Tech-dat/Heat-Dissipation-dat/Heat-Dissipation-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# Heat-Dissipation-dat
4
+
5
+- [[silicon-grease-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+## ref
11
+
12
+- [[waterproof-dat]] - [[silicon-grease-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/Sensor-dat/sensor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
27 27
28 28
- [[sensor-pressure-dat]]
29 29
30
-
30
+- [[sensor-water-level-dat]]
31 31
32 32
33 33
## Sell
Tech-dat/Sensor-dat/sensor-water-level-dat/2025-12-05-02-58-22.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/Tech-dat/Sensor-dat/sensor-water-level-dat/2025-12-05-02-58-22.png differ
Tech-dat/Sensor-dat/sensor-water-level-dat/2025-12-05-03-01-59.png
... ...
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Tech-dat/Sensor-dat/sensor-water-level-dat/sensor-water-level-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# sensor-water-level-dat.md
4
+
5
+
6
+## resistance water level sensor - easy rust
7
+
8
+design a simple water level sensor, positive on the front and negative on the back
9
+
10
+![](2025-12-05-02-58-22.png)
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+## capacitance water level sensor design
15
+
16
+![](2025-12-05-03-01-59.png)
17
+
18
+## ref
19
+
20
+- [[sensor-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/acturator-dat/motor-dat/motor-app-dat/motor-FPV-dat/Thrust-dat/Thrust-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Thrust-dat
3
-
4
-A bit of math:
5
-
6
-Mobula motors + props making around 90-100g of thrust at 50%
7
-
8
-Mobula8 weight around 110g with battery 550 mah An ok-ish ratio of thrust to weight is 4:1
9
-
10
-Thrust/(camweight+drone weight)
11
-
12
-400 / (16+110)= 3.17...
13
-
14
-Hence to have a proper flight you'll have to be above 50% throttle most of the time.
15
-
16
-It might fly pretty stable with proper PID tuning and filtering but your batteries will burn (maybe even literally)
17
-
18
-https://www.reddit.com/r/TinyWhoop/comments/1cw9xm4/mobula_8thumb_pro_any_tricks_for_decent_cinematic/
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/acturator-dat/motor-dat/motor-edf-dat/motor-edf-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
1
+
2
+# motor-edf-dat
3
+
4
+- [[duct-dat]]
5
+
6
+An **EDF motor** is an **electric motor used to drive a ducted fan (EDF)**, which is a type of propulsion commonly used in RC jets and small UAVs.
7
+
8
+---
9
+
10
+## 1. What is an EDF?
11
+
12
+- **EDF** = **Electric Ducted Fan**
13
+- Consists of **a fan or multiple blades enclosed in a cylindrical duct**
14
+- The duct **improves thrust efficiency** and reduces tip losses compared to an open propeller
15
+- The motor spins the fan to generate **thrust** for forward flight
16
+
17
+---
18
+
19
+## 2. EDF Motor Function
20
+
21
+- Powers the fan inside the duct
22
+- Converts **electrical energy** (from battery) into **rotational motion**
23
+- Higher RPM → more thrust, smaller fan diameter
24
+- Typical RC EDF motors: **brushless outrunner motors** for efficiency and power
25
+
26
+
27
+## ref
28
+
29
+- [[motor-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/waterproof-dat/waterproof-dat.md
... ...
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
28 28
29 29
- [[CONN-waterproof-dat]] - [[CONN-dat]]
30 30
31
+- [[silicon-grease-dat]]
32
+
33
+
31 34
32 35
33 36
## apps
... ...
@@ -46,3 +49,4 @@
46 49
- [[onshape-dat]]
47 50
48 51
52
+- [[waterproof-dat]] - [[silicon-grease-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/3d-print-dat/3d-print-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 3d-print-dat.md
3
-
4
-
5
-## features
6
-
7
-- placement
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-## common 3d printer websites
12
-
13
-
14
-- [Printables.com](https://www.printables.com)
15
-- [Thingiverse](https://www.thingiverse.com)
16
-- [MakerWorld](https://makerworld.com)
17
-- [Cults 3D](https://cults3d.com)
18
-
19
-- https://thangs.com/?sort=trending
20
-
21
-
22
-## good projects by 3D print
23
-
24
-- [[rover-dat]]
25
-
26
-
27
-## drone claw
28
-
29
-
30
-## common errors
31
-
32
-- 存在多壳体结构
33
-- 存在反向三角面
34
-- 存在坏边
35
-- 不存在孔洞缺陷
36
-- 不存在薄壁结构
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
-
41
-## ref
42
-
43
-- [[3d-print]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/EMP-dat/EMP-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# EMP-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## ref
6
+
7
+- [[EMP]] - [[app]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/RC-apps-dat.md
... ...
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
17 17
18 18
- [[ROV-dat]] - [[rc-boat-dat]]
19 19
20
+- [[mechanics]] - [[materials-dat]]
20 21
22
+- [[rc-aircraft-dat]]
21 23
22 24
## RC - signal
23 25
... ...
@@ -77,3 +79,4 @@ but **500 Hz is the highest stable rate** supported by the Mobula8 SPI receiver.
77 79
78 80
- [[mechanics-dat]]
79 81
82
+- [[physics-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/RC-kits-dat/RC-kits-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
1 1
2 2
# RC-kits-dat
3 3
4
+
5
+- [[foam-dat]] - [[carbon-rods-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[motor-dat]] - [[ESC-dat]] - [[servo-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[hinge-dat]]
10
+
11
+
4 12
- [[rc-kits-dat]] - [[diy-materials-dat]]
5 13
6 14
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/VTOL-drone/VTOL-drone.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
1
+
2
+# VTOL-drone
3
+
4
+- [[duct-dat]] - [[thrust-dat]]
5
+
6
+**VTOL** stands for **Vertical Take-Off and Landing**.
7
+A **VTOL drone** is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that can **take off and land vertically** like a helicopter, but also **fly horizontally** like a fixed-wing airplane.
8
+
9
+---
10
+
11
+## 1. Key Features of VTOL Drones
12
+
13
+- **Vertical take-off and landing** – no runway needed
14
+- **Transition to forward flight** – flies like a plane for higher speed and longer range
15
+- **Hybrid propulsion** – usually combines rotors for vertical lift and wings for horizontal flight
16
+
17
+---
18
+
19
+## 2. Types of VTOL Drones
20
+
21
+| Type | Description |
22
+|------|-------------|
23
+| **Tilt-rotor** | Rotors tilt from vertical (for lift) to horizontal (for forward flight) |
24
+| **Tilt-wing** | Entire wing tilts, changing rotor direction for forward flight |
25
+| **Lift+Cruise** | Separate rotors for vertical lift and a fixed propeller or motor for forward flight |
26
+| **Multirotor with transition** | Standard multirotor drones modified with wings for longer endurance |
27
+
28
+---
29
+
30
+## 3. Advantages
31
+
32
+- Can take off and land in **small or confined areas**
33
+- Combines **hovering capability** with **efficient forward flight**
34
+- Ideal for **surveying, mapping, delivery, and inspection**
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+## 4. Examples
39
+
40
+- **Military / commercial VTOL UAVs**: V-22 Osprey (manned, tilt-rotor)
41
+- **Commercial drones**: Wingcopter, DJI VTOL prototypes
42
+- **RC / hobby VTOL drones**: Electric models with tilt-rotors or lift+cruise designs
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/blown-wing-aircraft-dat/blown-wing-aircraft-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
1
+
2
+# blown-wing-aircraft-dat
3
+
4
+- [[duct-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[PLA-dat]] - [[3d-printer-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[rod-system-dat]] - [[rc-kits-dat]]
9
+
10
+
11
+## concept design
12
+
13
+- cool but cost more energy than [[quadcopter-dat]] plus [[fixed-wing-dat]]
14
+
15
+[100% Blown Wing Powered Airplane](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6FMjOl0TRA)
16
+
17
+https://cad.onshape.com/documents/6a62030eae97edab52769cd2/w/fe924ab8ce8d9c9099d76e39/e/8dbf7553de47503f85255b03?renderMode=0&uiState=68895a88221a7e2024a1ac5a
18
+
19
+
20
+- [[waterproof-dat]]
21
+
22
+## info
23
+
24
+A **blown-wing aircraft** is an aircraft that uses **forced airflow** blown over the wing or flaps to significantly increase lift.
25
+This technique improves **low-speed performance** and allows **short takeoff and landing (STOL)** operations.
26
+
27
+---
28
+
29
+## 1. Basic Concept
30
+
31
+Normally, wings generate lift from the natural airflow as the aircraft moves forward.
32
+
33
+A blown-wing system adds **extra high-speed airflow** over the wing surface, usually from:
34
+
35
+- Propellers
36
+- Jet exhaust
37
+- Ducted fans
38
+- Engine-driven compressors
39
+
40
+This extra airflow:
41
+
42
+- Keeps airflow attached to the wing
43
+- Delays stall
44
+- Greatly increases lift at low airspeeds
45
+
46
+This is a form of **powered lift** or **boundary layer control**.
47
+
48
+---
49
+
50
+## 2. Types of Blown-Wing Systems
51
+
52
+| Type | English Term | Description |
53
+|------|--------------|-------------|
54
+| Propeller-blown wing | **propeller blown wing** | Propeller wash blows directly over the wing |
55
+| Jet-blown flaps | **jet-blown flaps** | Jet exhaust directed onto flaps |
56
+| Ducted blown wing | **ducted blown wing** | Fan airflow routed through ducts to the wing |
57
+| Coandă-effect system | **Coandă-effect blown wing** | Airflow sticks to curved surfaces to enhance lift |
58
+
59
+---
60
+
61
+## 3. Famous Examples
62
+
63
+- **NASA QSRA** (Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft)
64
+- **Antonov An-72 / An-74** (jet-blown high-lift system)
65
+- **Boeing YC-14** (Coandă-effect blown flaps)
66
+- Many **STOL RC models** use prop-wash blown wings to improve lift
67
+
68
+---
69
+
70
+## 4. Advantages
71
+
72
+- Very short takeoff and landing distances
73
+- Excellent low-speed control
74
+- Higher lift at high angles of attack
75
+- Useful for STOL research, military, and experimental aircraft
76
+
77
+---
78
+
79
+## 5. Applications
80
+
81
+- Short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft
82
+- Urban air mobility research
83
+- High-lift experimental aircraft
84
+- RC aircraft requiring improved low-speed lift
85
+
86
+
87
+## ref
88
+
89
+- [[blown-wing-aircraft]] - [[rc-aircraft]]
90
+
91
+- [[physics-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/2025-12-05-01-39-12.png
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app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/2025-12-05-01-39-29.png
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app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/2025-12-05-01-44-49.png
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app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/fixed-wing-dat.md
... ...
@@ -4,6 +4,48 @@
4 4
- [[rc-kits-dat]]
5 5
6 6
7
+## fixed wing types
8
+
9
+
10
+## 1. Monoplane (上单翼 / Single-Wing Aircraft)
11
+
12
+A **monoplane** is an aircraft that has **only one main wing** on each side of the fuselage.
13
+
14
+### Characteristics:
15
+- Simple structure
16
+- Less drag → more efficient than biplanes
17
+- Common in modern aircraft
18
+
19
+### Example:
20
+- Cessna 172 (small light aircraft)
21
+- Boeing 737 (commercial jet)
22
+- Many RC fixed-wing planes
23
+
24
+---
25
+
26
+## 2. Other Wing Configurations
27
+
28
+| Wing Type | Description | Example |
29
+|-----------|------------|---------|
30
+| **Biplane (双翼机)** | Two wings stacked vertically | WWI fighter planes, Pitts Special RC plane |
31
+| **Triplane (三翼机)** | Three wings stacked vertically | Fokker Dr.I (WWI) |
32
+| **Canard** | Small forward wing in front of main wing | Wright Flyer, Beech Starship, some RC models |
33
+| **Delta Wing (三角翼)** | Triangular wing shape, often for high-speed jets | Concorde, Dassault Mirage |
34
+| **Flying Wing** | No distinct fuselage, entire aircraft is wing | Northrop B-2, some RC flying wings |
35
+| **Sesquiplane** | One wing much smaller than the other | Some WWI aircraft |
36
+| **Tandem Wing** | Two wings in line front-to-back | Rutan Quickie, some experimental RC planes |
37
+
38
+---
39
+
40
+## 3. Notes
41
+
42
+- **Monoplane** is dominant today due to efficiency and simplicity.
