app-dat/power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
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+
2
+# portable-power-bank-dat
3
+
4
+### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
+
6
+The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
+
8
+1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
+ * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
+
11
+2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
+ * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
+
14
+3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
+ * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
+ * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
+
18
+4. **Calculation Example:**
19
+ * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
+ * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
+ * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
+ * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
+
24
+**Key Considerations:**
25
+
26
+* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
+* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
+* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+
34
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
+
36
+
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battery-dat/battery-BMS-dat/active-BMS-dat/active-BMS-dat.md
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+
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+# active-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
5
+
6
+An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
7
+
8
+- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
9
+- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
10
+- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
11
+- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
12
+
13
+This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+## capacitive type active BMS
18
+
19
+- 电容式主动均衡板
20
+- 修电池组压差·
21
+- 恢复电池组容量·
22
+- 延长电池组寿命
23
+- 24小时不间断·
24
+- 自动启动·
25
+- 整体均衡
26
+
27
+
28
+![](2025-08-19-19-19-06.png)
29
+
30
+
31
+## basic active charger
32
+
33
+### 2S version
34
+
35
+![](2025-09-10-21-43-47.png)
36
+
37
+The diagram below shows the module discharge. The battery is a 2-series configuration, and the connected batteries must support a 20A discharge current. This can be achieved by connecting batteries in parallel or by purchasing batteries with a higher discharge current.
38
+
39
+For example, if the battery is 2000mAh with a 10C discharge rate, then only 2 series and 2 parallel (2S2P) are needed, which can provide a discharge current of 40A.
40
+
41
+For stable discharge, 2 series and 4 parallel (2S4P) are required, and attention should be paid to heat dissipation, as the battery power will drop quickly during discharge.
42
+
43
+![](2025-09-10-21-45-38.png)
44
+
45
+- To successfully start an electric drill, you need two 10C-20C power batteries, or four 5C-10C power batteries (recommended battery models: Sony VTC4S, VTC4A, VTC5, VTC6). For the 0V and 8.4V connection wires, use copper wires of at least 2 square millimeters (do not use strips).
46
+- When welding the battery for the first time, you need to charge it first to get output. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, and 8.4V. When welding wires, do not touch any components on the board, and do not intentionally short-circuit.
47
+- When welding the battery for the first time or while charging, as long as any single cell exceeds 4.2V, the "430" resistor will heat up to discharge (discharge stops when it drops to about 4.19V). If the "430" resistor becomes very hot (too hot to touch), please check if the wiring is incorrect.
48
+
49
+#### 故障处理：
50
+
51
+| Fault Phenomenon | Fault Check & Cause |
52
+|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
53
+| Cannot charge | Measure the voltage of 3 battery groups. If any group exceeds about 4.25V, the protection board triggers overcharge protection. |
54
+| Cannot discharge | Measure the voltage of 4 battery groups. If any group drops below about 2.5V, the protection board triggers over-discharge protection. |
55
+| Charging/discharging fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
56
+| Overcharge/over-discharge fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
57
+| Discharge protection | Check if the battery pack has sufficient discharge capability. |
58
+| Cold solder joint | Check if the load's starting current exceeds the protection board's overcurrent protection current. |
59
+| Solder bridge | One pin of a component is not connected to the PCB pad, or two or more pins are shorted together. |
60
+| ESD breakdown A | When powered off, measure MOSFET G, D, S pins. If the forward and reverse resistance between any two pins is 0Ω, it is broken down. |
61
+| ESD breakdown B | Remove the MOSFET and measure resistance between G-D and G-S. If resistance exists, it is broken down. Normally, resistance should be
62
+
63
+
64
+### 3S version
65
+
66
+![](2025-09-10-21-44-20.png)
67
+
68
+note
69
+
70
+1. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, 8.4V, and 12.6V. Be careful to check for short circuits.
71
+2. When connecting 3 battery groups in series, make sure each group has the same voltage. If not, fully charge each group separately before connecting them in series. During discharge testing, the group whose voltage drops quickly is the bad battery—replace it with a good one.
72
+3. Never mix good and bad batteries together, and do not mix new and old batteries.
