Board-dat/NRF/NRF1003-dat/NRF1003-dat.md
... ...
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ note - install and prepare [[CR2032-dat]] coin battery before starting to use.
18 18
19 19
on board chip refer to [[EV1527-dat]]
20 20
21
-- [[battery-size-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
21
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
22 22
23 23
![](2026-05-14-18-57-03.png)
24 24
Board-dat/OPM/OPM1181-dat/OPM1181-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
1
-
2
-# OPM1181-dat
3
-
4
-read more information at chip page [[CN3768-dat]]
5
-
6
-## Set charged current at
7
-
8
-0.15V / 0.05 R = 2.4A
9
-
10
-## Note
11
-
12
-Notice if you run high charging current, add heat sink on backside would be good.
13
-
14
-- fully charged voltage at around 13.55V
15
-- over-charged voltage at around 14.8V
16
-
17
-Please note it may take a long time to fully charge a battery.
18
-
19
-## Dimension
20
-
21
-![](2023-10-25-14-57-35.png)
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-
26
-## ref
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
-- [[consonance-dat]] - [[CN3768-dat]]
31
-
32
-- [[rechargerable-battery-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
33
-
34
-- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]]
35
-
1
+
2
+# OPM1181-dat
3
+
4
+read more information at chip page [[CN3768-dat]]
5
+
6
+## Set charged current at
7
+
8
+0.15V / 0.05 R = 2.4A
9
+
10
+## Note
11
+
12
+Notice if you run high charging current, add heat sink on backside would be good.
13
+
14
+- fully charged voltage at around 13.55V
15
+- over-charged voltage at around 14.8V
16
+
17
+Please note it may take a long time to fully charge a battery.
18
+
19
+## Dimension
20
+
21
+![](2023-10-25-14-57-35.png)
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+
26
+## ref
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+- [[consonance-dat]] - [[CN3768-dat]]
31
+
32
+- [[rechargerable-battery-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
33
+
34
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
35
+
36 36
- [[OPM1181]] - [[CN3768]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CONSONANCE-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,65 +1,65 @@
1
-
2
-# CONSONANCE-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-## boards
8
-
9
-- [[BAT1002-dat]]
10
-
11
-
12
-## LED Driver
13
-
14
-- [[CN5711-dat]]
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## battery management
20
-
21
-- [[CN3302-dat]] - PFM Boost Dual-Cell Lithium Battery Charging Control IC
22
-
23
-- [[CN3305-dat]]
24
-
25
-- [[CN3306-dat]] == Boost Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger IC With Photovoltaic Cell MPPT Function
26
-
27
-- [[CN3125-dat]] - Linear SuperCapacitor Charger IC With Cell Balancing
28
-
29
-- [[CN3705-dat]] == 5A, Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger
30
-
31
-- [[CN3722-dat]] - 5A, Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger IC With Photovoltaic Cell MPPT Function - [[OPM1146-dat]] - [[BQ24650-dat]] - [[TI-power-dat]]
32
-
33
-- [[CN3791-dat]] - 4A, Standalone Li-ion Battery Charger IC With Photovoltaic Cell MPPT Function - [[dse-cn3791.pdf]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
34
-
35
-- [[CN3768-dat]] - 4A, 12V Lead-Acid Battery Charger IC - [[OPM1181-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]]
36
-
37
-- [[BAT1002-dat]] - [[DSE-CN3065.pdf]]
38
-
39
-
40
-
41
-
42
-贴片 CN3052A SOP-8 电源芯片/锂电池充电管理芯片
43
-
44
-
45
-## charger
46
-
47
-- [[CN3065-dat]] - [[consonance-dat]]
48
-
49
-## repo
50
-
51
-https://github.com/Edragon/consonance
52
-
53
-- [datasheet in github](https://github.com/Edragon/Datasheet/tree/master/consonance)
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
-
58
-
59
-## ref
60
-
61
-- [[battery-dat]]
62
-
63
-- [[TP-dat]]
64
-
1
+
2
+# CONSONANCE-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+## boards
8
+
9
+- [[BAT1002-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+## LED Driver
13
+
14
+- [[CN5711-dat]]
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## battery management
20
+
21
+- [[CN3302-dat]] - PFM Boost Dual-Cell Lithium Battery Charging Control IC
22
+
23
+- [[CN3305-dat]]
24
+
25
+- [[CN3306-dat]] == Boost Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger IC With Photovoltaic Cell MPPT Function
26
+
27
+- [[CN3125-dat]] - Linear SuperCapacitor Charger IC With Cell Balancing
28
+
29
+- [[CN3705-dat]] == 5A, Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger
30
+
31
+- [[CN3722-dat]] - 5A, Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger IC With Photovoltaic Cell MPPT Function - [[OPM1146-dat]] - [[BQ24650-dat]] - [[TI-power-dat]]
32
+
33
+- [[CN3791-dat]] - 4A, Standalone Li-ion Battery Charger IC With Photovoltaic Cell MPPT Function - [[dse-cn3791.pdf]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
34
+
35
+- [[CN3768-dat]] - 4A, 12V Lead-Acid Battery Charger IC - [[OPM1181-dat]] - [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
36
+
37
+- [[BAT1002-dat]] - [[DSE-CN3065.pdf]]
38
+
39
+
40
+
41
+
42
+贴片 CN3052A SOP-8 电源芯片/锂电池充电管理芯片
43
+
44
+
45
+## charger
46
+
47
+- [[CN3065-dat]] - [[consonance-dat]]
48
+
49
+## repo
50
+
51
+https://github.com/Edragon/consonance
52
+
53
+- [datasheet in github](https://github.com/Edragon/Datasheet/tree/master/consonance)
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+## ref
60
+
61
+- [[battery-dat]]
62
+
63
+- [[TP-dat]]
64
+
65 65
- [[CONSONANCE]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/tech-dat.md
... ...
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
53 53
54 54
- [[battery-BMS-dat]]
55 55
56
-- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
56
+- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[18650-dat]] - [[32140-dat]]
57 57
58 58
- [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[fast-charge-protocols-dat]] - [[battery-tools-dat]] - [[battery-tester-dat]]
59 59
app-dat/Apocalypse-dat/ESS-dat/ESS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
1
-
2
-# ESS-dat
3
-
4
-Energy storage system (ESS)
5
-
6
-## Power source
7
-
8
-- [[solar-power-dat]] - [[solar-panel-dat]]
9
-
10
-## Power sotage
11
-
12
-- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
13
-
14
-### And more
15
-
16
-Nickel-Cadmium Battery (NiCd):
17
-
18
-Used in power tools, emergency lighting, and some older rechargeable devices.
19
-
20
-Has a memory effect, which means it needs to be fully discharged before recharging to maintain efficiency.
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-## ref
26
-
1
+
2
+# ESS-dat
3
+
4
+Energy storage system (ESS)
5
+
6
+## Power source
7
+
8
+- [[solar-power-dat]] - [[solar-panel-dat]]
9
+
10
+## Power sotage
11
+
12
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
13
+
14
+### And more
15
+
16
+Nickel-Cadmium Battery (NiCd):
17
+
18
+Used in power tools, emergency lighting, and some older rechargeable devices.
19
+
20
+Has a memory effect, which means it needs to be fully discharged before recharging to maintain efficiency.
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+## ref
26
+
27 27
- [[ESS]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/battery-power-tools-dat/battery-power-tools-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
1
-
2
-# Electric-tools-dat
3
-
4
-- [[li-battery-app-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[battery-packs-dat]] - [[battery-5s-dat]] - [[battery-4s-dat]]
9
-
10
-
11
-
12
-## electric tools battery pack == 5S
13
-
14
-
15
-- actually only 5S, each battery is 2500mAH
16
-
17
-![](2025-06-05-16-48-47.png)
18
-
19
-How to series connect the battery pack
20
-
21
-![](2025-06-05-16-51-39.png)
22
-
23
-
24
-
25
-## common type electric tools battery pack
26
-
27
-![](2025-06-10-16-54-11.png)
28
-
29
-## ref
30
-
1
+
2
+# Electric-tools-dat
3
+
4
+- [[li-battery-app-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[battery-packs-dat]] - [[battery-5s-dat]] - [[battery-4s-dat]]
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+## electric tools battery pack == 5S
13
+
14
+
15
+- actually only 5S, each battery is 2500mAH
16
+
17
+![](2025-06-05-16-48-47.png)
18
+
19
+How to series connect the battery pack
20
+
21
+![](2025-06-05-16-51-39.png)
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+## common type electric tools battery pack
26
+
27
+![](2025-06-10-16-54-11.png)
28
+
29
+## ref
30
+
31 31
- [[battery-pack-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
app-dat/power-storage-dat/power-storage-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,93 +1,93 @@
1
-
2
-# power-storage-dat
3
-
4
-- [[solar-panel-dat]] - [[solar-charge-controller-dat]] - [[battery-dat]] ( [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] )- [[inverter-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-## Building Your Own Solar Power System: A DIY Guide
8
-
9
-Power outages, especially during peak consumption periods, can be a significant inconvenience. A personal solar power system offers a reliable backup and a step towards energy independence. This guide will walk you through the components, design considerations, and assembly of a DIY solar power system.
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-### Understanding the Core Components
14
-
15
-A basic solar power system comprises four main components:
16
-
17
-1. **Solar Panels:** Convert sunlight into electrical energy (DC power).
18
-2. **Battery:** Stores the energy generated by the solar panels.
19
-3. **Solar Charge Controller:** Regulates the power from the solar panels to the battery, preventing overcharging and over-discharging.
20
-4. **Inverter:** Converts the DC power from the battery into AC power, suitable for household appliances.
21
-
22
-
23
-![](2025-06-15-01-48-46.png)
24
-
25
-
26
-### System Design and Sizing: A Practical Example
27
-
28
-Let's design a system capable of supplying 500 Watts per hour, intended as a backup for temporary power outages (e.g., to keep a refrigerator running for 3-4 hours).
29
-
30
-* **Energy Demand:** A refrigerator consuming ~200W/hour needs 800Wh for 4 hours.
31
-* **Battery Sizing:**
32
- * A 12V 100Ah battery provides 12V * 100Ah = 1200Wh. This is sufficient for the 800Wh demand.
33
-* **Inverter Sizing:**
34
- * Continuous power required: >500W.
35
- * Instantaneous peak power: >1kW (or choose based on continuous power needs if clearly specified).
36
-* **Solar Panel Sizing (to charge a 100Ah battery):**
37
- * Assume a 12V 100W solar panel generates ~6A per hour.