43
+- **Biplanes and triplanes** offer more lift at low speeds but have more drag.
44
+- **Canard and tandem wings** are mostly experimental or for special aerodynamics.
45
+- RC hobbyists often experiment with delta, flying wing, or canard designs for agility or stability.
46
+
47
+- [[wing-dat]] - [[aerodynamic-dat]] - [[physics-dat]]
48
+
7 49
## cardboard model
8 50
9 51
![](2025-12-03-23-59-36.png)
... ...
@@ -22,6 +64,19 @@ standard toy fixed wing
22 64
23 65
![](2025-12-04-00-03-54.png)
24 66
67
+
68
+## jian-10
69
+
70
+![](2025-12-05-01-39-12.png)
71
+
72
+![](2025-12-05-01-39-29.png)
73
+
74
+
75
+## uncommon shape
76
+
77
+![](2025-12-05-01-44-49.png)
78
+
79
+
25 80
## ref
26 81
27 82
- [[rc-apps-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/landing-gear-dat/2025-12-05-01-42-37.png
... ...
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app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/landing-gear-dat/2025-12-05-01-42-55.png
... ...
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app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/fixed-wing-dat/landing-gear-dat/landing-gear-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# landing-gear-dat
4
+
5
+![](2025-12-05-01-42-37.png)
6
+
7
+![](2025-12-05-01-42-55.png)
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+## ref
12
+
13
+- [[fixed-wing-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/helicopter-dat/2025-12-05-01-05-14.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/helicopter-dat/2025-12-05-01-05-14.png differ
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/helicopter-dat/helicopter-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# helicopter-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2025-12-05-01-05-14.png)
6
+
7
+
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/motor-glider-dat/2025-12-05-01-22-06.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/motor-glider-dat/2025-12-05-01-22-06.png differ
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/motor-glider-dat/2025-12-05-01-36-24.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/motor-glider-dat/2025-12-05-01-36-24.png differ
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/motor-glider-dat/motor-glider-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
1
+
2
+# motor-glider-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2025-12-05-01-22-06.png)
6
+
7
+- [[foam-dat]] - [[carbon-rods-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[motor-dat]] - [[ESC-dat]] - [[servo-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[rc-kits-dat]]
12
+
13
+
14
+## rubber band mount
15
+
16
+![](2025-12-05-01-36-24.png)
17
+
18
+## ref
19
+
20
+- [[rc-aircraft-dat]] - [[materials-dat]]
21
+
22
+- [[motor-glider]]
23
+
app-dat/RC-apps-dat/rc-aircraft-dat/rc-aircraft-dat.md
... ...
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
2 2
# rc-aircraft-dat
3 3
4 4
5
-- basic - [[RC-kits-dat]]
5
+- basic - [[RC-kits-dat]] - [[landing-gear-dat]]
6 6
7 7
8 8
... ...
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
14 14
15 15
- [[fixed-wing-dat]]
16 16
17
+- [[helicopter-dat]]
17 18
18 19
## control channels channels
19 20
app-dat/diy-materials-dat/diy-materials-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
1 1
2 2
# diy-materials-dat
3 3
4
-
4
+- [[foam-dat]] - [[carbon-rods-dat]]
5 5
6 6
- [[rc-kits-dat]] - [[diy-materials-dat]]
7 7
fab-dat/fab-3d-print-dat/3d-print-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
1
+
2
+# 3d-print-dat.md
3
+
4
+
5
+## features
6
+
7
+- placement
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+## common 3d printer websites
12
+
13
+
14
+- [Printables.com](https://www.printables.com)
15
+- [Thingiverse](https://www.thingiverse.com)
16
+- [MakerWorld](https://makerworld.com)
17
+- [Cults 3D](https://cults3d.com)
18
+
19
+- https://thangs.com/?sort=trending
20
+
21
+
22
+## good projects by 3D print
23
+
24
+- [[rover-dat]]
25
+
26
+
27
+## drone claw
28
+
29
+
30
+## common errors
31
+
32
+- 存在多壳体结构
33
+- 存在反向三角面
34
+- 存在坏边
35
+- 不存在孔洞缺陷
36
+- 不存在薄壁结构
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+
41
+## ref
42
+
43
+- [[3d-print]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-dat/fab-3d-print-dat/fab-3d-print-materials-dat/PLA-dat/PLA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
1
+
2
+# PLA-dat
3
+
fab-dat/fab-3d-print-dat/fab-3d-print-materials-dat/fab-3d-print-materials-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# fab-3d-print-materials-dat
4
+
5
+- [[PLA-dat]] - [[PETG-dat]] - [[ABS-dat]] - [[mylon-dat]] - [[TPU-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+# Common 3D Printing Materials — Comparison Table (with Cost)
9
+
10
+| Feature | PLA | ABS | PETG | TPU | Nylon |
11
+|---------|-----|-----|------|-----|-------|
12
+| **Full Name** | Polylactic Acid | Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene | Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol | Thermoplastic Polyurethane | Polyamide |
13
+| **Printing Temp** | 180–220°C | 220–250°C | 230–250°C | 210–230°C | 240–260°C |
14
+| **Bed Temp** | 20–60°C | 90–110°C | 70–90°C | 20–60°C | 70–100°C |
15
+| **Ease of Printing** | Very easy | Moderate | Moderate | Hard | Hard |
16
+| **Warping** | Low | High | Moderate | Low | High |
17
+| **Flexibility** | Low | Low | Medium | Very high | Medium |
18
+| **Strength** | Medium | High | High | Medium | High |
19
+| **Heat Resistance** | Low (~60°C) | High (~100°C) | Medium (~80°C) | Low (~60°C) | High (~100°C) |
20
+| **Durability** | Medium | High | High | Medium | High |
21
+| **Odor** | Low | Strong | Low | Low | Low |
22
+| **Cost (per kg)** | Low (~$20–30) | Low (~$20–35) | Medium (~$25–40) | Medium–High (~$30–50) | High (~$40–70) |
23
+| **Common Uses** | Prototypes, figurines, educational | Functional parts, enclosures | Mechanical parts, functional items | Flexible parts, gaskets | Functional parts, mechanical components |
24
+| **Notes** | Biodegradable, beginner-friendly | Can warp, fumes, requires ventilated enclosure | Tough, chemical resistant, less brittle | Very flexible, elastic, harder to print | Strong, abrasion-resistant, requires drying |
25
+
26
+## ref
27
+
28
+- [[3d-print-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-dat/fab-mech-dat/fab-CNC-dat/fab-CNC-dat.md
materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/2025-09-26-16-52-49.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/2025-09-26-16-52-49.png differ
materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/2025-09-26-16-53-49.png
... ...
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materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
1
+
2
+# Heat-Set-Insert-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-09-26-16-52-49.png)
5
+
6
+![](2025-09-26-16-53-49.png)
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+- [[nut-dat]]
11
+
12
+## specs
13
+
14
+M1*1.5*2【50个】
15
+
16
+M1*1.8*2【50个】
17
+
18
+M1*2*2【50个】
19
+
20
+M1*2.5*2【50个】
21
+
22
+M1.2*1.5*2【50个】
23
+
24
+M1.2*1.8*2【50个】
25
+
26
+M1.2*2*2【50个】
27
+
28
+M1.2*2.5*2【50个】
29
+
30
+M1.2*3*2【50个】
31
+
32
+M1.4*1.5*2.3【50个】
33
+
34
+M1.4*2*2.3【50个】
35
+
36
+M1.4*2.5*2.3【50个】
37
+
38
+M1.4*3*2.3【50个】
39
+
40
+M1.4*1.8*2.3【50个】
41
+
42
+M1.4*4*2.3【50个】
43
+
44
+M1.4*2.3*2.3【50个】
45
+
46
+M1.4*5*2.3【50个】
47
+
48
+M1.4*6*2.3【50个】
49
+
50
+M1.6*2*2.5【50个】
51
+
52
+M1.6*2.5*2.5【50个】
53
+
54
+M1.6*3*2.5【50个】
55
+
56
+M1.6*4*2.5【50个】
57
+
58
+M1.6*5*2.5【50个】
59
+
60
+M1.6*6*2.5【50个】
61
+
62
+M1.7*2*2.5【50个】
63
+
64
+M1.7*2.5*2.5【50个】
65
+
66
+M1.7*3*2.5【50个】
67
+
68
+M1.7*4*2.5【50个】
69
+
70
+M1.7*5*2.5【50个】
71
+
72
+M1.7*6*2.5【50个】
73
+
74
+M2*2*3【50个】
75
+
76
+M2*2.5*3【50个】
77
+
78
+M2*3*3【50个】
79
+
80
+M2*3.5*3【50个】
81
+
82
+M2*4*3【50个】
83
+
84
+M2*4.5*3【50个】
85
+
86
+M2*5*3【50个】
87
+
88
+M2*6*3【50个】
89
+
90
+M2*2*3.2【50个】
91
+
92
+M2*2.5*3.2【50个】
93
+
94
+M2*3*3.2【50个】
95
+
96
+M2*3.6*3.2【50个】
97
+
98
+M2*4*3.2【50个】
99
+
100
+M2*5*3.2【50个】
101
+
102
+M2*6*3.2【20个】
103
+
104
+M2*8*3.2【50个】
105
+
106
+M2*3.5*3.2【50个】
107
+
108
+M2*10*3.2【20个】
109
+
110
+M2*2*3.5【50个】
111
+
112
+M2*2.5*3.5【50个】
113
+
114
+M2*3*3.5【50个】
115
+
116
+M2*3.5*3.5【50个】
117
+
118
+M2*4*3.5【50个】
119
+
120
+M2*4.5*3.5【50个】
121
+
122
+M2*5*3.5【50个】
123
+
124
+M2*5.5*3.5【20个】
125
+
126
+M2*6*3.5【20个】
127
+
128
+M2*7*3.5【20个】
129
+
130
+M2*8*3.5【20个】
131
+
132
+M2*9*3.5【20个】
133
+
134
+M2*10*3.5【10个】
135
+
136
+M2*2*4【50个】
137
+
138
+M2*3*4【50个】
139
+
140
+M2*4*4【50个】
141
+
142
+M2*5*4【20个】
143
+
144
+M2*6*4【20个】
145
+
146
+M2*8*4【20个】
147
+
148
+M2.5*2*3.5【50个】
149
+
150
+M2.5*2.5*3.5【50个】
151
+
152
+M2.5*3*3.5【50个】
153
+
154