73
+4. To successfully start an electric drill, you need three 15C-20C power batteries, or six 10C-15C power batteries (ordinary 18650 batteries cannot start an electric drill!!!).
74
+5. For loads with brushed motors, you must connect a non-polarized capacitor (rated voltage above 25V, capacity 10uF-100uF) in parallel at the motor's positive and negative terminals to prevent reverse voltage spikes from the motor from interfering with the protection board or
75
+
76
+
77
+
78
+## ref
79
+
80
+- [[BMS-dat]]
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battery-dat/battery-BMS-dat/battery-BMS-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# battery-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+- [[passive-BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[fast-charge-methods-dat]] - [[USB-PD-dat]]
11
+
12
+
13
+- [[BMS]]
14
+
15
+## charge and supply 2in1
16
+
17
+- CD42
18
+
19
+- [[power-bank-dat]]
20
+
21
+
22
+
23
+## 3. Protection Features
24
+
25
+Look for these essential protections:
26
+
27
+| Protection Type | Description |
28
+|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
29
+| Overcharge protection | Stops charging if cell voltage too high|
30
+| Overdischarge protection | Prevents deep discharge that damages cells |
31
+| Overcurrent protection | Cuts off current if it exceeds safe limits |
32
+| Short circuit protection | Immediate cutoff on short circuit detection |
33
+| Balancing | Balances cells to keep voltages equal (especially important for multi-cell packs) |
34
+| Temperature protection | Monitors temperature to avoid overheating |
35
+
36
+- also check the board's temperature rising when dishcarging
37
+
38
+## 🔋 Active vs. Passive BMS
39
+
40
+A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
41
+
42
+
43
+
44
+---
45
+
46
+### ✅ 1. Passive BMS
47
+
48
+#### 🔧 How It Works:
49
+- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
50
+- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
51
+
52
+#### ⚙️ Features:
53
+- Simple and inexpensive
54
+- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
55
+- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
56
+
57
+#### ⚠️ Downsides:
58
+- Wastes energy
59
+- Balancing is slower
60
+- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
61
+
62
+---
63
+
64
+### ✅ 2. Active BMS
65
+
66
+#### 🔧 How It Works:
67
+- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
68
+- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
69
+
70
+#### ⚙️ Features:
71
+- High efficiency
72
+- Faster, more accurate balancing
73
+- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
74
+
75
+#### ⚠️ Downsides:
76
+- More complex and expensive
77
+- Requires advanced control circuitry
78
+
79
+---
80
+
81
+### 🔄 Summary Table
82
+
83
+| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
84
+| ------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
85
+| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
86
+| Efficiency | Low | High |
87
+| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
88
+| Cost | Low | High |
89
+| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
90
+| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
91
+
92
+---
93
+
94
+### 🤔 Which Should You Use?
95
+
96
+- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
97
+- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
98
+
99
+
100
+## BMS Charging
101
+
102
+🔌 Can I Use a 12V AC-DC Plug to Charge a 3S1P Lithium Battery Pack with BMS?
103
+
104
+### 🔋 Battery Overview: 3S1P Lithium-Ion Pack
105
+
106
+- **3S** = 3 cells in series → 3.7V × 3 = **11.1V nominal**
107
+- **Full charge voltage** = 4.2V × 3 = **12.6V**
108
+- **Charging voltage required**: **12.6V constant voltage (CV)**
109
+- **Typical charging current**: 1A–2A (depending on cell & BMS)
110
+
111
+---
112
+
113
+### ⚠️ Can You Use a 12V AC-DC Plug?
114
+
115
+| **Plug Output Voltage** | **Can You Use It?** | **Explanation** |
116
+| ------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
117
+| **12.0V** | ⚠️ Not ideal | Will undercharge the pack (only ~90–95% full) |
118
+| **12.6V regulated** | ✅ Yes | Perfect match for 3S lithium pack |
119
+| **>12.6V (e.g., 13.8V)** | ❌ No | May overcharge and damage the battery/BMS |
120
+| **Unregulated output** | ❌ No | Unsafe — may exceed safe voltage limits |
121
+
122
+---
123
+
124
+### ✅ Best Practice: Use a Dedicated 3S Lithium Charger
125
+
126
+- **Output Voltage**: 12.6V DC (constant voltage)
127
+- **Current Limit**: 1A–2A (match your BMS and battery spec)
128
+- **Charging Profile**: CC/CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage)
129
+
130
+---
131
+
132
+### 🔐 Role of the BMS
133
+
134
+- Provides **protection** (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, etc.)