38
- * With an average of 4 hours of sunshine per day, one panel generates 6A * 4h = 24Ah per day.
39
- * Two such panels in parallel would generate 48Ah per day.
40
- * This means a 100Ah battery could be fully charged in approximately two days (100Ah / 48Ah/day ≈ 2 days).
41
- * *Alternative Charging:* For faster charging or during cloudy weather, a 12V AC charger (e.g., >10A) can be used to charge the battery from mains electricity.
42
-* **Controller Sizing:**
43
- * A 100W 12V solar panel has a maximum current of about 7A (100W / 12V ≈ 8.33A, but often rated lower for charging). If using two panels, the total current would be around 14A.
44
- * A 20A MPPT controller would suffice.
45
- * For scalability, consider a 40A or 50A controller.
46
-
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-### Connecting Your Solar Power System
51
-
52
-**Important:** Ensure correct polarity at all times. Misconnections can damage components.
53
-
54
-1. **Battery to Controller:** Connect the positive (+) and negative (-) terminals of the battery to the corresponding battery terminals on the solar charge controller.
55
-2. **Solar Panel(s) to Controller:** Connect the positive (+) and negative (-) leads from the solar panel(s) to the corresponding solar panel input terminals on the controller.
56
-3. **Inverter to Battery:** Connect the positive (+) and negative (-) input terminals of the inverter to the positive (+) and negative (-) terminals of the battery respectively.
57
-
58
-
59
-
60
-
61
-### Maintenance for Longevity
62
-
63
-Regular maintenance ensures your system operates efficiently and lasts longer.
64
-
65
-* **Solar Panels:**
66
- * Regularly clean the surface to remove dust, bird droppings, leaves, etc., using a soft brush or water. Avoid corrosive cleaners or scratching the surface.
67
- * Check the stability of mounting structures and ensure bolted joints are secure and not corroded.
68
- * Ensure panels are not shaded by plants or buildings.
69
-* **Controller and Inverter:**
70
- * Periodically check their operation and any display data.
71
- * Ensure vents are not blocked to maintain good heat dissipation.
72
- * Clean the exterior to prevent dust accumulation.
73
-* **Cables and Connectors:**
74
- * Regularly check for loose connections, corrosion, or damage.
75
-* **Battery:**
76
- * Monitor its status. Avoid over-discharge or leaving it in a low battery state for extended periods.
77
- * Check terminals for leakage, expansion, or corrosion.
78
- * Ensure the battery is installed in a well-ventilated area to avoid overheating.
79
-
80
-![](2025-06-15-01-59-07.png)
81
-
82
-
83
-### Conclusion
84
-
85
-Building your own solar power system can be a rewarding project, providing energy independence and a reliable power backup. With careful planning and attention to detail, you can create a system tailored to your needs.
86
-
87
-If you have any questions or ideas, feel free to discuss them!
88
-
89
-
90
-
91
-## ref
92
-
1
+
2
+# power-storage-dat
3
+
4
+- [[solar-panel-dat]] - [[solar-charge-controller-dat]] - [[battery-dat]] ( [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] )- [[inverter-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+## Building Your Own Solar Power System: A DIY Guide
8
+
9
+Power outages, especially during peak consumption periods, can be a significant inconvenience. A personal solar power system offers a reliable backup and a step towards energy independence. This guide will walk you through the components, design considerations, and assembly of a DIY solar power system.
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+### Understanding the Core Components
14
+
15
+A basic solar power system comprises four main components:
16
+
17
+1. **Solar Panels:** Convert sunlight into electrical energy (DC power).
18
+2. **Battery:** Stores the energy generated by the solar panels.
19
+3. **Solar Charge Controller:** Regulates the power from the solar panels to the battery, preventing overcharging and over-discharging.
20
+4. **Inverter:** Converts the DC power from the battery into AC power, suitable for household appliances.
21
+
22
+
23
+![](2025-06-15-01-48-46.png)
24
+
25
+
26
+### System Design and Sizing: A Practical Example
27
+
28
+Let's design a system capable of supplying 500 Watts per hour, intended as a backup for temporary power outages (e.g., to keep a refrigerator running for 3-4 hours).
29
+
30
+* **Energy Demand:** A refrigerator consuming ~200W/hour needs 800Wh for 4 hours.
31
+* **Battery Sizing:**
32
+ * A 12V 100Ah battery provides 12V * 100Ah = 1200Wh. This is sufficient for the 800Wh demand.
33
+* **Inverter Sizing:**
34
+ * Continuous power required: >500W.
35
+ * Instantaneous peak power: >1kW (or choose based on continuous power needs if clearly specified).
36
+* **Solar Panel Sizing (to charge a 100Ah battery):**
37
+ * Assume a 12V 100W solar panel generates ~6A per hour.
38
+ * With an average of 4 hours of sunshine per day, one panel generates 6A * 4h = 24Ah per day.
39
+ * Two such panels in parallel would generate 48Ah per day.
40
+ * This means a 100Ah battery could be fully charged in approximately two days (100Ah / 48Ah/day ≈ 2 days).
41
+ * *Alternative Charging:* For faster charging or during cloudy weather, a 12V AC charger (e.g., >10A) can be used to charge the battery from mains electricity.
42
+* **Controller Sizing:**
43
+ * A 100W 12V solar panel has a maximum current of about 7A (100W / 12V ≈ 8.33A, but often rated lower for charging). If using two panels, the total current would be around 14A.
44
+ * A 20A MPPT controller would suffice.
45
+ * For scalability, consider a 40A or 50A controller.
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+### Connecting Your Solar Power System
51
+
52
+**Important:** Ensure correct polarity at all times. Misconnections can damage components.
53
+
54
+1. **Battery to Controller:** Connect the positive (+) and negative (-) terminals of the battery to the corresponding battery terminals on the solar charge controller.
55
+2. **Solar Panel(s) to Controller:** Connect the positive (+) and negative (-) leads from the solar panel(s) to the corresponding solar panel input terminals on the controller.
56
+3. **Inverter to Battery:** Connect the positive (+) and negative (-) input terminals of the inverter to the positive (+) and negative (-) terminals of the battery respectively.
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+### Maintenance for Longevity
62
+
63
+Regular maintenance ensures your system operates efficiently and lasts longer.
64
+
65
+* **Solar Panels:**
66
+ * Regularly clean the surface to remove dust, bird droppings, leaves, etc., using a soft brush or water. Avoid corrosive cleaners or scratching the surface.
67
+ * Check the stability of mounting structures and ensure bolted joints are secure and not corroded.
68
+ * Ensure panels are not shaded by plants or buildings.
69
+* **Controller and Inverter:**
70
+ * Periodically check their operation and any display data.
71
+ * Ensure vents are not blocked to maintain good heat dissipation.
72
+ * Clean the exterior to prevent dust accumulation.
73
+* **Cables and Connectors:**
74
+ * Regularly check for loose connections, corrosion, or damage.
75
+* **Battery:**
76
+ * Monitor its status. Avoid over-discharge or leaving it in a low battery state for extended periods.
77
+ * Check terminals for leakage, expansion, or corrosion.
78
+ * Ensure the battery is installed in a well-ventilated area to avoid overheating.
79
+
80
+![](2025-06-15-01-59-07.png)
81
+
82
+
83
+### Conclusion
84
+
85
+Building your own solar power system can be a rewarding project, providing energy independence and a reliable power backup. With careful planning and attention to detail, you can create a system tailored to your needs.
86
+
87
+If you have any questions or ideas, feel free to discuss them!
88
+
89
+
90
+
91
+## ref
92
+
93 93
- [[power-storage]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-Lead-acid-dat/2025-04-21-16-25-17.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/battery-dat/battery-Lead-acid-dat/2025-04-21-16-25-17.png differ
battery-dat/battery-Lead-acid-dat/2025-06-15-01-53-06.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/battery-dat/battery-Lead-acid-dat/2025-06-15-01-53-06.png differ
battery-dat/battery-Lead-acid-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
1
+
2
+# Lead-acid-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+## charge board
8
+
9
+- [[OPM1181-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+Batteries store the energy produced by your solar panels for later use.
16
+
17
+## Types:
18
+
19
+### General Lead-Acid Batteries:
20
+
21
+Common in automotive applications. They are relatively inexpensive and the technology is mature. However, they are heavy, have a shorter lifespan (approx. 3 years), require maintenance, and are not suitable for frequent deep discharge (recommended depth of discharge is ~20%).
22
+
23
+### Deep Cycle Lead-Acid Batteries:
24
+
25
+Designed for deep discharge (up to 80% or more) without significantly affecting lifespan. They have thicker plates and durable materials, making them well-suited for solar power systems, electric vehicles, and campers requiring continuous, stable power.
26
+
27
+
28
+**Capacity:** Measured in Amp-hours (Ah). A 12V 100Ah battery stores 12V * 100Ah = 1200 Watt-hours (Wh) of energy.
29
+
30
+![](2025-06-15-01-53-06.png)
31
+
32
+
33
+## lead-acid-battery-dat
34
+
35
+- LAB: Lead-Acid Battery
36
+- 蓄电池 (xù diàn chí) is the Chinese term for "rechargeable battery." It is a type of electrical battery that can be recharged multiple times. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and many other portable devices.
37
+
38
+- Here are some links where you can find more information about 蓄电池:
39
+
40
+- Wikipedia: Rechargeable Battery - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0
41
+- China Battery Industry Association - http://www.cbia.com.cn/
42
+- Battery University: Rechargeable Batteries - https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_rechargeable_batteries
43
+
44
+## voltage
45
+
46
+- 12V == [[solar-power-dat]]
47
+- 72V == [[motor-dat]]
48
+
49
+## LAB Example
50
+
51
+![](2025-04-21-16-25-17.png)
52
+
53
+2.6 Ah = 2.6 × 1000 = **2600 mAh**
54
+
55
+
56
+* **Brand:** ANJING
57
+* **Type:** Sealed Rechargeable Battery (Likely SLA/VRLA) Sealed Lead-Acid (a specific type, but often used generally)
58
+* **Nominal Voltage:** 12V
59
+* **Capacity:** 2.6Ah (Rated at 20-hour discharge rate - 12V 2.6Ah/20hr)
60
+ * This implies a discharge current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h) for 20 hours.