+M2.5*3.5*3.5【50个】
155
+
156
+M2.5*4*3.5【50个】
157
+
158
+M2.5*4.5*3.5【50个】
159
+
160
+M2.5*5*3.5【50个】
161
+
162
+M2.5*5.5*3.5【50个】
163
+
164
+M2.5*6*3.5【20个】
165
+
166
+M2.5*8*3.5【20个】
167
+
168
+M2.5*7*3.5【20个】
169
+
170
+M2.5*10*3.5【20个】
171
+
172
+M2.5*3*4【50个】
173
+
174
+M2.5*3.5*4【50个】
175
+
176
+M2.5*4*4【50个】
177
+
178
+M2.5*5*4【20个】
179
+
180
+M2.5*6*4【20个】
181
+
182
+M2.5*8*4【20个】
183
+
184
+M2.5*10*4【20个】
185
+
186
+M2.5*4*4.5【20个】
187
+
188
+M2.5*5*4.5【20个】
189
+
190
+M2.5*6*4.5【20个】
191
+
192
+M2.5*8*4.5【20个】
193
+
194
+M3*2.5*4【50个】
195
+
196
+M3*3*4【50个】
197
+
198
+M3*3.5*4【50个】
199
+
200
+M3*4*4【50个】
201
+
202
+M3*4.5*4【50个】
203
+
204
+M3*5*4【50个】
205
+
206
+M3*5.5*4【20个】
207
+
208
+M3*6*4【20个】
209
+
210
+M3*7*4【20个】
211
+
212
+M3*8*4【20个】
213
+
214
+M3*9*4【20个】
215
+
216
+M3*10*4【20个】
217
+
218
+M3*3*4.2【50个】
219
+
220
+M3*4*4.2【50个】
221
+
222
+M3*5*4.2【50个】
223
+
224
+M3*6*4.2【20个】
225
+
226
+M3*7*4.2【20个】
227
+
228
+M3*8*4.2【20个】
229
+
230
+M3*9*4.2【20个】
231
+
232
+M3*10*4.2【20个】
233
+
234
+M3*3*4.5【50个】
235
+
236
+M3*3.5*4.5【50个】
237
+
238
+M3*3.6*4.5【50个】
239
+
240
+M3*4*4.5【50个】
241
+
242
+M3*4.5*4.5【20个】
243
+
244
+M3*5*4.5【20个】
245
+
246
+M3*6*4.5【20个】
247
+
248
+M3*7*4.5【20个】
249
+
250
+M3*8*4.5【20个】
251
+
252
+M3*9*4.5【10个】
253
+
254
+M3*10*4.5【10个】
255
+
256
+M3*12*4.5【10个】
257
+
258
+M3*3*5【20个】
259
+
260
+M3*3.5*5【20个】
261
+
262
+M3*4*5【20个】
263
+
264
+M3*4.5*5【20个】
265
+
266
+M3*5*5【20个】
267
+
268
+M3*5.5*5【20个】
269
+
270
+M3*6*5【20个】
271
+
272
+M3*6.5*5【20个】
273
+
274
+M3*7*5【20个】
275
+
276
+M3*7.5*5【20个】
277
+
278
+M3*8*5【20个】
279
+
280
+M3*9*5【10个】
281
+
282
+M3*10*5【10个】
283
+
284
+M3*12*5【10个】
285
+
286
+M3*3*4.6【20个】
287
+
288
+M3*3.5*4.6【20个】
289
+
290
+M3*4*4.6【20个】
291
+
292
+M3*4.5*4.6【20个】
293
+
294
+M3*5*4.6【20个】
295
+
296
+M3*5.5*4.6【20个】
297
+
298
+M3*5.7*4.6【20个】
299
+
300
+M3*6*4.6【20个】
301
+
302
+M3*7*4.6【20个】
303
+
304
+M3*8*4.6【20个】
305
+
306
+M3*9*4.6【20个】
307
+
308
+M3*10*4.6【10个】
309
+
310
+M3*4*5.5【20个】
311
+
312
+M3*5*5.5【20个】
313
+
314
+M3*6*5.5【20个】
315
+
316
+M3*8*5.5【10个】
317
+
318
+M4*3*5【20个】
319
+
320
+M4*4*5【20个】
321
+
322
+M4*5*5【20个】
323
+
324
+M4*6*5【20个】
325
+
326
+M4*7*5【20个】
327
+
328
+M4*8*5【20个】
329
+
330
+M4*9*5【10个】
331
+
332
+M4*10*5【10个】
333
+
334
+M4*12*5【10个】
335
+
336
+M4*4*5.5【20个】
337
+
338
+M4*5*5.5【20个】
339
+
340
+M4*6*5.5【20个】
341
+
342
+M4*7*5.5【10个】
343
+
344
+M4*8*5.5【10个】
345
+
346
+M4*10*5.5【10个】
347
+
348
+M4*3*6【20个】
349
+
350
+M4*4*6【20个】
351
+
352
+M4*5*6【20个】
353
+
354
+M4*5.5*6【20个】
355
+
356
+M4*6*6【20个】
357
+
358
+M4*6.5*6【10个】
359
+
360
+M4*7*6【10个】
361
+
362
+M4*7.5*6【10个】
363
+
364
+M4*8*6【10个】
365
+
366
+M4*9*6【10个】
367
+
368
+M4*10*6【10个】
369
+
370
+M4*12*6【10个】
371
+
372
+M4*15*6【5个】
373
+
374
+M4*8.1*6.3【10个】
375
+
376
+M4*5*6.5【10个】
377
+
378
+M4*6*6.5【10个】
379
+
380
+M4*7*6.5【10个】
381
+
382
+M4*8*6.5【10个】
383
+
384
+M4*10*6.5【10个】
385
+
386
+M4*4*7【10个】
387
+
388
+M4*5*7【10个】
389
+
390
+M4*6*7【10个】
391
+
392
+M4*7*7【10个】
393
+
394
+M4*8*7【10个】
395
+
396
+M4*10*7【5个】
397
+
398
+M4*12*7【5个】
399
+
400
+M5*4*7【10个】
401
+
402
+M5*5*7【10个】
403
+
404
+M5*6*7【10个】
405
+
406
+M5*6.5*7【10个】
407
+
408
+M5*7*7【10个】
409
+
410
+M5*7.5*7【10个】
411
+
412
+M5*8*7【10个】
413
+
414
+M5*8.5*7【10个】
415
+
416
+M5*9*7【10个】
417
+
418
+M5*9.5*7【10个】
419
+
420
+M5*10*7【10个】
421
+
422
+M5*12*7【5个】
423
+
424
+M5*15*7【5个】
425
+
426
+M5*5*7.5【10个】
427
+
428
+M5*6*7.5【10个】
429
+
430
+M5*7*7.5【10个】
431
+
432
+M5*8*7.5【10个】
433
+
434
+M5*9*7.5【10个】
435
+
436
+M5*10*7.5【10个】
437
+
438
+M5*12*7.5【10个】
439
+
440
+M5*5*8【10个】
441
+
442
+M5*6*8【10个】
443
+
444
+M5*7*8【5个】
445
+
446
+M5*8*8【5个】
447
+
448
+M5*9*8【5个】
449
+
450
+M5*10*8【5个】
451
+
452
+M5*12*8【5个】
453
+
454
+M6*4*8【10个】
455
+
456
+M6*5*8【10个】
457
+
458
+M6*6*8【10个】
459
+
460
+M6*7*8【10个】
461
+
462
+M6*8*8【10个】
463
+
464
+M6*9*8【5个】
465
+
466
+M6*10*8【5个】
467
+
468
+M6*12*8【5个】
469
+
470
+M6*15*8【5个】
471
+
472
+M6*5*9【10个】
473
+
474
+M6*6*9【10个】
475
+
476
+M6*7*9【5个】
477
+
478
+M6*8*9【5个】
479
+
480
+M6*9*9【5个】
481
+
482
+M6*9.5*9【5个】
483
+
484
+M6*9.5*9.5【5个】
485
+
486
+M6*10*9【5个】
487
+
488
+M6*12*9【5个】
489
+
490
+M8*5*10【5个】
491
+
492
+M8*6*10【5个】
493
+
494
+M8*8*10【5个】
495
+
496
+M8*10*10【5个】
497
+
498
+M8*12*10【5个】
499
+
500
+M8*15*10【2个】
501
+
502
+M10*8*12【5个】
503
+
504
+M10*10*12【5个】
505
+
506
+M10*12*12【2个】
507
+
508
+M10*15*12【2个】
509
+
510
+2#-56*1/8*3.5【50个】
511
+
512
+2#-56*5/32*3.5【50个】
513
+
514
+2#-56*3/16*3.5【50个】
515
+
516
+2#-56*7/32*3.5【20个】
517
+
518
+2#-56*1/4*3.5【20个】
519
+
520
+4#-40*1/8*4.6【20个】
521
+
522
+4#-40*5/32*4.6【20个】
523
+
524
+4#-40*3/16*4.6【20个】
525
+
526
+4#-40*7/32*4.6【20个】
527
+
528
+4#-40*1/4*4.6【20个】
529
+
530
+4#-40*9/32*4.6【20个】
531
+
532
+4#-40*5/16*4.6【20个】
533
+
534
+6#-32*5/32*5.4【20个】
535
+
536
+6#-32*3/16*5.4【20个】
537
+
538
+6#-32*7/32*5.4【20个】
539
+
540
+6#-32*1/4*5.4【20个】
541
+
542
+6#-32*9/32*5.4【10个】
543
+
544
+6#-32*5/16*5.4【10个】
545
+
546
+6#-32*3/8*5.4【10个】
547
+
548
+6#-32*1/2*5.4【10个】
549
+
550
+8#-32*5/32*6.3【20个】
551
+
552
+8#-32*3/16*6.3【10个】
553
+
554
+8#-32*7/32*6.3【10个】
555
+
556
+8#-32*1/4*6.3【10个】
557
+
558
+8#-32*9/32*6.3【10个】
559
+
560
+8#-32*5/16*6.3【10个】
561
+
562
+8#-32*3/8*6.3【10个】
563
+
564
+8#-32*7/16*6.3【5个】
565
+
566
+8#-32*1/2*6.3【5个】
567
+
568
+10#-32*3/16*7.1【10个】
569
+
570
+10#-32*7/32*7.1【10个】
571
+
572
+10#-32*1/4*7.1【10个】
573
+
574
+10#-32*9/32*7.1【10个】
575
+
576
+10#-32*5/16*7.1【10个】
577
+
578
+10#-32*3/8*7.1【10个】
579
+
580
+10#-32*7/16*7.1【5个】
581
+
582
+10#-32*1/2*7.1【5个】
583
+
584
+1/4-20*5*8【10个】
585
+
586
+1/4-20*6*8【10个】
587
+
588
+1/4-20*8*8【5个】
589
+
590
+1/4-20*10*8【5个】
591
+
592
+1/4-20*12.7*8【5个】
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/foam-dat/foam-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
1
+
2
+# foam-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+| Material | Characteristics | Pros | Cons | Best Uses |
6
+| --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
7
+| **EPP** (Expanded Polypropylene) | Soft, flexible, very tough; absorbs impact; easy to hot-wire cut | • Extremely crash-resistant<br>• Easy to repair (heat gun can reshape)<br>• Suitable for beginners | • Surface rough, not very “pretty”<br>• Softer → less precise flying<br>• Slightly heavier | • Beginner trainers<br>• FPV planes<br>• Durable everyday flyers |
8
+| **EPO** (Expanded Polyolefin) | Stiffer and smoother than EPP; lightweight; moderate strength | • Smooth surface, looks good<br>• Better aerodynamics<br>• Used in commercial foam planes | • Not as crash-proof as EPP<br>• Slightly heavier than EPS | • Most commercial RC planes<br>• Intermediate & advanced fixed-wings |
9
+| **EPS** (Polystyrene / Styrofoam) | Very light, very cheap, but brittle; breaks easily | • Cheapest foam<br>• Easy to cut and shape<br>• Good for ultra-light gliders | • Extremely fragile<br>• Not good for load-bearing parts<br>• Produces foam dust/balls | • School projects<br>• Indoor lightweight gliders<br>• Not recommended for real RC planes |
10
+| **Depron / XPS** | Hard, dense, smooth; light but less flexible; precision-cut | • High accuracy for flat-plate builds<br>• Smooth and clean surface<br>• Great for 3D planes | • Can be brittle<br>• Harder to find original Depron | • 3D profile planes<br>• Indoor aerobatic models<br>• Precision foam structures |
11
+
12
+# Quick Recommendations
13
+- **Best for beginners:** EPP
14
+- **Best for good-looking, aerodynamic planes:** EPO
15
+- **Best for 3D flat-plate planes:** Depron/XPS
16
+- **Only for experiments / ultra-light gliders:** EPS
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
1
+
2
+# glass-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## Float High-Definition Glass
6
+
7
+**Difference from Ordinary Glass**: Compared to ordinary glass, float high-definition glass requires higher purity of raw materials and stricter process control during production. The final product has significantly improved visual effects and physical properties.
8
+
9
+**Safety**: Although float glass itself is relatively strong, it is often further treated with tempering or lamination to enhance safety. Tempered glass shatters into small, less harmful pieces, while laminated glass does not scatter even when broken.
10
+
11
+"Float high-definition glass" usually refers to ordinary annealed float glass.
12
+
13
+Annealed float glass is a brittle material: any scratches, edge processing, adhesive joints, or microcracks can greatly reduce its load-bearing capacity. Compared to curved (cylindrical/spherical) structures, flat panels are more prone to bending and forming tensile stress, and ultimately, breakage often occurs suddenly without obvious plastic deformation.