135
+- **Does NOT regulate** the input voltage
136
+- **Still requires** a proper 12.6V charger to function safely
137
+
138
+---
139
+
140
+### ✅ Summary
141
+
142
+- You **can** charge your 3S1P pack with a **regulated 12.6V charger**.
143
+- A **standard 12.0V plug** is **not recommended** — it won’t fully charge the battery.
144
+- Avoid any charger **above 12.6V** unless it’s specifically designed for lithium charging.
145
+
146
+### Charger
147
+
148
+| Requirement | Needed? | Why |
149
+| ---------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------- |
150
+| Smart chip like TP4056 | ❌ No | Your **BMS provides safety features** |
151
+| Proper voltage (12.6V) | ✅ Yes | Essential for full charge |
152
+| Current limiting | ✅ Yes | Prevents overheating or stress |
153
+| CC/CV charging | ✅ Yes | Ensures correct lithium charging |
154
+
155
+
156
+## Single Cell Protection solution
157
+
158
+### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
159
+
160
+A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
161
+
162
+G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
163
+
164
+![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
165
+
166
+### DW01 + FM8205
167
+
168
+### protection board
169
+
170
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
171
+
172
+
173
+
174
+## Precautions before applying BMS:
175
+
176
+1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
177
+
178
+- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
179
+- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
180
+- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
181
+
182
+The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
183
+
184
+2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
185
+
186
+Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
187
+
188
+3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
189
+
190
+4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
191
+
192
+If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
193
+
194
+A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
195
+
196
+
197
+
198
+## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
199
+
200
+[[18650-dat]]
201
+
202
+### ⚙️ What is a 3S1P Pack?
203
+
204
+- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** → 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
205
+- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** → Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
206
+- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
207
+ - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5A–10A discharge
208
+
209
+---
210
+
211
+### ✅ Recommended BMS Current Ratings
212
+
213
+| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
214
+| ---------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
215
+| Standard 18650 (3A–5A) | 5A–10A | 10A–15A |
216
+| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10A–15A | 15A–20A |
217
+| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
218
+
219
+> ⚠️ Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2×).
220
+
221
+---
222
+
223
+### 🔐 Ideal Protection Settings
224
+
225
+- **Continuous current**: 10–15A
226
+- **Overcurrent trip**: 20–25A
227
+- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
228
+- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
229
+- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
230
+- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
231
+
232
+
233
+## 🔧 Example
234
+
235
+If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
236
+- **Use BMS rated for 10A–15A continuous**
237
+- **Trip limit around 20A–25A**
238
+
239
+
240
+
241
+## CN
242
+
243
+### 一、核心功能（最重要）
244
+
245
+#### 1️⃣ 安全保护（最核心）
246
+防止电池进入危险状态：
247
+- 过充保护（Overcharge）
248
+- 过放保护（Over-discharge）
249
+- 过流保护（Over-current）
250
+- 短路保护（Short Circuit）
251
+- 过温 / 低温保护（Over / Under Temperature）
252
+
253
+👉 **没有 BMS，锂电池是高度危险的**
254
+
255
+---
256
+
257
+#### 2️⃣ 电池状态监测（Monitoring）
258
+实时监控电池关键参数：
259
+- 单体电压（Cell Voltage）
260
+- 总电压（Pack Voltage）
261
+- 电流（Charge / Discharge Current）
262
+- 温度（Cell / MOS / 环境）
263
+
264
+---
265
+
266
+#### 3️⃣ 电量估算（SOC）
267
+- SOC（State of Charge，剩余电量）
268
+- 有时包含 SOH（State of Health，健康状态）
269
+
270
+👉 告诉系统 **“还剩多少电、还能不能用”**
271
+
272
+
273
+## ref
274
+
275
+
276
+
277
+- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
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battery-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+- [[tp-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
10
+
11
+These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
12
+
13
+🔧 Example:
14
+
15
+IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
16
+
17
+Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
18
+
19
+
20
+## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
21
+
22
+== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
23
+
24
+
25
+- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