61
+* **Charging Method:** Constant Voltage Charge
62
+ * **Standby Use (Float):** 13.50V - 13.80V
63
+ * **Cycle Use:** 14.40V - 15.00V
64
+ * **Initial Charging Current:** Less than 0.78A (0.3C)
65
+* **Chemistry:** Lead-acid (Pb symbol present)
66
+* **Markings:**
67
+ * Recycling symbol
68
+ * Do not dispose symbol (crossed-out bin)
69
+
70
+As noted on the battery (12V2.6Ah/20hr), this specific 2.6Ah rating was determined using a 20-hour discharge period. This means it was likely discharged at a current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13A) for 20 hours.
71
+
72
+
73
+### Estimated Runtime Calculation
74
+
75
+This calculation estimates how long the ANJING 12V 2.6Ah battery can power a 5V 1A load using a DC-DC converter.
76
+
77
+**1. Calculate Load Power:**
78
+ - Load Voltage (V_load) = 5V
79
+ - Load Current (I_load) = 1A
80
+ - Load Power (P_load) = V_load × I_load = 5V × 1A = 5 Watts
81
+
82
+**2. Account for DC-DC Converter Efficiency:**
83
+ - Assume a typical converter efficiency (η) = 85% (or 0.85). Real-world efficiency may vary.
84
+ - Power drawn from the battery (P_batt) = P_load / η
85
+ - P_batt = 5W / 0.85 ≈ 5.88 Watts
86
+
87
+**3. Calculate Current Drawn from Battery:**
88
+ - Battery Nominal Voltage (V_batt) = 12V
89
+ - Current drawn from battery (I_batt) = P_batt / V_batt
90
+ - I_batt = 5.88W / 12V ≈ 0.49 Amps
91
+
92
+**4. Compare to Rated Discharge:**
93
+ - The battery's capacity (2.6Ah) is rated for a 20-hour discharge (as noted in the file: `12V2.6Ah/20hr`).
94
+ - Rated Discharge Current (I_rated) = 2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13 Amps
95
+ - The calculated draw (0.49A) is significantly higher than the rated discharge current (0.13A).
96
+
97
+**5. Calculate Ideal Runtime (Ignoring Peukert's Effect):**
98
+ - Battery Capacity (C) = 2.6Ah
99
+ - Ideal Runtime (T_ideal) = C / I_batt
100
+ - T_ideal = 2.6Ah / 0.49A ≈ 5.3 hours
101
+
102
+**6. Consider Peukert's Effect:**
103
+ - Lead-acid batteries deliver less total capacity when discharged at rates higher than their rating (Peukert's Law).
104
+ - Since 0.49A is much higher than the 0.13A rating, the *effective* capacity will be lower than 2.6Ah.
105
+
106
+**Conclusion:**
107
+
108
+The **ideal calculated runtime is approximately 5.3 hours**. However, due to the higher discharge current (0.49A vs. the 0.13A rating), the actual runtime will be **noticeably less than 5.3 hours**. The exact reduction depends on the specific Peukert exponent of this battery model, which is not provided.
109
+
110
+
111
+## app
112
+
113
+- [[power-storage-dat]]
114
+
115
+## ref
116
+
117
+- [[Lead-acid-battery]] - [[battery-rechargerable]] - [[power]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-capacity-dat/battery-capacity-dat.md
... ...
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Time = 5000 mAh ÷ 500 mA = 10 hours
83 83
84 84
## Car Sedan Lead-Acid battery
85 85
86
-- [[lead-acid-battery-dat]]
86
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
87 87
88 88
- Typical Voltage (V): 12 V
89 89
- Typical Capacity Range (Ah): 40 Ah to 70 Ah
battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@
31 31
## types
32 32
33 33
34
-- [[battery-size-dat]] - [[18650-dat]] - [[18350-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[14450-dat]]
34
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]] - [[18650-dat]] - [[18350-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[14450-dat]]
35 35
36 36
37 37
- [[battery-dat]]
38 38
39
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]]
39
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]]
40 40
41 41
- [[battery-protection-dat]]
42 42
battery-dat/battery-holder-dat/battery-holder-AA-dat/battery-holder-AA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
2 2
# battery-holder-AA-dat
3 3
4 4
5
-- [[battery-AA-dat]] - [[battery-size-dat]]
5
+- [[battery-AA-dat]] - [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]]
6 6
7 7
8 8
- [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]] - [[AA-battery-holder-dat]]
battery-dat/battery-holder-dat/battery-holder-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-holder-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[battery-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[CR2032-holder-dat]] - [[battery-holder-AA-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[battery-size-dat]] - [[18650-dat]] - [[18350-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[14450-dat]]
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
15
-
16
-
17
-## boards
18
-
19
-- [[PPB1080-dat]]
20
-
21
-
22
-## 18350
23
-
24
-![](2026-03-13-16-06-56.png)
25
-
26
-
27
-## 14450
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-- [[battery-dat]]
34
-
1
+
2
+# battery-holder-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[battery-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[CR2032-holder-dat]] - [[battery-holder-AA-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]] - [[18650-dat]] - [[18350-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[14450-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
15
+
16
+
17
+## boards
18
+
19
+- [[PPB1080-dat]]
20
+
21
+
22
+## 18350
23
+
24
+![](2026-03-13-16-06-56.png)
25
+
26
+
27
+## 14450
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[battery-dat]]
34
+
35 35
- [[battery]] - [[battery-holder]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/2026-05-16-02-36-03.png
... ...
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... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-20S-dat/2026-05-16-01-54-18.png differ
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-20S-dat/2026-05-16-01-55-05.png
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battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-20S-dat/battery-LFP-20S-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# battery-LFP-20S-dat
4
+
5
+- [[battery-volumn-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[battery-LFP-20S-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-pack-dat]]
8
+
9
+## 20S2P
10
+
11
+![](2026-05-16-01-54-18.png)
12
+
13
+![](2026-05-16-01-55-05.png)
14
+
15
+## protector
16
+
17
+![](2026-05-16-01-51-46.png)
18
+
19
+
20
+## ref
21
+
22
+
23
+
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-LFP-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[blade-battery-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[32650-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[battery-LI-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
14
+
15
+legacy wiki page == https://www.electrodragon.com/w/LFP_Battery
16
+
17
+
18
+这种电池通常被称为“铁锂”。它的正极材料使用的是磷酸铁锂。
19
+
20
+
21
+## LFP charger
22
+
23
+- [[TP5000-dat]] - [[TP-dat]]
24
+
25
+
26
+
27
+## battery order link
28
+
29
+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/special-offer-series-limited-qty-1/
30
+
31
+
32
+
33
+## info
34
+
35
+== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
36
+
37
+LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
38
+
39
+Key Characteristics:
40
+
41
+Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
42
+
43
+
44
+
45
+A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
46
+
47
+## Key Features and Benefits:
48
+
49
+1. **Long Lifespan**
50
+ - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
51
+ - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
52
+
53
+2. **Safety**
54
+ - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
55
+ - Less prone to thermal runaway.
56
+
57
+3. **Lightweight**
58
+ - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
59
+
60
+4. **High Energy Density**
61
+ - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
62
+
63
+5. **Wide Temperature Range**
64
+ - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
65
+
66
+6. **Fast Charging**
67
+ - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
68
+
69
+7. **Low Self-Discharge**
70
+ - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
71
+
72
+8. **Environmentally Friendly**
73
+ - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
74
+
75
+---
76
+
77
+## Common Applications:
78
+1. **Solar Power Systems**
79
+ - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
80
+
81
+2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
82
+ - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
83
+
84
+3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
85
+ - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
86
+
87
+4. **Backup Power**
88
+ - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
89
+
90
+5. **Portable Electronics**
91
+ - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
92
+
93
+6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
94
+ - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
95
+
96
+---
97
+
98
+## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
99
+
100
+| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
101
+|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
102
+| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
103
+| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
104
+| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
105
+| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
106
+| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
107
+| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
108
+
109
+
110
+
111
+
112
+
113
+## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
114
+
115
+| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
116
+|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
117
+| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
118
+| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
119
+| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
120
+| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
121
+| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
122
+| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
123
+| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
124
+| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
125
+| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
126
+
127
+## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
128
+
129
+Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
130
+
131
+The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
132
+- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
133
+- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
134
+
135
+
136
+## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
137
+
138
+1. Safety is a priority:
139
+LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
140
+
141
+2. Long lifespan needed:
142
+Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
143
+
144
+3. High discharge/charge rates:
145
+Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
146
+
147
+4. Eco-consciousness:
148
+LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
149
+
150
+
151
+
152
+
153
+
154
+## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
155
+
156
+The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
157
+
158
+- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
159
+- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
160
+- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
161
+
162
+- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
163
+
164
+
165
+
166
+
167
+## example
168
+
169
+xiaolu - 3.2V15AH == 48Wh // 20x 48wh == 1000 Wh == 1kWh == 64V
170
+
171
+![](2026-05-16-02-36-03.png)
172
+
173
+
174
+## ref
175
+
176
+- [[battery-pack]]
177
+
178
+- [[battery-LFP]] - [[li-battery-material]] - [[li-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-pack-dat/battery-LFP-pack-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# battery-LFP-pack-dat
4
+
5
+- [[battery-LFP-20S-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-pack-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/2025-09-11-14-59-46.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/2025-09-11-14-59-46.png differ
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/blade-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
1
+
2
+# blade-battery-dat
3
+
4
+- [[BYD-dat]] - [[CATL-dat]] - [[EVE-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[LFP-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[solar-power-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[battery-system-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+## specs
15
+
16
+![](2025-09-11-14-59-46.png)
17
+
18
+149 - 18 - 99
19
+
20
+亿纬 - 3.7v - 19.5AH - (高倍率30c）
21
+
22
+
23
+## ref
24
+
25
+- [[LFP-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# NCA-dat
4
+
5
+镍（Nickel）、钴（Cobalt）、铝（Aluminium）
6
+
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# NCM-dat
4
+
5
+镍（Nickel）、钴（Cobalt）、锰（Manganese）
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat
4
+
5
+
6
+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
7
+
8
+
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# battery-NCM-NCA-dat
4
+
5
+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
6
+
7
+Ternary Lithium (NCM / NCA)
8
+
9
+**Ternary batteries** use a combination of Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese (or Aluminium) for the cathode.
10
+
11
+* **High Energy Density:** These batteries are **lighter and smaller** for the same capacity. For a 4-servo robot where weight is a critical factor for mobility, this is a major advantage.
12
+* **High Voltage & Power:** The nominal voltage is **3.7V** (charging up to 4.2V). This higher voltage allows servos to provide more torque and higher speeds.
13
+* **Better Cold Resistance:** They maintain efficiency much better than LFP in cold environments.