14
+
15
+---
16
+
17
+## Drilling
18
+
19
+**Required Tools**
20
+
21
+- Diamond hollow drill bit (10 mm)
22
+- Electric drill (preferably variable speed, do not use hammer mode)
23
+- A wooden board (prepared)
24
+- Water (continuous cooling)
25
+- Clamps / tape (to fix the glass)
26
+- Rubber ring or small dam (to keep a water pool)
27
+
28
+**✅ Step-by-Step Guide**
29
+
30
+1) **Fix the Glass to Prevent Vibration**
31
+
32
+Vibration is the main cause of glass breakage.
33
+
34
+- Place the glass on a wooden board.
35
+- Tape the four corners and edges with clear tape.
36
+- Ideally, use two clamps to gently secure it (do not overtighten).
37
+
38
+2) **Drill at Low Speed (Critical Step)**
39
+
40
+- Drill speed: 300–800 rpm (the slower, the better).
41
+- Never use high speed or hammer mode.
42
+
43
+Reason: High speed causes instant heating → thermal expansion and contraction → immediate shattering.
44
+
45
+3) **Start Drilling with the "Angled Scoring Method"**
46
+
47
+This prevents the drill bit from wandering and chipping the edge.
48
+
49
+- Begin with the drill bit tilted at 15–20°.
50
+- Gently grind a small semicircular groove.
51
+- Once the groove is formed, slowly straighten the drill bit.
52
+
53
+This step greatly increases the success rate.
54
+
55
+4) **Keep Water Cooling Throughout (Essential)**
56
+
57
+The drill bit and drilling area must always be covered with water.
58
+
59
+You can use:
60
+
61
+- Clear tape + a ring of clay/plastic to make a "small pool"
62
+- Or have someone continuously spray water
63
+
64
+Water cooling reduces the risk of breakage by over 70%.
65
+
66
+5) **Grind Down Slowly, Do Not Apply Force**
67
+
68
+Drilling glass relies on "grinding," not "pressing."
69
+
70
+- Keep hand pressure to a minimum.
71
+- Let the drill bit grind down slowly on its own.
72
+- Pause every few seconds.
73
+
74
+6) **Be Extra Gentle Near Breakthrough**
75
+
76
+The last 1/4 of the thickness is most prone to shattering.
77
+
78
+Method:
79
+
80
+- Be extremely gentle towards the end.
81
+- The wooden board should be tight against the glass.
82
+- It's best to tape the back of the glass.
83
+
84
+This helps prevent chipping.
85
+
86
+**🧪 Tips for Success**
87
+
88
+- Use a hollow drill bit (ten times better than a solid one).
89
+- Use the lowest speed on the drill.
90
+- Never dry grind, and don't rush.
91
+- If it's tempered glass → no method can drill it (it will shatter completely).
92
+
93
+---
94
+
95
+## Cutter
96
+
97
+*(No content yet)*
98
+
99
+---
100
+
101
+## References
102
+
103
+- [[materials-dat]]
104
+- [[glass]] - [[materials]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-temper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
1
+
2
+## glass-temper-dat.md
3
+
4
+## How to Temper (Toughen) Glass — Clear & Safe Explanation
5
+
6
+Tempering glass **cannot be done at home** because real tempered glass requires
7
+industrial equipment.
8
+Below is a **safe, clear, educational explanation** of how it works and
9
+what alternatives *you actually can do* at home.
10
+
11
+---
12
+
13
+## ✅ 1. How Tempered Glass Is Made (Industrial Process)
14
+
15
+#### **Step 1 — Cut & Drill Before Tempering**
16
+Tempered glass **cannot** be cut or drilled afterward.
17
+Factories do:
18
+
19
+- Final size cutting
20
+- All holes
21
+- Edge grinding (chamfering)
22
+
23
+Because **any post-cutting will cause instant shattering**.
24
+
25
+---
26
+
27
+#### **Step 2 — Wash the Glass**
28
+High-pressure washing → air drying
29
+(Glass must be 100% dust-free or it will temper unevenly.)
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+#### **Step 3 — Heat to 620–680°C**
34
+Glass is sent into a tempering furnace:
35
+
36
+- Temperature: **620–680°C**
37
+- Temperature uniformity: **±5°C**
38
+- Glass becomes soft and glowing red
39
+
40
+Home tools (oven, torch, burner) **cannot reach or maintain** this.
41
+
42
+---
43
+
44
+#### **Step 4 — Rapid Air-Quench (Cooling)**
45
+Once at temperature, the glass is rapidly cooled using:
46
+
47
+- Two-sided **high-pressure air jets**
48
+- Pressure: **0.8–1.2 MPa**
49
+- Cooling takes only a few seconds
50
+
51
+This creates **surface compression stress**, which makes the glass strong.
52
+
53
+---
54
+
55
+## ⚠️ 2. Why You Cannot Temper Glass at Home
56
+
57
+| Requirement | Can Home Do It? | Reason |
58
+|------------|------------------|--------|
59
+| 650°C uniform heating | ❌ | Home ovens reach ~250°C, uneven heat |
60
+| Large tempering furnace | ❌ | Industrial-size only |
61
+| High-pressure air quench | ❌ | Requires special compressors & nozzles |
62
+| Safe handling of soft hot glass | ❌ | Extreme burn & shatter risk |
63
+| Precision control | ❌ | Home tools are not accurate enough |
64
+
65
+**Conclusion:**
66
+Tempering glass at home is **unsafe and physically impractical**.
67
+
68
+---
69
+
70
+## ✅ 3. Home-Doable Alternatives (Safe)
71
+
72
+#### **Option A — Chemical Strengthening (Ion Exchange)**
73
+This is an industrial method but *slightly* more accessible:
74
+
75
+- Uses a molten **potassium nitrate (KNO₃)** bath at **400°C**
76
+- Potassium ions replace sodium ions in the glass
77
+- Increases strength **2–4×**
78
+
79
+⚠️ Still not home-safe:
80
+Requires precise heating, pure salts, and toxic fumes.
81
+
82
+---
83
+
84
+#### **Option B — Anti-Shatter Film / TPU Film (Safe)**
85
+This is the **best home method**:
86
+
87
+- Increases impact resistance
88
+- Prevents dangerous shattering
89
+- Easy and safe
90
+
91
+(Not real tempering, but practical.)
92
+
93
+---
94
+
95
+#### **Option C — Use Thicker Glass**
96
+For DIY projects:
97
+
98
+- Replace 4 mm with **6 mm**
99
+- Or use **acrylic (PMMA)** for better impact resistance
100
+
101
+
102
+## ref
103
+
104
+- [[glass-dat]]
105
+
106
+
materials-dat/materials-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
1
+
2
+# materials-dat
3
+
4
+- [[PMMA-dat]] - [[plastic-dat]] - [[ABS-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[marble-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[glass-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[carbon-rods-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/plastic-dat/ABS-dat/2025-12-04-19-13-12.png
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materials-dat/plastic-dat/ABS-dat/ABS-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# ABS-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[mechanic-tool-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+## plastic cutter
9
+
10
+cut with scissors or knife - [[PCB-cutter-dat]] - [[fab-PCB-soldering-tools-dat]]
11
+
12
+![](2025-12-04-19-14-46.png)
13
+
14
+![](2025-12-04-19-17-45.png)
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+✅ Much safer ways to cut 4 mm plastic sheet
20
+
21
+These are tools that are far safer for teens to use:
22
+
23
+1) Utility knife + score & snap
24
+
25
+For ABS / acrylic → clean and fast.
26
+(Just score many times along a ruler, then snap.)
27
+
28
+2) Hand saw (fine tooth)
29
+
30
+Like a small hacksaw → slow but safe.
31
+
32
+3) Jigsaw (with adult supervision)
33
+
34
+Use a fine-tooth blade → works well for curves and straight cuts.
35
+
36
+4) Small circular cutter for plastic
37
+
38
+If you have a hobby cutter or mini saw, they usually work safely.
39
+
40
+
41
+
42
+## plastic glue
43
+
44
+using a small brush with plastic specific glue - [[plastic-glue-dat]]
45
+
46
+
47
+very strong
48
+
49
+![](2025-12-04-19-52-08.png)
50
+
51
+![](2025-12-04-19-52-19.png)
52
+
53
+
54
+## plastic "soldering"
55
+
56
+- easy deform
57
+- deed holders
58
+
59
+![](2025-12-04-19-13-12.png)
60
+
61
+![](2025-12-04-19-13-31.png)
62
+
63
+![](2025-12-04-19-13-45.png)
64
+
65
+
66
+easily deform on slow heating
67
+
68
+![](2025-12-04-19-51-30.png)
69
+
70
+
71
+### 1. Tools Needed
72
+
73
+
74
+- ABS 焊条（你已经有）
75
+- 塑料焊枪 / 热风枪（温控 250–300°C 最好）
76
+- 小平口刀或修整刀
77
+- 夹具（固定零件）
78
+- 砂纸（320~600 grit）
79
+
80
+---
81
+
82
+### 2. Preparation
83
+1. **清洁表面**
84
+ 去油污、灰尘，保持 ABS 表面干净。
85
+
86
+2. **开 V 槽（可选）**
87
+ 为了更强度，可在接缝处削出一个浅浅的 **V 形槽**，让熔化的焊材有地方填充。
88
+
89
+3. **固定工件**
90
+ 先夹紧，让工作中不会移动。
91
+
92
+---
93
+
94
+### 3. Welding Procedure (主步骤)
95
+1. **预热温度：250–300°C**
96
+ ABS 融化温度大约在 220°C 左右，塑料焊枪通常设在 260–280°C 最合适。
97
+ *避免太高温度，否则 ABS 会变黄或烧焦。*
98
+
99
+2. **预热基材（底部 ABS）**
100
+ 不要直接对焊条加热，
101
+ **先对 ABS 零件表面扫动热风，让其表面开始变软、发亮即可。**
102
+
103
+3. **加热焊条**
104
+ 把 ABS 焊条放在接缝上方，同时用热风枪让它也开始变软。
105
+
106
+4. **同向推焊法**
107
+ 一手推焊条，让它在软化后填进 V 槽；
108
+ 另一手控制热风枪，保持均匀加热。
109
+
110
+ - 不需要用力压
111
+ - 让焊条自然流入接缝
112
+
113
+5. **逐段焊接，慢慢前进**
114
+ ABS 冷得很快，所以建议 **每 2–3 cm** 分段焊接。
115
+
116
+---
117
+
118
+### 4. Cooling & Finishing
119
+1. **自然冷却（不要用水）**
120
+ 快速冷却会让 ABS 更脆。
121
+
122
+2. **打磨修整**
123
+ 用 320~600 grit 砂纸让表面更平滑。
124
+
125
+
126
+
127
+## ref
128
+
129
+- [[masterials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/plastic-dat/PMMA-dat/PMMA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
1
+# PMMA-dat
2
+
3
+## PMMA Drilling
4
+
5
+**7 Key Tips to Prevent PMMA (Acrylic) Cracking During Drilling (Tested & Reliable)**
6
+
7
+1. Place a Wooden Board Underneath the Sheet (Must Do)
8
+ - This is the most important anti-crack tip.
9
+ - Prevents the drill bit from tearing the PMMA when breaking through the bottom.
10
+ - Provides support and reduces vibration.
11
+ - Results in smooth hole edges without chipping.
12
+ - 📌 No backing board → almost guaranteed to crack.
13
+
14
+2. Use Medium Drill Speed (Not High, Not Too Low)
15
+ - Recommended speed: **800–1500 rpm** (best)
16
+ - High speed: melts, overheats, and cracks PMMA.
17
+ - Low speed: stalls, doesn't cut, more vibration, also prone to cracking.
18
+ - Medium speed + steady feed is safest.