26
+
27
+Example setup:
28
+
29
+Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
30
+
31
+The BMS will:
32
+
33
+- Protect against overcharge
34
+- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
35
+
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+## ref
40
+
41
+- [[battery-dat]]
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battery-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# passive-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[BMS-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[CN3305-dat]] == 2S ~ 4S - [[CONSONANCE-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+## common passive BMS charger
16
+
17
+![](2025-09-11-20-17-24.png)
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP2326-dat]]
22
+
23
+
24
+![](2025-09-11-20-23-46.png)
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[BMS-dat]]
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battery-dat/battery-BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
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battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
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1
-
2
-# active-BMS-dat
3
-
4
-# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
5
-
6
-An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
7
-
8
-- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
9
-- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
10
-- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
11
-- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
12
-
13
-This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
14
-
15
-
16
-
17
-## capacitive type active BMS
18
-
19
-- 电容式主动均衡板
20
-- 修电池组压差·
21
-- 恢复电池组容量·
22
-- 延长电池组寿命
23
-- 24小时不间断·
24
-- 自动启动·
25
-- 整体均衡
26
-
27
-
28
-![](2025-08-19-19-19-06.png)
29
-
30
-
31
-## basic active charger
32
-
33
-### 2S version
34
-
35
-![](2025-09-10-21-43-47.png)
36
-
37
-The diagram below shows the module discharge. The battery is a 2-series configuration, and the connected batteries must support a 20A discharge current. This can be achieved by connecting batteries in parallel or by purchasing batteries with a higher discharge current.
38
-
39
-For example, if the battery is 2000mAh with a 10C discharge rate, then only 2 series and 2 parallel (2S2P) are needed, which can provide a discharge current of 40A.
40
-
41
-For stable discharge, 2 series and 4 parallel (2S4P) are required, and attention should be paid to heat dissipation, as the battery power will drop quickly during discharge.
42
-
43
-![](2025-09-10-21-45-38.png)
44
-
45
-- To successfully start an electric drill, you need two 10C-20C power batteries, or four 5C-10C power batteries (recommended battery models: Sony VTC4S, VTC4A, VTC5, VTC6). For the 0V and 8.4V connection wires, use copper wires of at least 2 square millimeters (do not use strips).
46
-- When welding the battery for the first time, you need to charge it first to get output. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, and 8.4V. When welding wires, do not touch any components on the board, and do not intentionally short-circuit.
47
-- When welding the battery for the first time or while charging, as long as any single cell exceeds 4.2V, the "430" resistor will heat up to discharge (discharge stops when it drops to about 4.19V). If the "430" resistor becomes very hot (too hot to touch), please check if the wiring is incorrect.
48
-
49
-#### 故障处理：
50
-
51
-| Fault Phenomenon | Fault Check & Cause |
52
-|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
53
-| Cannot charge | Measure the voltage of 3 battery groups. If any group exceeds about 4.25V, the protection board triggers overcharge protection. |
54
-| Cannot discharge | Measure the voltage of 4 battery groups. If any group drops below about 2.5V, the protection board triggers over-discharge protection. |
55
-| Charging/discharging fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
56
-| Overcharge/over-discharge fails | OV, 4.2V, 8.4V wires are connected incorrectly. |
57
-| Discharge protection | Check if the battery pack has sufficient discharge capability. |
58
-| Cold solder joint | Check if the load's starting current exceeds the protection board's overcurrent protection current. |
59
-| Solder bridge | One pin of a component is not connected to the PCB pad, or two or more pins are shorted together. |
60
-| ESD breakdown A | When powered off, measure MOSFET G, D, S pins. If the forward and reverse resistance between any two pins is 0Ω, it is broken down. |
61
-| ESD breakdown B | Remove the MOSFET and measure resistance between G-D and G-S. If resistance exists, it is broken down. Normally, resistance should be
62
-
63
-
64
-### 3S version
65
-
66
-![](2025-09-10-21-44-20.png)
67
-
68
-note
69
-
70
-1. Strictly follow the diagram to connect 0V, 4.2V, 8.4V, and 12.6V. Be careful to check for short circuits.