14
+* **Drawbacks:** They have lower thermal stability (higher fire risk if damaged) and a shorter cycle life, typically between **800 and 1,500 cycles**.
15
+
16
+
17
+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
18
+
19
+
20
+Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
25
+1. **High Energy Density**
26
+ - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
27
+2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
28
+ - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
29
+3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
30
+ - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
31
+4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
32
+ - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
33
+5. **Lower Safety**
34
+ - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
35
+6. **Higher Cost**
36
+ - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
37
+
38
+---
39
+
40
+## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
41
+| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
42
+|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
43
+| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
44
+| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
45
+
46
+- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
47
+- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
48
+
49
+---
50
+
51
+## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
52
+| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
53
+|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
54
+| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
55
+| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
56
+| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
57
+| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
58
+| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
59
+| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
60
+
61
+---
62
+
63
+## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
64
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
65
+ - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
66
+2. **Power Tools**
67
+ - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
68
+3. **Consumer Electronics**
69
+ - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
70
+
71
+---
72
+
73
+## **Future Trends**
74
+- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
75
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
76
+- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
77
+
78
+
79
+
80
+## ref
81
+
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-anode-dat/battery-li-anode-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-material-dat
3
+
4
+- [[battery-LFP-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]]
7
+-
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
12
+
13
+
14
+- [[battery-li-dat]]
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## LFP vs ternary lithium batteries.
20
+
21
+Technical Summary Table
22
+
23
+| Feature | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) | Ternary Lithium (NCM) |
24
+| :--- | :--- | :--- |
25
+| **Nominal Cell Voltage** | 3.2V | 3.7V |
26
+| **Cycle Life** | 2000 - 5000 times | 800 - 1500 times |
27
+| **Energy Density** | Lower (Heavier) | High (Lighter) |
28
+| **Safety** | Excellent (Stable) | Average (Thermal runaway risk) |
29
+| **High Temp Resistance** | Excellent | Average |
30
+
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+## ref
35
+
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-li-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+## info
8
+
9
+- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[battery-soldering-dat]]
12
+
13
+- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
14
+
15
+- [[li-battery-app-dat]]
16
+
17
+
18
+- [[battery-li-dat]] - [[battery-1s-dat]]
19
+
20
+
21
+## Classification Summary
22
+
23
+By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
24
+
25
+By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
26
+
27
+By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+
32
+
33
+## Classification
34
+
35
+
36
+### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
37
+
38
+#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
39
+
40
+- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
41
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
42
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
43
+
44
+- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
45
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
46
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
47
+
48
+- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
49
+ - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
50
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
51
+
52
+- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
53
+ - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
54
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
55
+
56
+- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
57
+ - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
58
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
59
+
60
+#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
61
+
62
+- **Graphite**
63
+ - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
64
+ - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
65
+
66
+- **Silicon-based Materials**
67
+ - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
68
+ - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
69
+
70
+- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
71
+ - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
72
+ - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
73
+
74
+- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
75
+ - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
76
+ - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
77
+
78
+---
79
+
80
+
81
+
82
+### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
83
+
84
+Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
85
+
86
+---
87
+
88
+#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
89
+
90
+Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
91
+
92
+##### **Common Sizes:**
93
+
94
+- **18650**
95
+ - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
96
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
97
+ - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
98
+
99
+- **21700**
100
+ - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
101
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
102
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
103
+
104
+- **26650**
105
+ - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
106
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
107
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
108
+
109
+---
110
+
111
+#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
112
+
113
+Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
114
+
115
+##### **Common Sizes:**
116
+
117
+- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
118
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
119
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
120
+ - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
121
+
122
+- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
123
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
124
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
125
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
126
+
127
+---
128
+
129
+#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
130
+
131
+Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
132
+
133
+##### **Common Sizes:**
134
+
135
+- **Small Pouch Batteries**
136
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
137
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
138
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
139
+
140
+- **Large Pouch Batteries**
141
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
142
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
143
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
144
+
145
+---
146
+
147
+#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
148
+
149
+Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
150
+
151
+##### **Common Sizes:**
152
+
153
+- **CR2032**
154
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
155
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
156
+ - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
157
+
158
+- **CR2025**
159
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
160
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
161
+ - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
162
+
163
+---
164
+
165
+### **Summary**
166
+
167
+Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
168
+
169
+| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
170
+|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
171
+| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
172
+| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
173
+| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
174
+| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
175
+
176
+This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
177
+
178
+
179
+
180
+## li-battery tech
181
+
182
+### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
183
+
184
+Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
185
+
186
+If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
187
+
188
+
189
+
190
+
191
+### Lithium battery Check
192
+
193
+- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
194
+
195
+
196
+
197
+
198
+## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
199
+
200
+| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
201
+|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
202
+| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
203
+| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
204
+| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
205
+| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
206
+| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
207
+| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
208
+| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
209
+
210
+
211
+🧠 Which to Choose?
212
+18650: Most versatile and widely used.
213
+
214
+21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
215
+
216
+26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
217
+
218
+Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
219
+
220
+
221
+
222
+
223
+## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
224
+
225
+Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
226
+
227
+Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
228
+
229
+LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
230
+
231
+## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
232
+
233
+Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
234
+
235
+Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
236
+
237
+
238
+
239
+
240
+
241
+## ref
242
+
243
+- [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-rechargerable-app-dat/li-battery-app-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-app-dat
3
+
4
+### By Apps
5
+
6
+Robot tank battery
7
+
8
+3x 3000mAH x 3.7 == 33.3 Wh / 12.5V == **2.66 Ah (2660 mAh)
9
+
10
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
11
+
12
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
17
+
18
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
19
+
20
+- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[Electric-tools-battery-dat]]
21
+
22
+3x 18650
23
+
24
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-09-10-21-35-20.png)
25
+
26
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-09-10-21-35-39.png)
27
+
28
+power tool battery == 3S=3P/6P/6P == 15 batteries
29
+
30
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
31
+
32
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
33
+
34
+
35
+single-unit large battery
36
+
37
+48V / 200AH
38
+
39
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
40
+
41
+3S10P == 30 batteries == 12V 30000 mAH
42
+
43
+![](../../battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2025-09-10-22-03-23.png)
44
+
45
+3S5P == 15 batteries == 12V 15000 mAH
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+## calculata density
53
+
54
+If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
55
+
56
+Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
57
+
58
+Substituting the values:
59
+
60
+Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
61
+
62
+So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
63
+
64
+
65
+To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
66
+
67
+For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
68
+
69
+For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
70
+
71
+**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+## ref
76
+
77
+
78
+- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
79
+
80
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- ExtremelySafe
8
+- Light-weighted
9
+- Versatileinnature
10
+- Low self-discharge level
11
+- Thin with huge capacity
12
+
13
+
14
+## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
+
16
+### Overview
17
+Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
+
19
+### Merits
20
+1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
+2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
+3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
+4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
+5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
+
26
+### Demerits
27
+
28
+1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
+2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
+3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
+
32
+
33
+## Compare
34
+
35
+![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
+
42
+| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
+| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
+| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
+| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
+| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
+| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
+| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
+| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
+| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
+| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
+| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
+| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
battery-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
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battery-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
1
+
2
+# li-ion-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
+
7
+## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
+
9
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
+
11
+constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
+
13
+
14
+## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
+
16
+Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
+
18
+- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
+
20
+- [[BMS-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+## ref
battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/2026-02-13-13-41-23.png
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battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/2026-05-19-23-45-52.png
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battery-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-pack-dat.md
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@@ -1,321 +1,319 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-pack-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-- [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]] - [[battery-holder-AA-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[battery-pack]]
11
-
12
-- in the pack including [[BMS-dat]]
13
-
14
-
15
-
16
-- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
17
-
18
-- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
19
-
20
-- battery test by [[electronic-loader-dat]]
21
-
22
-- check [[battery-discharge-dat]]
23
-
24
-- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
25
-
26
-- FB design - [[resistor-feedback-dat]]
27
-
28
-- soldering by [[spot-welding-dat]]
29
-
30
-## accessories
31
-
32
-- [[sensor-dc-voltage-dat]]
33
-
34
-- [[meter-voltage-dat]] - [[meter-current-dat]]
35
-
36
-- [[cable-power-dat]]
37
-
38
-- [[12V-dat]] - [[5V-dat]] - [[9V-dat]]
39
-
40
-
41
-## how to choose correct battery pack
42
-
43
-- [[battery-1s-dat]] - [[battery-2s-dat]] - [[battery-3s-dat]] - [[battery-4s-dat]] - [[battery-5s-dat]] - [[battery-6s-dat]] - [[battery-7s-dat]] - [[battery-10s-dat]] - [[battery-13s-dat]] - [[battery-14s-dat]]
44
-
45
-- [[battery-size-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
46
-
47
-If your device needs a peak of 40 Watts:
48
-
49
-- At 3.7V (1S): The battery must push \approx `10.8A`.
50
-- At 7.4V (2S): The batteries only need to push \approx `5.4A`.