19
+
20
+3. Use a Sharp Drill Bit (Dull Bits = Source of Cracks)
21
+ - Dull bits cause:
22
+ - Friction and heat
23
+ - "Squeezing" cracks instead of cutting
24
+ - White holes, cracked edges
25
+ - Solutions:
26
+ - ✔ Use a new drill bit
27
+ - ✔ Wood spade bits, plastic-specialized bits, or step bits are best
28
+
29
+4. Apply Clear Tape Over the Drilling Area
30
+ - Very useful trick:
31
+ - Tape absorbs vibration
32
+ - Reduces cracking probability
33
+ - Protects hole edges from chipping
34
+ - How to apply:
35
+ - One layer on the front
36
+ - One layer on the back (best)
37
+
38
+5. Apply Steady, Even Downward Pressure
39
+ - Too light → friction, heat, cracks
40
+ - Too hard → jams, vibration, cracks
41
+ - Correct method:
42
+ - 👉 Press down smoothly and steadily, like shaving wood
43
+ - 👉 Let the drill bit "bite" and produce chips (not powder or melted strands)
44
+
45
+6. Use Soapy Water as a Coolant (Simple & Effective)
46
+ - Do not use oil or alcohol.
47
+ - Soapy water/dish soap water:
48
+ - Cools
49
+ - Reduces friction
50
+ - Cleaner hole edges
51
+ - Lowers cracking risk
52
+ - Just a few drops are enough.
53
+
54
+7. Drill Large Holes in Steps (Drilling Large Holes at Once = Cracks)
55
+ - For example, to drill a 12mm hole:
56
+ - Start with a 2–3 mm pilot hole
57
+ - Then a 6–8 mm intermediate hole
58
+ - Finish with the final hole (hole saw/step bit/large drill bit)
59
+ - ⚠️ Drilling large holes in one go → 90% chance of cracking or chipping.
60
+
61
+
62
+
63
+
64
+## ref
65
+
66
+- [[PMMA]] - [[material]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/plastic-dat/Trivex-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
1
+
2
+# Trivex-dat.md
3
+
4
+Trivex is a high-performance, lightweight plastic material used for eyeglass lenses. It's known for its impact resistance, clarity, and UV protection, offering a balance of strength and optical quality, often compared to but sometimes preferred over polycarbonate.
5
+
6
+高級氨基甲酸乙酯聚合物(Trivex)
7
+
8
+made good glasses, goggles, and visors.
9
+
10
+## ref
11
+
12
+- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/plastic-dat/plastic-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# plastic-dat
3
+
4
+- [[Heat-Set-Insert-dat]]
5
+
6
+PA66: This stands for Polyamide 66, which is a type of nylon. It's a common engineering thermoplastic known for its high mechanical strength, rigidity, and excellent resistance to heat and chemicals. It's often used to make durable enclosures for electronics, some of which are designed to be waterproof.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/silicon-grease-dat/silicon-grease-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
1
+
2
+# silicon-grease-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[blown-wing-aircraft-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[Heat-Dissipation-dat]]
8
+
9
+## Heat-Dissipation
10
+
11
+Thermal Conductivity
12
+
13
+| Material | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Notes |
14
+| ----------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
15
+| Air (ambient) | ~0.025 | Very low; air gaps between component and heatsink greatly reduce heat transfer |
16
+| Regular Silicone Grease | ~0.2–0.3 | About 8–12× better than air; mostly for gap filling, electrically insulating |
17
+| Thermal Silicone Grease | ~1–8 (depending on filler type) | Metal or ceramic-filled paste; much better heat conduction than air |
18
+
19
+
20
+## water-resistant
21
+
22
+- [[waterproof-dat]]
23
+
24
+**Silicone grease** is a common material used to make electrical and mechanical connections water-resistant.
25
+
26
+---
27
+
28
+## 1. Properties of Silicone Grease
29
+
30
+- **Hydrophobic** – repels water, does not dissolve in water
31
+- **Non-conductive** – safe for electrical connections
32
+- **Temperature resistant** – works from very low to high temperatures
33
+- **Lubricating** – prevents wear and makes assembly easier
34
+- **Chemical resistant** – stable, does not react with most plastics or metals
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+## 2. How It Works for Waterproofing
39
+
40
+1. **Seals gaps**: Fills tiny spaces between threads, O-rings, or connectors, preventing water ingress.
41
+2. **Protects against corrosion**: Prevents moisture from reaching metal surfaces.
42
+3. **Maintains flexibility**: Unlike adhesives or tapes, it stays soft and allows movement without breaking the seal.
43
+
44
+---
45
+
46
+## 3. Common Uses
47
+
48
+- Electrical connectors in outdoor devices (LEDs, RC vehicles, marine electronics)
49
+- O-rings on pumps or valves
50
+- Battery terminals exposed to moisture
51
+- Sealing connectors on cameras, sensors, or drones
52
+
53
+---
54
+
55
+## 4. Advantages Over Other Sealants
56
+
57
+| Feature | Silicone Grease | Rubber/O-ring Only | Epoxy / Sealant |
58
+| -------------------- | --------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------- |
59
+| Waterproof | Excellent | Good if O-ring fits perfectly | Excellent but permanent |
60
+| Reusable | Yes | Yes | No |
61
+| Safe for electronics | Yes | Yes | No (may trap heat) |
62
+| Easy to apply | Very easy | Moderate | Hard / permanent |
63
+
64
+
65
+
66
+## ref
67
+
68
+- [[waterproof-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/2025-09-26-16-52-49.png
... ...
Binary files a/mechanics-dat/materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/2025-09-26-16-52-49.png and /dev/null differ
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/2025-09-26-16-53-49.png
... ...
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mechanics-dat/materials-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat/Heat-Set-Insert-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,592 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Heat-Set-Insert-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-09-26-16-52-49.png)
5
-
6
-![](2025-09-26-16-53-49.png)
7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-- [[nut-dat]]
11
-
12
-## specs
13
-
14
-M1*1.5*2【50个】
15
-
16
-M1*1.8*2【50个】
17
-
18
-M1*2*2【50个】
19
-
20
-M1*2.5*2【50个】
21
-
22
-M1.2*1.5*2【50个】
23
-
24
-M1.2*1.8*2【50个】
25
-
26
-M1.2*2*2【50个】
27
-
28
-M1.2*2.5*2【50个】
29
-
30
-M1.2*3*2【50个】
31
-
32
-M1.4*1.5*2.3【50个】
33
-
34
-M1.4*2*2.3【50个】
35
-
36
-M1.4*2.5*2.3【50个】
37
-
38
-M1.4*3*2.3【50个】
39
-
40
-M1.4*1.8*2.3【50个】
41
-
42
-M1.4*4*2.3【50个】
43
-
44
-M1.4*2.3*2.3【50个】
45
-
46
-M1.4*5*2.3【50个】
47
-
48
-M1.4*6*2.3【50个】
49
-
50
-M1.6*2*2.5【50个】
51
-
52
-M1.6*2.5*2.5【50个】
53
-
54
-M1.6*3*2.5【50个】
55
-
56
-M1.6*4*2.5【50个】
57
-
58
-M1.6*5*2.5【50个】
59
-
60
-M1.6*6*2.5【50个】
61
-
62
-M1.7*2*2.5【50个】
63
-
64
-M1.7*2.5*2.5【50个】
65
-
66
-M1.7*3*2.5【50个】
67
-
68
-M1.7*4*2.5【50个】
69
-
70
-M1.7*5*2.5【50个】
71
-
72
-M1.7*6*2.5【50个】
73
-
74
-M2*2*3【50个】
75
-
76
-M2*2.5*3【50个】
77
-
78
-M2*3*3【50个】
79
-
80
-M2*3.5*3【50个】
81
-
82
-M2*4*3【50个】
83
-
84
-M2*4.5*3【50个】
85
-
86
-M2*5*3【50个】
87
-
88
-M2*6*3【50个】
89
-
90
-M2*2*3.2【50个】
91
-
92
-M2*2.5*3.2【50个】
93
-
94
-M2*3*3.2【50个】
95
-
96
-M2*3.6*3.2【50个】
97
-
98
-M2*4*3.2【50个】
99
-
100
-M2*5*3.2【50个】
101
-
102
-M2*6*3.2【20个】
103
-
104
-M2*8*3.2【50个】
105
-
106
-M2*3.5*3.2【50个】
107
-
108
-M2*10*3.2【20个】
109
-
110
-M2*2*3.5【50个】
111
-
112
-M2*2.5*3.5【50个】
113
-
114
-M2*3*3.5【50个】
115
-
116
-M2*3.5*3.5【50个】
117
-
118
-M2*4*3.5【50个】
119
-
120
-M2*4.5*3.5【50个】
121
-
122
-M2*5*3.5【50个】
123
-
124
-M2*5.5*3.5【20个】
125
-
126
-M2*6*3.5【20个】
127
-
128
-M2*7*3.5【20个】
129
-
130
-M2*8*3.5【20个】
131
-
132
-M2*9*3.5【20个】
133
-
134
-M2*10*3.5【10个】
135
-
136
-M2*2*4【50个】
137
-
138
-M2*3*4【50个】
139
-
140
-M2*4*4【50个】
141
-
142
-M2*5*4【20个】
143
-
144
-M2*6*4【20个】
145
-
146
-M2*8*4【20个】
147
-
148
-M2.5*2*3.5【50个】
149
-
150
-M2.5*2.5*3.5【50个】
151
-
152
-M2.5*3*3.5【50个】
153
-
154
-M2.5*3.5*3.5【50个】
155
-
156
-M2.5*4*3.5【50个】
157
-
158
-M2.5*4.5*3.5【50个】
159
-
160
-M2.5*5*3.5【50个】
161
-
162
-M2.5*5.5*3.5【50个】
163
-
164
-M2.5*6*3.5【20个】
165
-
166
-M2.5*8*3.5【20个】
167
-
168
-M2.5*7*3.5【20个】
169
-
170
-M2.5*10*3.5【20个】
171
-
172
-M2.5*3*4【50个】
173
-
174
-M2.5*3.5*4【50个】
175
-
176
-M2.5*4*4【50个】
177
-
178
-M2.5*5*4【20个】
179
-
180
-M2.5*6*4【20个】
181
-
182
-M2.5*8*4【20个】
183
-
184
-M2.5*10*4【20个】
185
-
186
-M2.5*4*4.5【20个】
187
-
188
-M2.5*5*4.5【20个】
189
-
190
-M2.5*6*4.5【20个】
191
-
192
-M2.5*8*4.5【20个】
193
-
194
-M3*2.5*4【50个】
195
-
196
-M3*3*4【50个】
197
-
198
-M3*3.5*4【50个】
199
-
200
-M3*4*4【50个】
201
-
202
-M3*4.5*4【50个】
203
-
204
-M3*5*4【50个】
205
-
206
-M3*5.5*4【20个】
207
-
208
-M3*6*4【20个】
209
-
210
-M3*7*4【20个】
211
-
212
-M3*8*4【20个】
213
-
214
-M3*9*4【20个】
215
-
216
-M3*10*4【20个】
217
-
218
-M3*3*4.2【50个】
219
-
220
-M3*4*4.2【50个】
221
-
222
-M3*5*4.2【50个】
223
-
224
-M3*6*4.2【20个】
225
-
226
-M3*7*4.2【20个】
227
-
228
-M3*8*4.2【20个】
229
-
230
-M3*9*4.2【20个】
231
-
232
-M3*10*4.2【20个】
233