71
-2. When connecting 3 battery groups in series, make sure each group has the same voltage. If not, fully charge each group separately before connecting them in series. During discharge testing, the group whose voltage drops quickly is the bad battery—replace it with a good one.
72
-3. Never mix good and bad batteries together, and do not mix new and old batteries.
73
-4. To successfully start an electric drill, you need three 15C-20C power batteries, or six 10C-15C power batteries (ordinary 18650 batteries cannot start an electric drill!!!).
74
-5. For loads with brushed motors, you must connect a non-polarized capacitor (rated voltage above 25V, capacity 10uF-100uF) in parallel at the motor's positive and negative terminals to prevent reverse voltage spikes from the motor from interfering with the protection board or
75
-
76
-
77
-
78
-## ref
79
-
80
-- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/battery-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# BMS-dat
3
-
4
-- [[passive-BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[fast-charge-methods-dat]] - [[USB-PD-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-- [[BMS]]
10
-
11
-## charge and supply 2in1
12
-
13
-- CD42
14
-
15
-- [[power-bank-dat]]
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## 3. Protection Features
20
-
21
-Look for these essential protections:
22
-
23
-| Protection Type | Description |
24
-|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
25
-| Overcharge protection | Stops charging if cell voltage too high|
26
-| Overdischarge protection | Prevents deep discharge that damages cells |
27
-| Overcurrent protection | Cuts off current if it exceeds safe limits |
28
-| Short circuit protection | Immediate cutoff on short circuit detection |
29
-| Balancing | Balances cells to keep voltages equal (especially important for multi-cell packs) |
30
-| Temperature protection | Monitors temperature to avoid overheating |
31
-
32
-- also check the board's temperature rising when dishcarging
33
-
34
-## 🔋 Active vs. Passive BMS
35
-
36
-A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
----
41
-
42
-### ✅ 1. Passive BMS
43
-
44
-#### 🔧 How It Works:
45
-- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
46
-- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
47
-
48
-#### ⚙️ Features:
49
-- Simple and inexpensive
50
-- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
51
-- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
52
-
53
-#### ⚠️ Downsides:
54
-- Wastes energy
55
-- Balancing is slower
56
-- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
57
-
58
----
59
-
60
-### ✅ 2. Active BMS
61
-
62
-#### 🔧 How It Works:
63
-- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
64
-- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
65
-
66
-#### ⚙️ Features:
67
-- High efficiency
68
-- Faster, more accurate balancing
69
-- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
70
-
71
-#### ⚠️ Downsides:
72
-- More complex and expensive
73
-- Requires advanced control circuitry
74
-
75
----
76
-
77
-### 🔄 Summary Table
78
-
79
-| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
80
-| ------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
81
-| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
82
-| Efficiency | Low | High |
83
-| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
84
-| Cost | Low | High |
85
-| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
86
-| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
87
-
88
----
89
-
90
-### 🤔 Which Should You Use?
91
-
92
-- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
93
-- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
94
-
95
-
96
-## BMS Charging
97
-
98
-🔌 Can I Use a 12V AC-DC Plug to Charge a 3S1P Lithium Battery Pack with BMS?
99
-
100
-### 🔋 Battery Overview: 3S1P Lithium-Ion Pack
101
-
102
-- **3S** = 3 cells in series → 3.7V × 3 = **11.1V nominal**
103
-- **Full charge voltage** = 4.2V × 3 = **12.6V**
104
-- **Charging voltage required**: **12.6V constant voltage (CV)**
105
-- **Typical charging current**: 1A–2A (depending on cell & BMS)
106
-
107
----
108
-
109
-### ⚠️ Can You Use a 12V AC-DC Plug?