51
-
52
-so for high current, always GOOD to use higher voltage pack
53
-
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
-## battery pack examples
58
-
59
-- 48V 15Ah == 703 RMB - - [[32125-dat]] [[li-battery-dat]]
60
-
61
-- 36V 9AH == 1269 RMB
62
-
63
-- [[e-bike-dat]]
64
-
65
-
66
-
67
-
68
-
69
-### laptop internal battery pack
70
-
71
-3S-3P == 11V - [[lenovo-dat]]
72
-
73
-![](2025-09-30-21-25-57.png)
74
-
75
-![](2025-09-30-21-26-17.png)
76
-
77
-![](2025-09-30-21-26-41.png)
78
-
79
-
80
-
81
-
82
-# battery-packs-dat
83
-
84
-- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
85
-
86
-- [[passive-BMS-dat]]
87
-
88
-- [[battery-1S-dat]] == 4V
89
-- [[battery-2S-dat]] == 8V
90
-- [[battery-3S-dat]] == 12V
91
-
92
-- [[battery-4S-dat]] == 16.8V
93
-- [[battery-5S-dat]] == 21V
94
-
95
-
96
-- [[active-BMS-dat]]
97
-
98
-- [[battery-6S-dat]] == 24V
99
-
100
-- [[battery-12S-dat]] == 48V
101
-
102
-- [[battery-16S-dat]] == 64V
103
-
104
-- [[battery-18S-dat]] == 72V
105
-
106
-
107
-
108
-## ref
109
-
110
-- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
111
-
112
-
113
-
114
-
115
-## 🔋 Common Lithium Battery Pack Combinations
116
-
117
-- 2S = 8.4V
118
-- 3S = 12.6V
119
-- 4S = 16.8V
120
-
121
-
122
-| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Full Charge Voltage (V) | | Description |
123
-| ------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------------- |
124
-| 1S1P | 3.7V | 4.2V | [[battery-1s-dat]] | Single cell |
125
-| 1S2P | 3.7V | 4.2V | [[battery-1s-dat]] | 2 cells in parallel |
126
-| 2S1P | 7.4V | 8.4V | [[battery-2s-dat]] | 2 cells in series |
127
-| 2S2P | 7.4V | 8.4V | [[battery-2s-dat]] | 4 cells total (2 series × 2 parallel) |
128
-| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **12.6V** | [[battery-3s-dat]] | **Common for RC and drones** |
129
-| 3S2P | 11.1V | 12.6V | [[battery-3s-dat]] | 6 cells total |
130
-| 4S1P | 14.8V | 16.8V | | Laptop batteries, [[power-tools-dat]] |
131
-| 4S2P | 14.8V | 16.8V | | Higher capacity variant |
132
-| 5S1P | 18.5V | 21.0V | | Electric tools |
133
-| 5S2P | 18.5V | 21.0V | | Longer runtime tools |
134
-| 6S1P | 22.2V | 25.2V | | Drones, high-power packs |
135
-| 6S2P | 22.2V | 25.2V | | More capacity, same voltage |
136
-| 7S1P | 25.9V | 29.4V | | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
137
-| 7S2P | 25.9V | 29.4V | | E-bikes, scooters |
138
-| 10S1P | 37V | 42.0V | | Standard for e-bike packs |
139
-| 10S2P | 37V | 42.0V | | Common e-bike configuration |
140
-| 13S1P | 48.1V | 54.6V | | High-voltage e-bike pack |
141
-| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **54.6V** | | **E-bikes, scooters** |
142
-| 14S1P | 51.8V | 58.8V | | Some 52V e-bike packs |
143
-| 14S2P | 51.8V | 58.8V | | Higher capacity |
144
-
145
-
146
-common apps - [[Electric-tools-dat]] - [[drone-battery-dat]]
147
-
148
-
149
-## why one bad 18650 battery will ruin other paralled batteries
150
-
151
-How it ruins other paralleled batteries:
152
-
153
-- **Constant Discharging of Healthy Cells**: Healthy cells in parallel will try to "charge" the bad cell that is at a lower voltage. This means the good cells are constantly discharging into the bad cell, even when no external load is connected. This continuous drain can over-discharge the healthy cells, reducing their lifespan and capacity.
154
-- **Overheating and Safety Risks**: The bad cell, due to higher internal resistance or being constantly charged by other cells, can overheat. This heat can transfer to adjacent healthy cells, potentially damaging them or even leading to thermal runaway in severe cases, which is a significant safety hazard (fire or explosion).
155
-- **Reduced Overall Pack Performance**: The overall capacity and current delivery capability of the pack will be severely limited by the weakest cell. The pack will perform as if all cells are as bad as the faulty one.
156
-- **Accelerated Aging of Healthy Cells**: The constant stress of trying to compensate for the bad cell accelerates the aging process of the healthy cells.
157
-
158
-## can 18650 lihtium battery be soldered by soldering iron?
159
-
160
-
161
-* **Heat Damage:** Lithium-ion cells are sensitive to heat. Excessive heat from a soldering iron can:
162
- * Damage the internal chemistry of the cell, reducing its capacity, lifespan, and performance.
163
- * Melt or damage the internal safety components like the pressure vent or PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) switch.
164
- * In extreme cases, lead to thermal runaway, which can cause the battery to vent, catch fire, or even explode.
165
-
166
-* **Difficulty:** The positive and negative terminals of 18650 cells are often made of materials (like nickel or steel) that can be difficult to solder to without specialized flux and a powerful iron. Prolonged heating to achieve a good solder joint increases the risk of heat damage.
167
-
168
-* **Safety Risks:**
169
- * Accidentally short-circuiting the battery with the soldering iron tip or solder can cause extremely high currents, leading to sparks, burns, and battery damage.
170
- * Overheating can release flammable and toxic gases.
171
-
172
-### **Recommended Alternatives:**
173
-
174
-* **Spot Welding:** This is the industry-standard method for connecting 18650 cells. Spot welders deliver a very high current for a very short duration, creating a strong weld with minimal heat transfer to the cell's internals.
175
-* **Battery Holders:** Using appropriate battery holders allows for connections without soldering directly to the cells. This is a safer option for many DIY projects.
176
-* **Pre-tabbed Cells:** Some 18650 cells are available with nickel tabs already spot-welded to the terminals. These tabs are much easier and safer to solder to.
177
-
178
-
179
-
180
-
181
-
182
-## FPV power battery
183
-
184
-**Balance Connector**
185
-
186
-- 2S battery = 2 cells in series → total 2 voltages to monitor (Cell 1 & Cell 2).
187
-- The 3 pins are:
188
- - **Pin 1 (B-)** → negative of first cell / main ground.
189
- - **Pin 2 (C1)** → middle point between cell 1 and cell 2.
190
- - **Pin 3 (B+)** → positive of second cell / total pack voltage.
191
-- This lets a **balance charger** measure each cell individually.
192
-
193
-
194
-
195
-## "Powerful" battery
196
-
197
-### 1. Upgrade to Higher Cell Count (More Voltage)
198
-- **Switch from 2S (7.4V) to 3S (11.1V) or 4S (14.8V)** for more motor RPM and torque.
199
-- ✅ **Check compatibility** of your **ESC and motor** before upgrading.
200
- - If not rated for higher voltage, you risk burning them out.
201
-
202
-**Pros:**
203
-- Significant performance boost
204
-- Higher speed and torque
205
-
206
-**Cons:**
207
-- Can overheat/damage components
208
-- May require stronger drivetrain
209
-
210
----
211
-
212
-### 2. Increase Battery Discharge Rate (C-Rating)
213
-- **Higher C-rating = more current output**, improving throttle response and torque.
214
-
215
-**Example:**
216
-- 2S 5000mAh 20C → 5A × 20 = 100A max discharge
217
-- 2S 5000mAh 50C → 5A × 50 = 250A max discharge
218
-
219
-**Pros:**
220
-- Better throttle response
221
-- Handles load more effectively (climbing, off-road)
222
-
223
-**Cons:**
224
-- Higher cost
225
-- May be slightly heavier
226
-
227
----
228
-
229
-### 3. Increase Capacity (mAh)
230
-- **Higher mAh = longer run-time** and **less voltage sag under load**
231
-
232
-**Example:**
233
-- Upgrade from 2200mAh to 5000mAh for more endurance
234
-
235
-
236
-## reference images
237
-
238
-![](2025-07-23-19-30-54.png)
239
-
240
-![](2025-07-23-19-31-29.png)
241
-
242
-![](2025-07-23-19-32-19.png)
243
-
244
-![](2025-07-23-19-32-32.png)
245
-
246
-
247
-## 分容
248
-
249
-先并联充好电，再串联24串一组 恒流放电，需要接个极空保护板计量容量，每次触发保护时标计一个单体的容量， 并移走替换满电的，直到一轮一轮的测完
250
-
251
-
252
-分容可以有这个: EBC-A10H 电池容量测试仪 充放电仪 电子负载 电源测试 5A充10A放
253
-
254
-
255
-YR1035+
256
-
257
-![](2025-08-19-23-54-50.png)
258
-
259
-- [[internal-resistance-meter-dat]]
260
-
261
-## unbalance Series and Parallel
262
-
263
-You have a battery configuration: **3P + 6P + 6P in series**.
264
-- **3P group** = 3 cells in parallel
265
-- **6P groups** = 6 cells in parallel
266
-- **Series connection** → pack is 3S
267
-
268
-Even though some groups have more cells, the **smallest parallel group (3P)** limits the total usable capacity.
269
-
270
----
271
-
272
-### 1. Discharge Behavior
273
-- Current is **the same through all series groups**.
274
-- Example: load draws 9A total:
275
- - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell (high stress)
276
- - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell (lighter load)
277
-- ✅ 3P cells drain faster.
278
-- ❌ Pack is considered “empty” when 3P group is fully discharged, even if 6P groups still have charge.
279
-
280
----
281
-
282
-### 2. Charge Behavior
283
-- Charger applies current evenly through series groups.
284
-- Example: 9A charging current:
285
- - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell
286
- - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell
287
-- ✅ 3P group reaches full voltage first.
288
-- ❌ Charger stops when 3P group is full → extra cells in 6P groups aren’t fully used.
289
-
290
----
291
-
292
-### 3. Key Effects
293
-1. **Capacity wasted**: Extra cells in larger parallel groups are underutilized.
294
-2. **Unbalanced stress**: Smaller parallel group wears out faster.
295
-3. **Reduced lifespan**: Smallest group limits whole pack life and capacity.
296
-
297
----
298
-
299
-### 4. Best Practice
300
-- Ensure **all parallel groups in series have the same number of cells**.
301
-- Example: redesign as **3S6P** → full 18Ah usable capacity instead of being limited to 9Ah.
302
-
303
----
304
-
305
-### ✅ **Summary**:
306
-In series packs, **the smallest parallel group determines the usable capacity**. Extra cells in larger groups are underused, and the smaller group experiences higher current stress, reducing overall pack efficiency and lifespan.
307
-
308
-
309
-
310
-
311
-## build
312
-
313
-![](2026-02-13-13-41-23.png)
314
-
315
-
316
-
317
-## ref
318
-
319
-- [[battery-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
320
-
1
+
2
+# battery-pack-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+- [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[18650-battery-holder-dat]] - [[battery-holder-AA-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[battery-pack]] - [[battery-li-size-dat]]
11
+
12
+- in the pack including [[BMS-dat]]
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
17
+
18
+- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
19
+
20
+- battery test by [[electronic-loader-dat]]
21
+
22
+- check [[battery-discharge-dat]]
23
+
24
+- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
25
+
26
+- FB design - [[resistor-feedback-dat]]
27
+
28
+- soldering by [[spot-welding-dat]]
29
+
30
+## accessories
31
+
32
+- [[sensor-dc-voltage-dat]]
33
+
34
+- [[meter-voltage-dat]] - [[meter-current-dat]]
35
+
36
+- [[cable-power-dat]]
37
+
38
+- [[12V-dat]] - [[5V-dat]] - [[9V-dat]]
39
+
40
+
41
+## how to choose correct battery pack
42
+
43
+- [[battery-1s-dat]] - [[battery-2s-dat]] - [[battery-3s-dat]] - [[battery-4s-dat]] - [[battery-5s-dat]] - [[battery-6s-dat]] - [[battery-7s-dat]] - [[battery-10s-dat]] - [[battery-13s-dat]] - [[battery-14s-dat]]
44
+
45
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
46
+
47
+If your device needs a peak of 40 Watts:
48
+
49
+- At 3.7V (1S): The battery must push \approx `10.8A`.