-
234
-M3*3*4.5【50个】
235
-
236
-M3*3.5*4.5【50个】
237
-
238
-M3*3.6*4.5【50个】
239
-
240
-M3*4*4.5【50个】
241
-
242
-M3*4.5*4.5【20个】
243
-
244
-M3*5*4.5【20个】
245
-
246
-M3*6*4.5【20个】
247
-
248
-M3*7*4.5【20个】
249
-
250
-M3*8*4.5【20个】
251
-
252
-M3*9*4.5【10个】
253
-
254
-M3*10*4.5【10个】
255
-
256
-M3*12*4.5【10个】
257
-
258
-M3*3*5【20个】
259
-
260
-M3*3.5*5【20个】
261
-
262
-M3*4*5【20个】
263
-
264
-M3*4.5*5【20个】
265
-
266
-M3*5*5【20个】
267
-
268
-M3*5.5*5【20个】
269
-
270
-M3*6*5【20个】
271
-
272
-M3*6.5*5【20个】
273
-
274
-M3*7*5【20个】
275
-
276
-M3*7.5*5【20个】
277
-
278
-M3*8*5【20个】
279
-
280
-M3*9*5【10个】
281
-
282
-M3*10*5【10个】
283
-
284
-M3*12*5【10个】
285
-
286
-M3*3*4.6【20个】
287
-
288
-M3*3.5*4.6【20个】
289
-
290
-M3*4*4.6【20个】
291
-
292
-M3*4.5*4.6【20个】
293
-
294
-M3*5*4.6【20个】
295
-
296
-M3*5.5*4.6【20个】
297
-
298
-M3*5.7*4.6【20个】
299
-
300
-M3*6*4.6【20个】
301
-
302
-M3*7*4.6【20个】
303
-
304
-M3*8*4.6【20个】
305
-
306
-M3*9*4.6【20个】
307
-
308
-M3*10*4.6【10个】
309
-
310
-M3*4*5.5【20个】
311
-
312
-M3*5*5.5【20个】
313
-
314
-M3*6*5.5【20个】
315
-
316
-M3*8*5.5【10个】
317
-
318
-M4*3*5【20个】
319
-
320
-M4*4*5【20个】
321
-
322
-M4*5*5【20个】
323
-
324
-M4*6*5【20个】
325
-
326
-M4*7*5【20个】
327
-
328
-M4*8*5【20个】
329
-
330
-M4*9*5【10个】
331
-
332
-M4*10*5【10个】
333
-
334
-M4*12*5【10个】
335
-
336
-M4*4*5.5【20个】
337
-
338
-M4*5*5.5【20个】
339
-
340
-M4*6*5.5【20个】
341
-
342
-M4*7*5.5【10个】
343
-
344
-M4*8*5.5【10个】
345
-
346
-M4*10*5.5【10个】
347
-
348
-M4*3*6【20个】
349
-
350
-M4*4*6【20个】
351
-
352
-M4*5*6【20个】
353
-
354
-M4*5.5*6【20个】
355
-
356
-M4*6*6【20个】
357
-
358
-M4*6.5*6【10个】
359
-
360
-M4*7*6【10个】
361
-
362
-M4*7.5*6【10个】
363
-
364
-M4*8*6【10个】
365
-
366
-M4*9*6【10个】
367
-
368
-M4*10*6【10个】
369
-
370
-M4*12*6【10个】
371
-
372
-M4*15*6【5个】
373
-
374
-M4*8.1*6.3【10个】
375
-
376
-M4*5*6.5【10个】
377
-
378
-M4*6*6.5【10个】
379
-
380
-M4*7*6.5【10个】
381
-
382
-M4*8*6.5【10个】
383
-
384
-M4*10*6.5【10个】
385
-
386
-M4*4*7【10个】
387
-
388
-M4*5*7【10个】
389
-
390
-M4*6*7【10个】
391
-
392
-M4*7*7【10个】
393
-
394
-M4*8*7【10个】
395
-
396
-M4*10*7【5个】
397
-
398
-M4*12*7【5个】
399
-
400
-M5*4*7【10个】
401
-
402
-M5*5*7【10个】
403
-
404
-M5*6*7【10个】
405
-
406
-M5*6.5*7【10个】
407
-
408
-M5*7*7【10个】
409
-
410
-M5*7.5*7【10个】
411
-
412
-M5*8*7【10个】
413
-
414
-M5*8.5*7【10个】
415
-
416
-M5*9*7【10个】
417
-
418
-M5*9.5*7【10个】
419
-
420
-M5*10*7【10个】
421
-
422
-M5*12*7【5个】
423
-
424
-M5*15*7【5个】
425
-
426
-M5*5*7.5【10个】
427
-
428
-M5*6*7.5【10个】
429
-
430
-M5*7*7.5【10个】
431
-
432
-M5*8*7.5【10个】
433
-
434
-M5*9*7.5【10个】
435
-
436
-M5*10*7.5【10个】
437
-
438
-M5*12*7.5【10个】
439
-
440
-M5*5*8【10个】
441
-
442
-M5*6*8【10个】
443
-
444
-M5*7*8【5个】
445
-
446
-M5*8*8【5个】
447
-
448
-M5*9*8【5个】
449
-
450
-M5*10*8【5个】
451
-
452
-M5*12*8【5个】
453
-
454
-M6*4*8【10个】
455
-
456
-M6*5*8【10个】
457
-
458
-M6*6*8【10个】
459
-
460
-M6*7*8【10个】
461
-
462
-M6*8*8【10个】
463
-
464
-M6*9*8【5个】
465
-
466
-M6*10*8【5个】
467
-
468
-M6*12*8【5个】
469
-
470
-M6*15*8【5个】
471
-
472
-M6*5*9【10个】
473
-
474
-M6*6*9【10个】
475
-
476
-M6*7*9【5个】
477
-
478
-M6*8*9【5个】
479
-
480
-M6*9*9【5个】
481
-
482
-M6*9.5*9【5个】
483
-
484
-M6*9.5*9.5【5个】
485
-
486
-M6*10*9【5个】
487
-
488
-M6*12*9【5个】
489
-
490
-M8*5*10【5个】
491
-
492
-M8*6*10【5个】
493
-
494
-M8*8*10【5个】
495
-
496
-M8*10*10【5个】
497
-
498
-M8*12*10【5个】
499
-
500
-M8*15*10【2个】
501
-
502
-M10*8*12【5个】
503
-
504
-M10*10*12【5个】
505
-
506
-M10*12*12【2个】
507
-
508
-M10*15*12【2个】
509
-
510
-2#-56*1/8*3.5【50个】
511
-
512
-2#-56*5/32*3.5【50个】
513
-
514
-2#-56*3/16*3.5【50个】
515
-
516
-2#-56*7/32*3.5【20个】
517
-
518
-2#-56*1/4*3.5【20个】
519
-
520
-4#-40*1/8*4.6【20个】
521
-
522
-4#-40*5/32*4.6【20个】
523
-
524
-4#-40*3/16*4.6【20个】
525
-
526
-4#-40*7/32*4.6【20个】
527
-
528
-4#-40*1/4*4.6【20个】
529
-
530
-4#-40*9/32*4.6【20个】
531
-
532
-4#-40*5/16*4.6【20个】
533
-
534
-6#-32*5/32*5.4【20个】
535
-
536
-6#-32*3/16*5.4【20个】
537
-
538
-6#-32*7/32*5.4【20个】
539
-
540
-6#-32*1/4*5.4【20个】
541
-
542
-6#-32*9/32*5.4【10个】
543
-
544
-6#-32*5/16*5.4【10个】
545
-
546
-6#-32*3/8*5.4【10个】
547
-
548
-6#-32*1/2*5.4【10个】
549
-
550
-8#-32*5/32*6.3【20个】
551
-
552
-8#-32*3/16*6.3【10个】
553
-
554
-8#-32*7/32*6.3【10个】
555
-
556
-8#-32*1/4*6.3【10个】
557
-
558
-8#-32*9/32*6.3【10个】
559
-
560
-8#-32*5/16*6.3【10个】
561
-
562
-8#-32*3/8*6.3【10个】
563
-
564
-8#-32*7/16*6.3【5个】
565
-
566
-8#-32*1/2*6.3【5个】
567
-
568
-10#-32*3/16*7.1【10个】
569
-
570
-10#-32*7/32*7.1【10个】
571
-
572
-10#-32*1/4*7.1【10个】
573
-
574
-10#-32*9/32*7.1【10个】
575
-
576
-10#-32*5/16*7.1【10个】
577
-
578
-10#-32*3/8*7.1【10个】
579
-
580
-10#-32*7/16*7.1【5个】
581
-
582
-10#-32*1/2*7.1【5个】
583
-
584
-1/4-20*5*8【10个】
585
-
586
-1/4-20*6*8【10个】
587
-
588
-1/4-20*8*8【5个】
589
-
590
-1/4-20*10*8【5个】
591
-
592
-1/4-20*12.7*8【5个】
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# glass-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## Float High-Definition Glass
6
-
7
-**Difference from Ordinary Glass**: Compared to ordinary glass, float high-definition glass requires higher purity of raw materials and stricter process control during production. The final product has significantly improved visual effects and physical properties.
8
-
9
-**Safety**: Although float glass itself is relatively strong, it is often further treated with tempering or lamination to enhance safety. Tempered glass shatters into small, less harmful pieces, while laminated glass does not scatter even when broken.
10
-
11
-"Float high-definition glass" usually refers to ordinary annealed float glass.
12
-
13
-Annealed float glass is a brittle material: any scratches, edge processing, adhesive joints, or microcracks can greatly reduce its load-bearing capacity. Compared to curved (cylindrical/spherical) structures, flat panels are more prone to bending and forming tensile stress, and ultimately, breakage often occurs suddenly without obvious plastic deformation.
14
-
15
----
16
-
17
-## Drilling
18
-
19
-**Required Tools**
20
-
21
-- Diamond hollow drill bit (10 mm)
22
-- Electric drill (preferably variable speed, do not use hammer mode)
23
-- A wooden board (prepared)
24
-- Water (continuous cooling)
25
-- Clamps / tape (to fix the glass)
26
-- Rubber ring or small dam (to keep a water pool)
27
-
28
-**✅ Step-by-Step Guide**
29
-
30
-1) **Fix the Glass to Prevent Vibration**
31
-
32
-Vibration is the main cause of glass breakage.
33
-
34
-- Place the glass on a wooden board.
35
-- Tape the four corners and edges with clear tape.
36
-- Ideally, use two clamps to gently secure it (do not overtighten).
37
-
38
-2) **Drill at Low Speed (Critical Step)**
39
-
40
-- Drill speed: 300–800 rpm (the slower, the better).
41
-- Never use high speed or hammer mode.
42
-
43
-Reason: High speed causes instant heating → thermal expansion and contraction → immediate shattering.
44
-
45
-3) **Start Drilling with the "Angled Scoring Method"**
46
-
47
-This prevents the drill bit from wandering and chipping the edge.
48
-
49
-- Begin with the drill bit tilted at 15–20°.
50
-- Gently grind a small semicircular groove.
51
-- Once the groove is formed, slowly straighten the drill bit.
52
-
53
-This step greatly increases the success rate.
54
-
55
-4) **Keep Water Cooling Throughout (Essential)**
56
-
57
-The drill bit and drilling area must always be covered with water.
58
-
59
-You can use:
60
-
61
-- Clear tape + a ring of clay/plastic to make a "small pool"
62
-- Or have someone continuously spray water
63
-
64
-Water cooling reduces the risk of breakage by over 70%.
65
-
66
-5) **Grind Down Slowly, Do Not Apply Force**
67
-
68
-Drilling glass relies on "grinding," not "pressing."
69
-
70
-- Keep hand pressure to a minimum.
71
-- Let the drill bit grind down slowly on its own.
72
-- Pause every few seconds.
73
-
74
-6) **Be Extra Gentle Near Breakthrough**
75
-
76
-The last 1/4 of the thickness is most prone to shattering.
77
-
78
-Method:
79
-
80
-- Be extremely gentle towards the end.
81
-- The wooden board should be tight against the glass.
82
-- It's best to tape the back of the glass.
83
-
84
-This helps prevent chipping.
85
-
86
-**🧪 Tips for Success**
87
-
88
-- Use a hollow drill bit (ten times better than a solid one).
89
-- Use the lowest speed on the drill.
90
-- Never dry grind, and don't rush.
91
-- If it's tempered glass → no method can drill it (it will shatter completely).
92
-
93
----
94
-
95
-## Cutter
96
-
97
-*(No content yet)*
98
-
99
----
100
-
101
-## References
102
-
103
-- [[materials-dat]]
104
-- [[glass]] - [[materials]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-temper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-## glass-temper-dat.md
3
-
4
-## How to Temper (Toughen) Glass — Clear & Safe Explanation
5
-
6
-Tempering glass **cannot be done at home** because real tempered glass requires
7
-industrial equipment.
8
-Below is a **safe, clear, educational explanation** of how it works and
9
-what alternatives *you actually can do* at home.
