resistance battery: large voltage drop on throttle, controller may trigger low‑voltage protection and cut power intermittently.
70
-- Symptoms: sudden power loss under acceleration, power returns when throttle is released.
71
-
72
-4) Charging behavior
73
-
74
-- New battery: accepts high charge current initially, charges efficiently.
75
-- High‑resistance battery: charge current is limited, charger may switch to float early and report a finished charge even though usable capacity is low.
76
-- Symptoms: charging appears to finish quickly but the battery discharges rapidly in use.
77
-
78
-
79
-## Testing methods
80
-
81
-Detecting capacity and health of used lead‑acid batteries can be divided into quick checks and accurate tests. Below is a complete procedure you can choose from depending on available tools.
82
-
83
-1) Quick checks (minutes)
84
-
85
-- Resting (open‑circuit) voltage — rough check:
86
- - Charge fully, then rest for ~12 hours before measuring.
87
- - ≳12.6 V: generally healthy
88
- - 12.4–12.5 V: moderate degradation
89
- - ≤12.3 V: likely aged or discharged
90
- - Note: This only indicates state of charge/obvious aging, not true capacity.
91
-
92
-- Internal resistance test (recommended):
93
- - Use a battery internal‑resistance meter (inexpensive handheld units to mid‑range testers).
94
- - Example guidance:
95
- - Small 12 V, 7 Ah battery: <20 mΩ healthy; 30–40 mΩ fair; >50 mΩ scrap.
96
- - Automotive starting batteries: internal resistance is on the order of tens of milliohms; a noticeable increase vs. new indicates degraded performance.
97
-
98
-- Instant voltage‑drop (load) test — simple practical check:
99
- - Connect a known heavy load (e.g., high‑beam headlight or ~100 W resistor) and observe the instantaneous voltage drop.
100
- - New battery: drop typically ≤0.4–0.5 V
101
- - Aged battery: instantaneous drop may exceed 1.0 V
102
-
103
-2) Accurate testing (hours)
104
-
105
-- Constant‑current discharge capacity test (gold standard):
106
- - Fully charge the battery (use appropriate charger, e.g., 14.4 V CV for 12 V lead‑acid until absorption/current falls).
107
- - Rest the battery with charger disconnected for ≥2 hours.
108
- - Discharge at a constant current (recommended 0.05C–0.1C; e.g., for 100 Ah battery use 5–10 A) down to the cutoff voltage (commonly 10.5 V for 12 V batteries).
109
- - Calculate capacity: Capacity (Ah) = Discharge current (A) × Discharge time (h).
110
- - Example: 5 A discharge to 10.5 V took 15 h → capacity = 5 × 15 = 75 Ah. If measured capacity < 80% of rated, the battery is significantly aged.
111
-
112
-3) Good / bad reference (example thresholds)
113
-
114
-| Status | Resting voltage (12 V battery) | Internal resistance (automotive, mΩ) | Measured capacity | Conclusion |
115
-|----------|-------------------------------:|-------------------------------------:|------------------:|-----------|
116
-| Excellent| ≥ 12.6 V | ≤ 8 mΩ | ≥ 90% | Healthy |
117
-| Moderate | 12.4–12.5 V | 9–15 mΩ | 70–90% | Usable |
118
-| Poor | ≤ 12.3 V | 15–25 mΩ | 50–70% | Marginal |
119
-| Scrap | ≤ 12.0 V | ≥ 25 mΩ | < 50% | Replace |
120
-
121
-
122
-
123
-
124
-
125
-## ref
126
-
127
-- [[battery-dat]] - [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/power-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
1 1
2 2
# power-dat.md
3 3
4
-- [[power-dat]]
4
+- [[power-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
5 5
6
-- [[battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]- [[BMS-dat]]
6
+- [[li-battery-dat]]- [[battery-BMS-dat]]
7 7
8 8
- [[battery-drainer-dat]] - [[acdc-dat]] - [[power-sensor-dat]]
9 9