50
+- At 7.4V (2S): The batteries only need to push \approx `5.4A`.
51
+
52
+so for high current, always GOOD to use higher voltage pack
53
+
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+## battery pack examples
58
+
59
+- 48V 15Ah == 703 RMB - - [[32125-dat]] [[li-battery-dat]]
60
+
61
+- 36V 9AH == 1269 RMB
62
+
63
+- [[e-bike-dat]]
64
+
65
+
66
+
67
+
68
+
69
+### laptop internal battery pack
70
+
71
+3S-3P == 11V - [[lenovo-dat]]
72
+
73
+![](2025-09-30-21-25-57.png)
74
+
75
+![](2025-09-30-21-26-17.png)
76
+
77
+![](2025-09-30-21-26-41.png)
78
+
79
+
80
+
81
+
82
+# battery-packs-dat
83
+
84
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
85
+
86
+- [[passive-BMS-dat]]
87
+
88
+- [[battery-1S-dat]] == 4V
89
+- [[battery-2S-dat]] == 8V
90
+- [[battery-3S-dat]] == 12V
91
+
92
+- [[battery-4S-dat]] == 16.8V
93
+- [[battery-5S-dat]] == 21V
94
+
95
+
96
+- [[active-BMS-dat]]
97
+
98
+- [[battery-6S-dat]] == 24V
99
+
100
+- [[battery-12S-dat]] == 48V
101
+
102
+- [[battery-16S-dat]] == 64V
103
+
104
+- [[battery-18S-dat]] == 72V
105
+
106
+
107
+
108
+## ref
109
+
110
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
111
+
112
+
113
+
114
+
115
+## 🔋 Common Lithium Battery Pack Combinations
116
+
117
+- 2S = 8.4V
118
+- 3S = 12.6V
119
+- 4S = 16.8V
120
+
121
+
122
+| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Full Charge Voltage (V) | | Description |
123
+| ------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------------- |
124
+| 1S1P | 3.7V | 4.2V | [[battery-1s-dat]] | Single cell |
125
+| 1S2P | 3.7V | 4.2V | [[battery-1s-dat]] | 2 cells in parallel |
126
+| 2S1P | 7.4V | 8.4V | [[battery-2s-dat]] | 2 cells in series |
127
+| 2S2P | 7.4V | 8.4V | [[battery-2s-dat]] | 4 cells total (2 series × 2 parallel) |
128
+| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **12.6V** | [[battery-3s-dat]] | **Common for RC and drones** |
129
+| 3S2P | 11.1V | 12.6V | [[battery-3s-dat]] | 6 cells total |
130
+| 4S1P | 14.8V | 16.8V | | Laptop batteries, [[power-tools-dat]] |
131
+| 4S2P | 14.8V | 16.8V | | Higher capacity variant |
132
+| 5S1P | 18.5V | 21.0V | | Electric tools |
133
+| 5S2P | 18.5V | 21.0V | | Longer runtime tools |
134
+| 6S1P | 22.2V | 25.2V | | Drones, high-power packs |
135
+| 6S2P | 22.2V | 25.2V | | More capacity, same voltage |
136
+| 7S1P | 25.9V | 29.4V | | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
137
+| 7S2P | 25.9V | 29.4V | | E-bikes, scooters |
138
+| 10S1P | 37V | 42.0V | | Standard for e-bike packs |
139
+| 10S2P | 37V | 42.0V | | Common e-bike configuration |
140
+| 13S1P | 48.1V | 54.6V | | High-voltage e-bike pack |
141
+| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **54.6V** | | **E-bikes, scooters** |
142
+| 14S1P | 51.8V | 58.8V | | Some 52V e-bike packs |
143
+| 14S2P | 51.8V | 58.8V | | Higher capacity |
144
+
145
+
146
+common apps - [[Electric-tools-dat]] - [[drone-battery-dat]]
147
+
148
+
149
+## why one bad 18650 battery will ruin other paralled batteries
150
+
151
+How it ruins other paralleled batteries:
152
+
153
+- **Constant Discharging of Healthy Cells**: Healthy cells in parallel will try to "charge" the bad cell that is at a lower voltage. This means the good cells are constantly discharging into the bad cell, even when no external load is connected. This continuous drain can over-discharge the healthy cells, reducing their lifespan and capacity.
154
+- **Overheating and Safety Risks**: The bad cell, due to higher internal resistance or being constantly charged by other cells, can overheat. This heat can transfer to adjacent healthy cells, potentially damaging them or even leading to thermal runaway in severe cases, which is a significant safety hazard (fire or explosion).
155
+- **Reduced Overall Pack Performance**: The overall capacity and current delivery capability of the pack will be severely limited by the weakest cell. The pack will perform as if all cells are as bad as the faulty one.
156
+- **Accelerated Aging of Healthy Cells**: The constant stress of trying to compensate for the bad cell accelerates the aging process of the healthy cells.
157
+
158
+## can 18650 lihtium battery be soldered by soldering iron?
159
+
160
+
161
+* **Heat Damage:** Lithium-ion cells are sensitive to heat. Excessive heat from a soldering iron can:
162
+ * Damage the internal chemistry of the cell, reducing its capacity, lifespan, and performance.
163
+ * Melt or damage the internal safety components like the pressure vent or PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) switch.
164
+ * In extreme cases, lead to thermal runaway, which can cause the battery to vent, catch fire, or even explode.
165
+
166
+* **Difficulty:** The positive and negative terminals of 18650 cells are often made of materials (like nickel or steel) that can be difficult to solder to without specialized flux and a powerful iron. Prolonged heating to achieve a good solder joint increases the risk of heat damage.
167
+
168
+* **Safety Risks:**
169
+ * Accidentally short-circuiting the battery with the soldering iron tip or solder can cause extremely high currents, leading to sparks, burns, and battery damage.
170
+ * Overheating can release flammable and toxic gases.
171
+
172
+### **Recommended Alternatives:**
173
+
174
+* **Spot Welding:** This is the industry-standard method for connecting 18650 cells. Spot welders deliver a very high current for a very short duration, creating a strong weld with minimal heat transfer to the cell's internals.
175
+* **Battery Holders:** Using appropriate battery holders allows for connections without soldering directly to the cells. This is a safer option for many DIY projects.
176
+* **Pre-tabbed Cells:** Some 18650 cells are available with nickel tabs already spot-welded to the terminals. These tabs are much easier and safer to solder to.
177
+
178
+
179
+
180
+
181
+
182
+## FPV power battery
183
+
184
+**Balance Connector**
185
+
186
+- 2S battery = 2 cells in series → total 2 voltages to monitor (Cell 1 & Cell 2).
187
+- The 3 pins are:
188
+ - **Pin 1 (B-)** → negative of first cell / main ground.
189
+ - **Pin 2 (C1)** → middle point between cell 1 and cell 2.
190
+ - **Pin 3 (B+)** → positive of second cell / total pack voltage.
191
+- This lets a **balance charger** measure each cell individually.
192
+
193
+
194
+
195
+## "Powerful" battery
196
+
197
+### 1. Upgrade to Higher Cell Count (More Voltage)
198
+- **Switch from 2S (7.4V) to 3S (11.1V) or 4S (14.8V)** for more motor RPM and torque.
199
+- ✅ **Check compatibility** of your **ESC and motor** before upgrading.
200
+ - If not rated for higher voltage, you risk burning them out.
201
+
202
+**Pros:**
203
+- Significant performance boost
204
+- Higher speed and torque
205
+
206
+**Cons:**
207
+- Can overheat/damage components
208
+- May require stronger drivetrain
209
+
210
+---
211
+
212
+### 2. Increase Battery Discharge Rate (C-Rating)
213
+- **Higher C-rating = more current output**, improving throttle response and torque.
214
+
215
+**Example:**
216
+- 2S 5000mAh 20C → 5A × 20 = 100A max discharge
217
+- 2S 5000mAh 50C → 5A × 50 = 250A max discharge
218
+
219
+**Pros:**
220
+- Better throttle response
221
+- Handles load more effectively (climbing, off-road)
222
+
223
+**Cons:**
224
+- Higher cost
225
+- May be slightly heavier
226
+
227
+---
228
+
229
+### 3. Increase Capacity (mAh)
230
+- **Higher mAh = longer run-time** and **less voltage sag under load**
231
+
232
+**Example:**
233
+- Upgrade from 2200mAh to 5000mAh for more endurance
234
+
235
+
236
+## reference images
237
+
238
+![](2025-07-23-19-30-54.png)
239
+
240
+![](2025-07-23-19-31-29.png)
241
+
242
+![](2025-07-23-19-32-19.png)
243
+
244
+![](2025-07-23-19-32-32.png)
245
+
246
+
247
+## 分容
248
+
249
+先并联充好电，再串联24串一组 恒流放电，需要接个极空保护板计量容量，每次触发保护时标计一个单体的容量， 并移走替换满电的，直到一轮一轮的测完
250
+
251
+
252
+分容可以有这个: EBC-A10H 电池容量测试仪 充放电仪 电子负载 电源测试 5A充10A放
253
+
254
+
255
+YR1035+
256
+
257
+![](2025-08-19-23-54-50.png)
258
+
259
+- [[internal-resistance-meter-dat]]
260
+
261
+## unbalance Series and Parallel
262
+
263
+You have a battery configuration: **3P + 6P + 6P in series**.
264
+- **3P group** = 3 cells in parallel
265
+- **6P groups** = 6 cells in parallel
266
+- **Series connection** → pack is 3S
267
+
268
+Even though some groups have more cells, the **smallest parallel group (3P)** limits the total usable capacity.
269
+
270
+---
271
+
272
+### 1. Discharge Behavior
273
+- Current is **the same through all series groups**.
274
+- Example: load draws 9A total:
275
+ - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell (high stress)
276
+ - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell (lighter load)
277
+- ✅ 3P cells drain faster.
278
+- ❌ Pack is considered “empty” when 3P group is fully discharged, even if 6P groups still have charge.
279
+
280
+---
281
+
282
+### 2. Charge Behavior
283
+- Charger applies current evenly through series groups.