10
-
11
----
12
-
13
-## ✅ 1. How Tempered Glass Is Made (Industrial Process)
14
-
15
-#### **Step 1 — Cut & Drill Before Tempering**
16
-Tempered glass **cannot** be cut or drilled afterward.
17
-Factories do:
18
-
19
-- Final size cutting
20
-- All holes
21
-- Edge grinding (chamfering)
22
-
23
-Because **any post-cutting will cause instant shattering**.
24
-
25
----
26
-
27
-#### **Step 2 — Wash the Glass**
28
-High-pressure washing → air drying
29
-(Glass must be 100% dust-free or it will temper unevenly.)
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-#### **Step 3 — Heat to 620–680°C**
34
-Glass is sent into a tempering furnace:
35
-
36
-- Temperature: **620–680°C**
37
-- Temperature uniformity: **±5°C**
38
-- Glass becomes soft and glowing red
39
-
40
-Home tools (oven, torch, burner) **cannot reach or maintain** this.
41
-
42
----
43
-
44
-#### **Step 4 — Rapid Air-Quench (Cooling)**
45
-Once at temperature, the glass is rapidly cooled using:
46
-
47
-- Two-sided **high-pressure air jets**
48
-- Pressure: **0.8–1.2 MPa**
49
-- Cooling takes only a few seconds
50
-
51
-This creates **surface compression stress**, which makes the glass strong.
52
-
53
----
54
-
55
-## ⚠️ 2. Why You Cannot Temper Glass at Home
56
-
57
-| Requirement | Can Home Do It? | Reason |
58
-|------------|------------------|--------|
59
-| 650°C uniform heating | ❌ | Home ovens reach ~250°C, uneven heat |
60
-| Large tempering furnace | ❌ | Industrial-size only |
61
-| High-pressure air quench | ❌ | Requires special compressors & nozzles |
62
-| Safe handling of soft hot glass | ❌ | Extreme burn & shatter risk |
63
-| Precision control | ❌ | Home tools are not accurate enough |
64
-
65
-**Conclusion:**
66
-Tempering glass at home is **unsafe and physically impractical**.
67
-
68
----
69
-
70
-## ✅ 3. Home-Doable Alternatives (Safe)
71
-
72
-#### **Option A — Chemical Strengthening (Ion Exchange)**
73
-This is an industrial method but *slightly* more accessible:
74
-
75
-- Uses a molten **potassium nitrate (KNO₃)** bath at **400°C**
76
-- Potassium ions replace sodium ions in the glass
77
-- Increases strength **2–4×**
78
-
79
-⚠️ Still not home-safe:
80
-Requires precise heating, pure salts, and toxic fumes.
81
-
82
----
83
-
84
-#### **Option B — Anti-Shatter Film / TPU Film (Safe)**
85
-This is the **best home method**:
86
-
87
-- Increases impact resistance
88
-- Prevents dangerous shattering
89
-- Easy and safe
90
-
91
-(Not real tempering, but practical.)
92
-
93
----
94
-
95
-#### **Option C — Use Thicker Glass**
96
-For DIY projects:
97
-
98
-- Replace 4 mm with **6 mm**
99
-- Or use **acrylic (PMMA)** for better impact resistance
100
-
101
-
102
-## ref
103
-
104
-- [[glass-dat]]
105
-
106
-
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/materials-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# materials-dat
3
-
4
-- [[PMMA-dat]] - [[plastic-dat]] - [[ABS-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[marble-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[glass-dat]]
9
-
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/plastic-dat/ABS-dat/2025-12-04-19-13-12.png
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mechanics-dat/materials-dat/plastic-dat/ABS-dat/ABS-dat.md
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@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# ABS-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[mechanic-tool-dat]]
6
-
7
-
8
-## plastic cutter
9
-
10
-cut with scissors or knife - [[PCB-cutter-dat]] - [[fab-PCB-soldering-tools-dat]]
11
-
12
-![](2025-12-04-19-14-46.png)
13
-
14
-![](2025-12-04-19-17-45.png)
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-✅ Much safer ways to cut 4 mm plastic sheet
20
-
21
-These are tools that are far safer for teens to use:
22
-
23
-1) Utility knife + score & snap
24
-
25
-For ABS / acrylic → clean and fast.
26
-(Just score many times along a ruler, then snap.)
27
-
28
-2) Hand saw (fine tooth)
29
-
30
-Like a small hacksaw → slow but safe.
31
-
32
-3) Jigsaw (with adult supervision)
33
-
34
-Use a fine-tooth blade → works well for curves and straight cuts.
35
-
36
-4) Small circular cutter for plastic
37
-
38
-If you have a hobby cutter or mini saw, they usually work safely.
39
-
40
-
41
-
42
-## plastic glue
43
-
44
-using a small brush with plastic specific glue - [[plastic-glue-dat]]
45
-
46
-
47
-very strong
48
-
49
-![](2025-12-04-19-52-08.png)
50
-
51
-![](2025-12-04-19-52-19.png)
52
-
53
-
54
-## plastic "soldering"
55
-
56
-- easy deform
57
-- deed holders
58
-
59
-![](2025-12-04-19-13-12.png)
60
-
61
-![](2025-12-04-19-13-31.png)
62
-
63
-![](2025-12-04-19-13-45.png)
64
-
65
-
66
-easily deform on slow heating
67
-
68
-![](2025-12-04-19-51-30.png)
69
-
70
-
71
-### 1. Tools Needed
72
-
73
-
74
-- ABS 焊条（你已经有）
75
-- 塑料焊枪 / 热风枪（温控 250–300°C 最好）
76
-- 小平口刀或修整刀
77
-- 夹具（固定零件）
78
-- 砂纸（320~600 grit）
79
-
80
----
81
-
82
-### 2. Preparation
83
-1. **清洁表面**
84
- 去油污、灰尘，保持 ABS 表面干净。
85
-
86
-2. **开 V 槽（可选）**
87
- 为了更强度，可在接缝处削出一个浅浅的 **V 形槽**，让熔化的焊材有地方填充。
88
-
89
-3. **固定工件**
90
- 先夹紧，让工作中不会移动。
91
-
92
----
93
-
94
-### 3. Welding Procedure (主步骤)
95
-1. **预热温度：250–300°C**
96
- ABS 融化温度大约在 220°C 左右，塑料焊枪通常设在 260–280°C 最合适。
97
- *避免太高温度，否则 ABS 会变黄或烧焦。*
98
-
99
-2. **预热基材（底部 ABS）**
100
- 不要直接对焊条加热，
101
- **先对 ABS 零件表面扫动热风，让其表面开始变软、发亮即可。**
102
-
103
-3. **加热焊条**
104
- 把 ABS 焊条放在接缝上方，同时用热风枪让它也开始变软。
105
-
106
-4. **同向推焊法**
107
- 一手推焊条，让它在软化后填进 V 槽；
108
- 另一手控制热风枪，保持均匀加热。
109
-
110
- - 不需要用力压
111
- - 让焊条自然流入接缝
112
-
113
-5. **逐段焊接，慢慢前进**
114
- ABS 冷得很快，所以建议 **每 2–3 cm** 分段焊接。
115
-
116
----
117
-
118
-### 4. Cooling & Finishing
119
-1. **自然冷却（不要用水）**
120
- 快速冷却会让 ABS 更脆。
121
-
122
-2. **打磨修整**
123
- 用 320~600 grit 砂纸让表面更平滑。
124
-
125
-
126
-
127
-## ref
128
-
129
-- [[masterials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/plastic-dat/PMMA-dat/PMMA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
1
-# PMMA-dat
2
-
3
-## PMMA Drilling
4
-
5
-**7 Key Tips to Prevent PMMA (Acrylic) Cracking During Drilling (Tested & Reliable)**
6
-
7
-1. Place a Wooden Board Underneath the Sheet (Must Do)
8
- - This is the most important anti-crack tip.
9
- - Prevents the drill bit from tearing the PMMA when breaking through the bottom.
10
- - Provides support and reduces vibration.
11
- - Results in smooth hole edges without chipping.
12
- - 📌 No backing board → almost guaranteed to crack.
13
-
14
-2. Use Medium Drill Speed (Not High, Not Too Low)
15
- - Recommended speed: **800–1500 rpm** (best)
16
- - High speed: melts, overheats, and cracks PMMA.
17
- - Low speed: stalls, doesn't cut, more vibration, also prone to cracking.
18
- - Medium speed + steady feed is safest.
19
-
20
-3. Use a Sharp Drill Bit (Dull Bits = Source of Cracks)
21
- - Dull bits cause:
22
- - Friction and heat
23
- - "Squeezing" cracks instead of cutting
24
- - White holes, cracked edges
25
- - Solutions:
26
- - ✔ Use a new drill bit
27
- - ✔ Wood spade bits, plastic-specialized bits, or step bits are best
28
-
29
-4. Apply Clear Tape Over the Drilling Area
30
- - Very useful trick:
31
- - Tape absorbs vibration
32
- - Reduces cracking probability
33
- - Protects hole edges from chipping
34
- - How to apply:
35
- - One layer on the front
36
- - One layer on the back (best)
37
-
38
-5. Apply Steady, Even Downward Pressure
39
- - Too light → friction, heat, cracks
40
- - Too hard → jams, vibration, cracks
41
- - Correct method:
42
- - 👉 Press down smoothly and steadily, like shaving wood
43
- - 👉 Let the drill bit "bite" and produce chips (not powder or melted strands)
44
-
45
-6. Use Soapy Water as a Coolant (Simple & Effective)
46
- - Do not use oil or alcohol.
47
- - Soapy water/dish soap water:
48
- - Cools
49
- - Reduces friction
50
- - Cleaner hole edges
51
- - Lowers cracking risk
52
- - Just a few drops are enough.
53
-
54
-7. Drill Large Holes in Steps (Drilling Large Holes at Once = Cracks)
55
- - For example, to drill a 12mm hole:
56
- - Start with a 2–3 mm pilot hole
57
- - Then a 6–8 mm intermediate hole
58
- - Finish with the final hole (hole saw/step bit/large drill bit)
59
- - ⚠️ Drilling large holes in one go → 90% chance of cracking or chipping.
60
-
61
-
62
-
63
-
64
-## ref
65
-
66
-- [[PMMA]] - [[material]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/plastic-dat/Trivex-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Trivex-dat.md
3
-
4
-Trivex is a high-performance, lightweight plastic material used for eyeglass lenses. It's known for its impact resistance, clarity, and UV protection, offering a balance of strength and optical quality, often compared to but sometimes preferred over polycarbonate.
5
-
6
-高級氨基甲酸乙酯聚合物(Trivex)
7
-
8
-made good glasses, goggles, and visors.
9
-
10
-## ref
11
-
12
-- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/materials-dat/plastic-dat/plastic-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# plastic-dat
3
-
4
-- [[Heat-Set-Insert-dat]]
5
-
6
-PA66: This stands for Polyamide 66, which is a type of nylon. It's a common engineering thermoplastic known for its high mechanical strength, rigidity, and excellent resistance to heat and chemicals. It's often used to make durable enclosures for electronics, some of which are designed to be waterproof.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/mechanical-parts-dat/hinge-dat/2025-12-05-01-41-41.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/mechanics-dat/mechanical-parts-dat/hinge-dat/2025-12-05-01-41-41.png differ
mechanics-dat/mechanical-parts-dat/hinge-dat/hinge-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
1 1
2 2
# hinge-dat
3 3
4
+
5
+## info
6
+
4 7
![](2025-12-04-00-48-46.png)
5 8
6 9
10
+
11
+## mini hinge - wing control
12
+
13
+control by - [[servo-dat]]
14
+
15
+![](2025-12-05-01-41-41.png)
16
+
17
+
7 18
## ref
8 19
9 20
- [[hinge]] - [[mechanical-parts]]
mechanics-dat/mechanical-structure-dat/rod-system-dat/carbon-rods-dat/carbon-rods-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
1
+
2
+# carbon-rods-dat
3
+
4
+**Carbon rods** (also called **carbon fiber rods**) are lightweight, high-strength structural components widely used in radio-controlled (RC) aircraft, gliders, multirotors, and other hobby models.
5
+
6
+---
7
+
8
+## 1. What Are Carbon Rods?