110
-
111
-| **Plug Output Voltage** | **Can You Use It?** | **Explanation** |
112
-| ------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
113
-| **12.0V** | ⚠️ Not ideal | Will undercharge the pack (only ~90–95% full) |
114
-| **12.6V regulated** | ✅ Yes | Perfect match for 3S lithium pack |
115
-| **>12.6V (e.g., 13.8V)** | ❌ No | May overcharge and damage the battery/BMS |
116
-| **Unregulated output** | ❌ No | Unsafe — may exceed safe voltage limits |
117
-
118
----
119
-
120
-### ✅ Best Practice: Use a Dedicated 3S Lithium Charger
121
-
122
-- **Output Voltage**: 12.6V DC (constant voltage)
123
-- **Current Limit**: 1A–2A (match your BMS and battery spec)
124
-- **Charging Profile**: CC/CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage)
125
-
126
----
127
-
128
-### 🔐 Role of the BMS
129
-
130
-- Provides **protection** (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, etc.)
131
-- **Does NOT regulate** the input voltage
132
-- **Still requires** a proper 12.6V charger to function safely
133
-
134
----
135
-
136
-### ✅ Summary
137
-
138
-- You **can** charge your 3S1P pack with a **regulated 12.6V charger**.
139
-- A **standard 12.0V plug** is **not recommended** — it won’t fully charge the battery.
140
-- Avoid any charger **above 12.6V** unless it’s specifically designed for lithium charging.
141
-
142
-### Charger
143
-
144
-| Requirement | Needed? | Why |
145
-| ---------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------- |
146
-| Smart chip like TP4056 | ❌ No | Your **BMS provides safety features** |
147
-| Proper voltage (12.6V) | ✅ Yes | Essential for full charge |
148
-| Current limiting | ✅ Yes | Prevents overheating or stress |
149
-| CC/CV charging | ✅ Yes | Ensures correct lithium charging |
150
-
151
-
152
-## Single Cell Protection solution
153
-
154
-### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
155
-
156
-A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
157
-
158
-G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
159
-
160
-![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
161
-
162
-### DW01 + FM8205
163
-
164
-### protection board
165
-
166
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
167
-
168
-
169
-
170
-## Precautions before applying BMS:
171
-
172
-1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
173
-
174
-- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
175
-- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
176
-- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
177
-
178
-The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
179
-
180
-2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
181
-
182
-Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
183
-
184
-3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
185
-
186
-4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
187
-
188
-If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
189
-
190
-A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
191
-
192
-
193
-
194
-## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
195
-
196
-[[18650-dat]]
197
-
198
-### ⚙️ What is a 3S1P Pack?
199
-
200
-- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** → 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
201
-- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** → Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
202
-- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
203
- - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5A–10A discharge
204
-
205
----
206
-
207
-### ✅ Recommended BMS Current Ratings
208
-
209
-| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
210
-| ---------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
211
-| Standard 18650 (3A–5A) | 5A–10A | 10A–15A |
212
-| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10A–15A | 15A–20A |
213
-| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
214
-
215
-> ⚠️ Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2×).
216
-
217
----
218
-
219
-### 🔐 Ideal Protection Settings
220
-
221
-- **Continuous current**: 10–15A
222
-- **Overcurrent trip**: 20–25A
223
-- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
224
-- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
225
-- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
226
-- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
227
-
228
-
229
-## 🔧 Example
230
-
231
-If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
232
-- **Use BMS rated for 10A–15A continuous**
233
-- **Trip limit around 20A–25A**
234
-
235
-
236
-
237
-## CN
238
-
239
-### 一、核心功能（最重要）
240
-
241
-#### 1️⃣ 安全保护（最核心）
242
-防止电池进入危险状态：
243
-- 过充保护（Overcharge）
244
-- 过放保护（Over-discharge）
245
-- 过流保护（Over-current）
246
-- 短路保护（Short Circuit）
247
-- 过温 / 低温保护（Over / Under Temperature）
248
-
249
-👉 **没有 BMS，锂电池是高度危险的**
250
-
251
----
252
-
253
-#### 2️⃣ 电池状态监测（Monitoring）
254
-实时监控电池关键参数：
255
-- 单体电压（Cell Voltage）
256
-- 总电压（Pack Voltage）
257
-- 电流（Charge / Discharge Current）
258
-- 温度（Cell / MOS / 环境）
259
-
260
----
261
-
262
-#### 3️⃣ 电量估算（SOC）
263
-- SOC（State of Charge，剩余电量）
264
-- 有时包含 SOH（State of Health，健康状态）
265
-
266
-👉 告诉系统 **“还剩多少电、还能不能用”**
267
-
268
-
269
-## ref
270
-
271
-
272
-
273
-- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2025-09-11-20-23-46.png