284
+- Example: 9A charging current:
285
+ - 3P group → 9A ÷ 3 = 3A per cell
286
+ - 6P groups → 9A ÷ 6 = 1.5A per cell
287
+- ✅ 3P group reaches full voltage first.
288
+- ❌ Charger stops when 3P group is full → extra cells in 6P groups aren’t fully used.
289
+
290
+---
291
+
292
+### 3. Key Effects
293
+1. **Capacity wasted**: Extra cells in larger parallel groups are underutilized.
294
+2. **Unbalanced stress**: Smaller parallel group wears out faster.
295
+3. **Reduced lifespan**: Smallest group limits whole pack life and capacity.
296
+
297
+---
298
+
299
+### 4. Best Practice
300
+- Ensure **all parallel groups in series have the same number of cells**.
301
+- Example: redesign as **3S6P** → full 18Ah usable capacity instead of being limited to 9Ah.
302
+
303
+---
304
+
305
+### ✅ **Summary**:
306
+In series packs, **the smallest parallel group determines the usable capacity**. Extra cells in larger groups are underused, and the smaller group experiences higher current stress, reducing overall pack efficiency and lifespan.
307
+
308
+
309
+
310
+
311
+## APPs
312
+
313
+![](2026-05-19-23-45-52.png)
314
+
315
+## ref
316
+
317
+- [[battery-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
318
+
321 319
- [[battery-pack]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-pack-kit-dat/2026-02-13-13-41-23.png
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@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@
21 21
22 22
- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-pack-kit-dat]]
23 23
24
+
25
+
26
+## build
27
+
28
+![](2026-02-13-13-41-23.png)
29
+
30
+
24 31
## 3S7P == 12V 8400 mAH == 12V 8.4 AH
25 32
26 33
![](2025-09-11-15-03-27.png)
battery-dat/battery-pack-materials-dat/battery-fishpaper-dat/battery-fishpaper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
2 2
3 3
# battery-fishpaper-dat
4 4
5
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[battery-li-size-dat]]
5
+- [[battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat]] - [[battery-li-size-dat]]
6 6
7 7
![](2026-05-19-23-38-21.png)
8 8
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/Lead-acid-battery-dat/2025-04-21-16-25-17.png
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@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Lead-acid-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-## charge board
8
-
9
-- [[OPM1181-dat]]
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-Batteries store the energy produced by your solar panels for later use.
16
-
17
-## Types:
18
-
19
-### General Lead-Acid Batteries:
20
-
21
-Common in automotive applications. They are relatively inexpensive and the technology is mature. However, they are heavy, have a shorter lifespan (approx. 3 years), require maintenance, and are not suitable for frequent deep discharge (recommended depth of discharge is ~20%).
22
-
23
-### Deep Cycle Lead-Acid Batteries:
24
-
25
-Designed for deep discharge (up to 80% or more) without significantly affecting lifespan. They have thicker plates and durable materials, making them well-suited for solar power systems, electric vehicles, and campers requiring continuous, stable power.
26
-
27
-
28
-**Capacity:** Measured in Amp-hours (Ah). A 12V 100Ah battery stores 12V * 100Ah = 1200 Watt-hours (Wh) of energy.
29
-
30
-![](2025-06-15-01-53-06.png)
31
-
32
-
33
-## lead-acid-battery-dat
34
-
35
-- LAB: Lead-Acid Battery
36
-- 蓄电池 (xù diàn chí) is the Chinese term for "rechargeable battery." It is a type of electrical battery that can be recharged multiple times. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and many other portable devices.
37
-
38
-- Here are some links where you can find more information about 蓄电池:
39
-
40
-- Wikipedia: Rechargeable Battery - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%84%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0
41
-- China Battery Industry Association - http://www.cbia.com.cn/
42
-- Battery University: Rechargeable Batteries - https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_rechargeable_batteries
43
-
44
-## voltage
45
-
46
-- 12V == [[solar-power-dat]]
47
-- 72V == [[motor-dat]]
48
-
49
-## LAB Example
50
-
51
-![](2025-04-21-16-25-17.png)
52
-
53
-2.6 Ah = 2.6 × 1000 = **2600 mAh**
54
-
55
-
56
-* **Brand:** ANJING
57
-* **Type:** Sealed Rechargeable Battery (Likely SLA/VRLA) Sealed Lead-Acid (a specific type, but often used generally)
58
-* **Nominal Voltage:** 12V
59
-* **Capacity:** 2.6Ah (Rated at 20-hour discharge rate - 12V 2.6Ah/20hr)
60
- * This implies a discharge current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h) for 20 hours.
61
-* **Charging Method:** Constant Voltage Charge
62
- * **Standby Use (Float):** 13.50V - 13.80V
63
- * **Cycle Use:** 14.40V - 15.00V
64
- * **Initial Charging Current:** Less than 0.78A (0.3C)
65
-* **Chemistry:** Lead-acid (Pb symbol present)
66
-* **Markings:**
67
- * Recycling symbol
68
- * Do not dispose symbol (crossed-out bin)
69
-
70
-As noted on the battery (12V2.6Ah/20hr), this specific 2.6Ah rating was determined using a 20-hour discharge period. This means it was likely discharged at a current of 0.13A (2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13A) for 20 hours.
71
-
72
-
73
-### Estimated Runtime Calculation
74
-
75
-This calculation estimates how long the ANJING 12V 2.6Ah battery can power a 5V 1A load using a DC-DC converter.
76
-
77
-**1. Calculate Load Power:**
78
- - Load Voltage (V_load) = 5V
79
- - Load Current (I_load) = 1A
80
- - Load Power (P_load) = V_load × I_load = 5V × 1A = 5 Watts
81
-
82
-**2. Account for DC-DC Converter Efficiency:**
83
- - Assume a typical converter efficiency (η) = 85% (or 0.85). Real-world efficiency may vary.
84
- - Power drawn from the battery (P_batt) = P_load / η
85
- - P_batt = 5W / 0.85 ≈ 5.88 Watts
86
-
87
-**3. Calculate Current Drawn from Battery:**
88
- - Battery Nominal Voltage (V_batt) = 12V
89
- - Current drawn from battery (I_batt) = P_batt / V_batt
90
- - I_batt = 5.88W / 12V ≈ 0.49 Amps
91
-
92
-**4. Compare to Rated Discharge:**
93
- - The battery's capacity (2.6Ah) is rated for a 20-hour discharge (as noted in the file: `12V2.6Ah/20hr`).
94
- - Rated Discharge Current (I_rated) = 2.6Ah / 20h = 0.13 Amps
95
- - The calculated draw (0.49A) is significantly higher than the rated discharge current (0.13A).
96
-
97
-**5. Calculate Ideal Runtime (Ignoring Peukert's Effect):**
98
- - Battery Capacity (C) = 2.6Ah
99
- - Ideal Runtime (T_ideal) = C / I_batt
100
- - T_ideal = 2.6Ah / 0.49A ≈ 5.3 hours
101
-
102
-**6. Consider Peukert's Effect:**
103
- - Lead-acid batteries deliver less total capacity when discharged at rates higher than their rating (Peukert's Law).
104
- - Since 0.49A is much higher than the 0.13A rating, the *effective* capacity will be lower than 2.6Ah.
105
-
106
-**Conclusion:**
107
-
108
-The **ideal calculated runtime is approximately 5.3 hours**. However, due to the higher discharge current (0.49A vs. the 0.13A rating), the actual runtime will be **noticeably less than 5.3 hours**. The exact reduction depends on the specific Peukert exponent of this battery model, which is not provided.
109
-
110
-
111
-## app
112
-
113
-- [[power-storage-dat]]
114
-
115
-## ref
116
-
117
-- [[Lead-acid-battery]] - [[battery-rechargerable]] - [[power]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-FPV-dat/battery-FPV-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-FPV-dat
3
-
4
-## happymodel
5
-
6
-航模1S LIHV高压 3.8v 650mah 30C穿越机锂电池 Moblite7用 PH2.0
7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-## GNB
11
-
12
-GNB高能 550mAh 2S 7.6V 100C HV 穿越机FPV Mobula8用高压锂电池
13
-
14
-高能高压锂电池 lihv 3.8V 520mah穿越机 mobula7 1S tinyhawk2/3
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## ACE格氏
20
-
21
-ACE格氏穿越机550mah锂电池RLINE金砖TATTU 2S 7.4V 95C 3S 11.1V
22
-
23
-TATTU 格氏 ACE 2S 3S 4S 450 650 850 mah 75c 锂电池
24
-
25
-## 志气
26
-
27
-志气锂电池11.1V水弹电池7.4V高放3S发射器300-1400mah聚合物XT30
28
-
29
-
30
-## DAI WONG GAU
31
-
32
-DAI WONG GAU大黄狗航模1350-1550mAh 6S150C竞速FPV穿越机锂电池
33
-
34
-
35
-## 花牌
36
-
37
-花牌 锂电池 7.4v / 11.1v 550 mah 40c 85C 超小型固定翼 穿越机
38
-
39
-
40
-
41
-## ref
42
-
43
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-li-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-## info
8
-
9
-- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[battery-soldering-dat]]
12
-
13
-- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
14
-
15
-- [[li-battery-app-dat]]
16
-
17
-
18
-- [[battery-li-dat]] - [[battery-1s-dat]]
19
-
20
-
21
-## Classification Summary
22
-
23
-By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
24
-
25
-By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
26
-
27
-By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-
32
-
33
-## Classification
34
-
35
-
36
-### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
37
-
38
-#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
39
-
40
-- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
41
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
42
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
43
-
44
-- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
45
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
46
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
47
-
48
-- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
49
- - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
50
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
51
-
52
-- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
53
- - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
54
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
55
-
56
-- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
57
- - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
58
- - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
59
-
60
-#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
61
-
62
-- **Graphite**
63
- - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
64
- - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
65
-
66
-- **Silicon-based Materials**
67
- - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
68
- - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
69
-
70
-- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
71
- - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
72
- - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
73
-
74
-- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
75
- - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
76
- - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
77
-
78
----
79
-
80
-
81
-
82
-### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
83
-
84
-Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
85
-
86
----
87
-
88
-#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
89
-
90
-Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
91
-
92
-##### **Common Sizes:**
93
-
94
-- **18650**
95
- - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
96
- - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
97
- - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
98
-
99
-- **21700**
100
- - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
101
- - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
102
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
103
-
104
-- **26650**
105
- - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
106
- - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
107
- - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
108
-
109
----
110
-
111
-#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
112
-
113
-Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
114
-
115
-##### **Common Sizes:**
116
-
117
-- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
118
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
119
- - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
120
- - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
121
-
122
-- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
123
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
124
- - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
125
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
126
-
127
----
128
-
129
-#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
130
-
131
-Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
132
-
133
-##### **Common Sizes:**
134
-
135
-- **Small Pouch Batteries**
136
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
137
- - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
138
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
139
-
140
-- **Large Pouch Batteries**
141
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
142
- - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
143
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
144
-
145
----
146
-
147
-#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
148
-
149
-Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
150
-
151
-##### **Common Sizes:**
152
-
153
-- **CR2032**
154
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
155
- - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
156
- - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
157
-
158
-- **CR2025**
159
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
160
- - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
161
- - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
162
-
163
----
164
-
165
-### **Summary**
166
-
167
-Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
168
-
169
-| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
170
-|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
171
-| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
172
-| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
173
-| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
174
-| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
175
-
176
-This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
177
-
178
-
179
-
180
-## li-battery tech
181
-
182
-### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
183
-
184
-Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
185
-
186
-If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
187
-
188
-
189
-
190
-
191
-### Lithium battery Check
192
-
193
-- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
194
-
195
-
196
-
197
-
198
-## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
199
-
200
-| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
201
-|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
202
-| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
203
-| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
204
-| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
205
-| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
206
-| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
207
-| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
208
-| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
209
-
210
-
211
-🧠 Which to Choose?