9
+Carbon rods are made from **carbon fiber strands** bonded together with epoxy resin.
10
+They are extremely **strong**, **rigid**, and **lightweight**, making them ideal for structural reinforcement in model aircraft.
11
+
12
+---
13
+
14
+## 2. Key Features
15
+- **High strength-to-weight ratio**
16
+- **Very stiff** (excellent for wings and fuselage reinforcement)
17
+- **Corrosion-resistant**
18
+- **Lightweight compared to metal rods**
19
+- **Does not warp with humidity or temperature changes**
20
+
21
+---
22
+
23
+## 3. Common Shapes
24
+1. **Solid round rods**
25
+ - Used for spars, pushrods, and general reinforcement
26
+2. **Hollow tubes**
27
+ - Lighter than solid rods, used for wing spars or long stiff beams
28
+3. **Flat strips (carbon plates)**
29
+ - Used to strengthen fuselage sides, wing trailing edges, or control surfaces
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+## 4. Typical Uses in RC Aircraft
34
+- **Wing spars** (main structural support inside the wing)
35
+- **Fuselage reinforcement**
36
+- **Tail boom structures**
37
+- **Control pushrods**
38
+- **Motor mounts** (for lightweight electric planes)
39
+- **FPV plane rigidity enhancement**
40
+
41
+---
42
+
43
+## 5. Advantages in RC Models
44
+- Provides **rigidity** without adding much weight
45
+- Greatly increases **structural strength**
46
+- Helps prevent wing flex at high speeds
47
+- Improves flight precision and durability
48
+
49
+---
50
+
51
+## 6. Adhesives and Bonding
52
+Compatible glues include:
53
+- **Epoxy**
54
+- **CA glue (foam-safe when used on foam models)**
55
+- **UHU POR** (for foam aircraft)
56
+
57
+Avoid using general hot-melt glue for critical structural joints — it adds weight and low bonding strength.
58
+
59
+---
60
+
61
+## 7. Common Diameters
62
+- **1mm – 3mm:** pushrods, small wings
63
+- **3mm – 6mm:** wing spars, fuselage reinforcement
64
+- **6mm – 10mm:** large wings and long FPV platforms
65
+
66
+## ref
67
+
68
+- [[rod-system-dat]] - [[materials-dat]] - [[carbon-rods-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/mechanical-structure-dat/rod-system-dat/rod-system-dat.md
... ...
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
3 3
4 4
- [[shaft-dat]] - [[PVC-tube-dat]]
5 5
6
-
6
+- [[carbon-rods-dat]]
7 7
8 8
## size
9 9
... ...
@@ -20,6 +20,29 @@
20 20
- [[shaft-limit-ring-dat]] - [[shaft-coupler-dat]]
21 21
22 22
23
+## compare
24
+
25
+| Feature | 3mm Solid Carbon Rod | 3mm Solid Stainless Steel Rod |
26
+|---------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
27
+| **Material** | Carbon fiber (reinforced with epoxy) | Stainless steel (commonly 304 or 316) |
28
+| **Density / Weight** | ~1.6 g/cm³ (lightweight) | ~8.0 g/cm³ (heavy) |
29
+| **Tensile Strength** | ~600–1000 MPa | ~500–700 MPa |
30
+| **Flexural Strength / Stiffness** | Very high stiffness (high modulus) | Lower stiffness compared to carbon |
31
+| **Impact / Shock Resistance** | Brittle, can snap under sudden impact | Tough, can bend under load without breaking |
32
+| **Corrosion Resistance** | Excellent (does not rust) | Good (resists corrosion, but can rust in harsh environments) |
33
+| **Weight-to-Strength Ratio** | Extremely high (very strong per gram) | Low (heavier for same strength) |
34
+| **Practical Notes** | Ideal for **lightweight reinforcement**, RC aircraft spars, hobby robotics | Better for **impact-heavy or load-bearing metal parts**, mechanical shafts |
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+## Summary
39
+
40
+- **Carbon rod** is **much lighter** and very stiff; for **bending stiffness** or lightweight structure, it is stronger per weight.
41
+- **Stainless steel rod** is **heavier but tougher**; it can withstand impact and bending better without snapping.
42
+- **Conclusion:**
43
+ - For **lightweight RC planes, drones, or aerospace applications** → **3mm carbon rod** is preferred.
44
+ - For **mechanical shafts or parts under heavy impact** → **3mm stainless steel rod** is safer.
45
+
23 46
24 47
## ref
25 48
mechanics-dat/mechanical-structure-dat/sheet-dat/sheet-dat.md
... ...
@@ -3,6 +3,13 @@
3 3
4 4
== [[sheet-metal-fab-dat]] - [[fab-dat]]
5 5
6
+
7
+## sheet materials
8
+
9
+- [[materials-dat]] - [[foam-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
6 13
## MDF sheet
7 14
8 15
## Steel Sheet
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/Thrust-dat/Thrust-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
1
+
2
+# Thrust-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## calculate
7
+
8
+A bit of math:
9
+
10
+Mobula motors + props making around 90-100g of thrust at 50%
11
+
12
+Mobula8 weight around 110g with battery 550 mah An ok-ish ratio of thrust to weight is 4:1
13
+
14
+Thrust/(camweight+drone weight)
15
+
16
+400 / (16+110)= 3.17...
17
+
18
+Hence to have a proper flight you'll have to be above 50% throttle most of the time.
19
+
20
+It might fly pretty stable with proper PID tuning and filtering but your batteries will burn (maybe even literally)
21
+
22
+https://www.reddit.com/r/TinyWhoop/comments/1cw9xm4/mobula_8thumb_pro_any_tricks_for_decent_cinematic/
23
+
24
+
25
+## info
26
+
27
+**Thrust** is the **force that moves an aircraft, rocket, or vehicle forward**.
28
+It is usually generated by:
29
+
30
+- **Engines** (jet, turboprop, rocket)
31
+- **Propellers**
32
+- **Ducted fans**
33
+
34
+Thrust **opposes drag** and allows the vehicle to accelerate or maintain speed.
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+## Related Terms
39
+
40
+| Term | English | Notes |
41
+|------|--------|-------|
42
+| 推力方向 | **thrust vector** | Direction of the thrust force |
43
+| 最大推力 | **maximum thrust** | Highest thrust the engine can produce |
44
+| 净推力 | **net thrust** | Total thrust minus drag or losses |
45
+| 推重比 | **thrust-to-weight ratio (T/W)** | Engine thrust compared to aircraft weight |
46
+
47
+
48
+
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/aerodynamic-dat/aerodynamic-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# aerodynamic-dat
3
+
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/aerodynamic-dat/wing-dat/2025-12-05-02-16-43.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/mechanics-dat/physics-dat/aerodynamic-dat/wing-dat/2025-12-05-02-16-43.png differ
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/aerodynamic-dat/wing-dat/wing-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# wing-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-12-05-02-16-43.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+## ref
8
+
9
+- [[aerodynamic-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/duct-dat/duct-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# duct-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+- [[Thrust-dat]]
7
+
8
+A **duct** is a tube or channel designed to **guide airflow** from one point to another.
9
+
10
+- In aviation or RC models, ducts are often **cylindrical or annular structures** around a fan or propeller.
11
+- The duct **reduces airflow loss**, **improves thrust efficiency**, and can also **protect the blades**.
12
+
13
+**Example uses:**
14
+- Ducted fan engines on jets or VTOL aircraft
15
+- Air conditioning vents (same principle)
16
+- Marine thrusters
17
+
18
+---
19
+
20
+## 2. What is a Ducted Fan (涵道风扇)?
21
+
22
+A **ducted fan** is a **propeller or fan enclosed in a duct**.
23
+It is a common propulsion method in:
24
+
25
+- RC jets
26
+- VTOL drones
27
+- Small electric aircraft
28
+
29
+### How it works:
30
+
31
+1. Fan or propeller spins inside the duct.
32
+2. The duct **accelerates the airflow** and **reduces tip losses**.
33
+3. The result is **more thrust per rotation** than an open propeller of the same diameter.
34
+
35
+---
36
+
37
+## 3. Advantages of Ducted Fans
38
+
39
+| Advantage | Explanation |
40
+|-----------|-------------|
41
+| Higher efficiency | Duct reduces tip vortices and wasted airflow |
42
+| Safer | Blades are enclosed, reducing risk of injury |
43
+| Quieter | Noise is reduced compared to open propellers |
44
+| Compact design | Fits better in jets or VTOL aircraft with small airframe |
45
+
46
+---
47
+
48
+## 4. Common Applications
49
+
50
+- **RC Jet aircraft** (EDF – Electric Ducted Fan)
51
+- **VTOL drones** (quadcopter with ducted fans)
52
+- **Hovercraft propulsion**
53
+- **Experimental aircraft** using ducted lift or thrust
54
+
55
+---
56
+
57
+### Notes:
58
+
59
+- Ducted fans are different from **propellers** because the **duct improves airflow efficiency** and often increases thrust at high speeds.
60
+- Duct shape, fan diameter, and tip clearance are critical for performance.
61
+
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/optical-design-dat/optical-design-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# optical-design-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## filling materials
7
+
8
+### Refractive Index Comparison: Air vs. Optical Materials
9
+
10
+Yes, a refractive index of **1.5** is significantly higher than air:
11
+
12
+- **Air**: n ≈ 1.0003 (~1.0 for practical purposes)
13
+- **PMMA (Acrylic)**: n ≈ 1.49
14
+- **Polycarbonate (PC)**: n ≈ 1.58
15
+- **Glass (BK7)**: n ≈ 1.51
16
+
17
+
18
+### 1. Typical Values
19
+
20
+| Type / Grade | Refractive Index (n) | Notes |
21
+|-------------|--------------------|------|
22
+| Light mineral oil (cosmetic grade) | 1.467–1.470 | Common in electronics and lubrication |
23
+| Standard mineral oil (industrial) | 1.468–1.474 | Used in transformers, immersion cooling |
24
+| Heavy mineral oil | 1.474–1.480 | Higher density, more viscous |
25
+| Food-grade mineral oil | 1.467–1.470 | Safe for contact with materials like plastics |
26
+
27
+
28
+
29
+### 1. Typical Refractive Indices of Common Liquids
30
+
31
+| Fluid | Refractive Index (n) | Notes |
32
+|-------|--------------------|------|
33
+| Water | 1.333 | Standard, much higher than air |
34
+| Mineral oil | 1.467–1.480 | Common dielectric oil |
35
+| Ethanol | 1.361 | Transparent alcohol |
36
+| Glycerin | 1.473 | Thick, high n |
37
+| Fluorinated liquids (like FC-72, perfluorocarbons) | 1.25–1.28 | Lowest practical liquids, still far from air |
38
+| Liquid helium (near 4K) | 1.026 | Lowest natural fluid n, cryogenic |
39
+| Liquid hydrogen | 1.121 | Low n, cryogenic, dangerous |
40
+
41
+---
42
+
43
+### 2. Notes
44
+
45
+- **Most fluids have n > 1.2**, which is **20% or more higher than air**.
46
+
47
+
48
+## Compensating Optical Changes by Adjusting Lens Position
49
+
50
+Yes, you **can compensate for the optical changes** caused by filling a lens assembly with oil or another medium by **adjusting the lens position relative to the sensor**.
51
+
52
+---
53
+
54
+### 1. Why It Works
55
+
56
+- Replacing air (n ≈ 1.0) with oil or solid (n ≈ 1.45–1.5) **increases the optical path length** between lens elements.
57
+- This shifts the **focus plane** forward or backward.
58
+- Moving the lens closer or farther from the sensor can **restore focus** on the image plane.
59
+
60
+
61
+
62
+
63
+## ref
64
+
65
+- [[physics-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
mechanics-dat/physics-dat/physics-dat.md
... ...
@@ -2,4 +2,10 @@
2 2
3 3
# physics-dat
4 4
5
-- [[force-dat]] - [[size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
0
+- [[force-dat]] - [[size-dat]]
1
+
2
+- [[duct-dat]] - [[thrust-dat]]
3
+
4
+- [[wing-dat]] - [[aerodynamic-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[optical-design-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file