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battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-- [[tp-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
10
-
11
-These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
12
-
13
-🔧 Example:
14
-
15
-IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
16
-
17
-Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
18
-
19
-
20
-## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
21
-
22
-== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
23
-
24
-
25
-- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
26
-
27
-Example setup:
28
-
29
-Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
30
-
31
-The BMS will:
32
-
33
-- Protect against overcharge
34
-- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
35
-
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-## ref
40
-
41
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# passive-BMS-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[BMS-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[CN3305-dat]] == 2S ~ 4S - [[CONSONANCE-dat]]
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-## common passive BMS charger
16
-
17
-![](2025-09-11-20-17-24.png)
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP2326-dat]]
22
-
23
-
24
-![](2025-09-11-20-23-46.png)
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
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battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
41 41
42 42
- [[power-bank-dat]] - [[power-tools-dat]] - [[power-storage-dat]]
43 43
44
+- [[power-usb-charger-dat]]
45
+
44 46
45 47
## coin battery dat
46 48
battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-packs-dat/battery-1S-dat/2026-02-12-17-42-36.png
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battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-packs-dat/battery-1S-dat/battery-1S-dat.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-1S-dat
3
+
4
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+## BMS protection
9
+
10
+描述：
11
+主IC 具有过充，过放，过流，短路等保护功能，用于各种容量各种形状3.7V锂电芯。采用保护IC，VISHAY、AOS、IR等高质量MOSFET，FR-4低温度系数板材，设计、做工精细，测试全面。体积小巧，适合于许多要求高集成度、低成本的场合，可以满足多方面的性能要求，保证电池组的安全可靠。
12
+
13
+
14
+技术参数:
15
+
16
+- 过充电检测电压：4.25±0.05V
17
+- 过充电解除电压：4.23±0.05V
18
+- 过放电检测电压：2.54±0.1V
19
+- 过流检测电流：1-3A
20
+
21
+主要功能：- [[protection-dat]]
22
+
23
+过充保护功能、过放保护功能、短路保护功能、过流保护功能.
24
+
25
+接线说明：
26
+
27
+- B+ 接电池正极。
28
+- B- 接电池负极。
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+- P+ 为电池输出输入正极
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+- P- 为电池输出输入负极
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+
32
+## wiring
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+
34
+![](2026-02-12-17-42-36.png)
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+
36
+
battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-packs-dat/battery-packs-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-packs-dat
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+
4
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
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+
6
+- [[passive-BMS-dat]]
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+
8
+- [[battery-1S-dat]] == 4V
9
+- [[battery-2S-dat]] == 8V
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+- [[battery-3S-dat]] == 12V
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+
12
+- [[battery-4S-dat]] == 16.8V
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+- [[battery-5S-dat]] == 21V
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+
15
+
16
+- [[active-BMS-dat]]
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+
18
+- [[battery-6S-dat]] == 24V
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+
20
+- [[battery-12S-dat]] == 48V
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+
22
+- [[battery-16S-dat]] == 64V
23
+
24
+- [[battery-18S-dat]] == 72V
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+
26
+
27
+
28
+## ref
29
+
30
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# portable-power-bank-dat
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-
4
-### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
-
6
-The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
-
8
-1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
- * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
-
11
-2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
- * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
-
14
-3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
- * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
- * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
-
18
-4. **Calculation Example:**
19
- * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
- * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
- * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
- * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
-
24
-**Key Considerations:**
25
-
26
-* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
-* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
-* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-
34
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
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-
36
-
power-dat/voltage-dat/voltage-dat.md
... ...
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
17 17
18 18
- [[Oscilloscope-dat]]
19 19
20
+- [[ICI7660-dat]]
21
+
20 22
![](2026-02-12-15-17-57.png)
21 23
22 24