212
-18650: Most versatile and widely used.
213
-
214
-21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
215
-
216
-26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
217
-
218
-Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
219
-
220
-
221
-
222
-
223
-## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
224
-
225
-Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
226
-
227
-Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
228
-
229
-LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
230
-
231
-## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
232
-
233
-Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
234
-
235
-Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
236
-
237
-
238
-
239
-
240
-
241
-## ref
242
-
243
-- [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-0V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650-0V-dat.md
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-## 0V issues
7
-
8
-A Li-ion cell showing **0 V** usually means something seriously wrong.
9
-Two main causes:
10
-
11
----
12
-
13
-## 1. **Protection Circuit Tripped** (Only for “protected 18650”)
14
-Some 18650 cells include a tiny PCB at the bottom.
15
-If the cell is over-discharged, the protection board **disconnects** the output → terminal voltage reads nearly **0 V**.
16
-
17
-- Internal cell voltage is usually still **1–2 V**, not truly 0 V.
18
-- Only applies if your cell is a **protected** 18650.
19
-
20
----
21
-
22
-## 2. **Cell Is Internally Damaged** (Most common)
23
-A fully unprotected or old 18650 can reach 0 V if:
24
-
25
-- Severe over-discharge
26
-- Internal chemical breakdown
27
-- Internal short circuit
28
-- Copper plating inside
29
-- Safety vent (pressure valve) triggered
30
-
31
-If the safety vent opens, the cell is **permanently unsafe**.
32
-
33
-**True 0 V = the cell is dead.**
34
-
35
----
36
-
37
-# ⚠️ Can You “Fix” a 0 V 18650?
38
-**No. Not safely.**
39
-Trying to recharge a 0 V Li-ion can cause:
40
-
41
-- Fire
42
-- Venting hot gas
43
-- Explosion
44
-- Thermal runaway
45
-
46
-Even trained engineers only attempt recovery in fireproof labs.
47
-
48
-**For home use:
49
-0 V = NOT repairable.**
50
-
51
----
52
-
53
-# ✔️ What You Should Do
54
-- Do **NOT** charge it.
55
-- Do **NOT** heat, hammer, or puncture it.
56
-- Recycle it at an **e-waste / battery recycling point**.
57
-
58
-This is the only safe option.
59
-
60
-
61
-
62
-## ref
63
-
64
-- [[18650-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,419 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650-dat
3
-
4
-- [[battery-2s-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
7
-
8
-18mm x 65mm // 1200mAh - 3500mAh // 3.6V/3.7V nominal voltage // 4.2V full charge voltage
9
-
10
-![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
11
-
12
-- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
13
-
14
-- [[18650-0V-dat]]
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-- [[fab-dat]] - [[fab-tools-dat]] - [[battery-tools-dat]]
20
-
21
-
22
-## internal
23
-
24
-![](2026-05-19-23-34-34.png)
25
-
26
-## 18650 battery capacity test
27
-
28
-### Method 1: Using a Dedicated Electronic Load Tester (Most Accurate & Recommended)
29
-
30
-This is the most precise method used by enthusiasts and professionals. It allows you to set exact parameters and often exports data to a PC to plot a discharge curve. Popular budget-friendly units include the **electrodragon** or generic digital constant-current electronic load modules.
31
-
32
-#### 1. Hardware Required
33
-* **Electronic Load Tester** (supporting Constant Current / CC mode).
34
-
35
-* `四线制电池夹`（Kelvin夹） == **4-Wire Battery Test Fixture (Kelvin Clamp):** **Crucial!** Standard 2-wire holders introduce voltage drops due to lead and contact resistance, causing premature cut-off readings. A 4-wire fixture uses two wires for the heavy discharge current and two separate wires exclusively to measure voltage at the battery terminals accurately. - [[Kelvin-Clamp-dat]]
36
-
37
-
38
-* **PC Connection Cable** (optional, for software graphing).
39
-
40
-#### 2. Step-by-Step Procedure
41
-1. **Fully Charge:** Charge the 18650 cell to exactly **4.2V** using a standard lithium-ion charger. Let it rest for 10–20 minutes so the chemistry stabilizes and the resting voltage settles.
42
-2. **Connect:** Place the cell into the 4-wire fixture, ensuring strict adherence to positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, and connect it to the electronic load.
43
-3. **Configure Parameters:**
44
- * **Discharge Mode:** Set to **CC** (Constant Current).
45
- * **Discharge Current:** Base this on your cell type. For standard capacity cells, a rate of **0.2C to 0.5C** is ideal (e.g., for a 3000mAh battery, 0.5C is 1.5A). For high-drain power cells, you can test at 1A, 2A, or higher. *Note: Higher currents generate more internal heat, which slightly lowers the measured capacity.*
46
- * **Cut-off Voltage:** Set between **2.5V and 2.75V** (check your specific cell's datasheet). Never set it below 2.0V, as over-discharging will permanently damage the battery.
47
-4. **Run the Test:** Start the discharge. The electronic load will dynamically adjust its resistance to keep the current perfectly constant while tracking the elapsed time and accumulating capacity (`mAh` or `Ah`).
48
-5. **Completion:** Once the cell voltage drops to your configured cut-off limit, the tester automatically disconnects the load and alerts you. The finalized `mAh` reading on the screen is your true battery capacity.
49
-
50
-
51
-## 18650 battery capacity
52
-
53
-The capacity of an **18650 lithium-ion battery** depends heavily on its **brand**, **intended application (Capacity-type vs. High-drain/Power-type)**, and whether it is a genuine product.
54
-
55
-For authentic, reputable brands, the standard capacity range is typically between **1,200mAh and 3,500mAh**.
56
-
57
-Here is a detailed breakdown of 18650 battery capacities:
58
-
59
-### 1. Standard Capacity Ranges by Type
60
-* **Capacity-Type / Regular Batteries (Low Discharge Current):** Typically range from **2,600mAh to 3,500mAh**. These are designed for devices that require long runtime but low current draw, such as high-powered flashlights, power banks, and laptop battery packs.
61
-* **High-Drain / Power-Type Batteries (High Discharge Current):** Typically range from **1,500mAh to 2,500mAh**. To safely output massive currents (e.g., 10A, 20A, or up to 30A) for power tools, vacuum cleaners, and e-bikes, these batteries sacrifice overall energy density/capacity.
62
-
63
----
64
-
65
-### 2. The Physical and Technical Limits
66
-As of current chemical engineering limits, the maximum physical capacity for a genuine, tier-1 manufactured 18650 battery is around **3,500mAh to 3,600mAh** (such as the famous *Panasonic NCR18650GA* or *Samsung 35E*).
67
-
68
-> ⚠️ **Beware of Fakes and Counterfeits:** If you see 18650 batteries online claiming capacities like **4,000mAh, 5,000mAh, or 9,900mAh**, they are **100% fake**. These are usually produced by counterfeit workshops that wrap recycled, low-quality cells in misleading labels. Given the fixed physical dimensions of an 18650 cell (18mm diameter, 65mm length), it is scientifically impossible to fit that much capacity using current lithium-ion technology.
69
-
70
----
71
-
72
-### 3. Popular Models from Top-Tier Manufacturers
73
-
74
-| Brand | Model | Nominal Capacity | Battery Type | Common Applications |
75
-| :-------------------- | :----------- | :--------------- | :---------------------------- | :------------------------------------ |
76
-| **Panasonic / Sanyo** | NCR18650B | **3400mAh** | Capacity-Type | Flashlights, laptops, energy storage |
77
-| **Panasonic / Sanyo** | NCR18650GA | **3500mAh** | Capacity-Type (High-capacity) | Premium flashlights, electric bikes |
78
-| **Samsung** | INR18650-35E | **3500mAh** | Capacity-Type | Power banks, long-runtime electronics |
79
-| **Samsung** | INR18650-25R | **2500mAh** | High-Drain (20A) | Power tools, cordless vacuums |
80
-| **Murata / Sony** | US18650VTC6 | **3000mAh** | High-Drain (30A) | High-performance tools, drones |
81
-| **LG** | INR18650-HG2 | **3000mAh** | High-Drain (20A) | High-power appliances ("LG Choc") |
82
-
83
----
84
-
85
-### 4. Factors Affecting Real-World Usable Capacity
86
-The capacity labeled on the battery isn't always the exact amount of energy you will get in real-world usage:
87
-* **Discharge Cut-off Voltage:** A typical 18650 has a nominal voltage of 3.6V/3.7V and a full charge of 4.2V. If your device automatically shuts off when the battery drops to 3.0V, you won't be able to access the remaining energy stored down to the absolute safe limit (usually 2.5V).
88
-* **Discharge Current Draw:** Drawing a massive current from a standard capacity-type cell will cause high internal resistance and heat. This causes the voltage to drop prematurely, significantly reducing the actual capacity delivered.
89
-* **Operating Temperature:** Lithium-ion performance drops drastically in cold environments. In sub-zero temperatures (below 0°C/32°F), internal chemical activity slows down, causing a temporary but significant reduction in usable capacity.
90
-
91
-
92
-
93
-
94
-## discharge current
95
-
96
-### 🔧 Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
97
-
98
-| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
99
-|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
100
-| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2A–3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
101
-| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
102
-| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10A–15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
103
-| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600–3000mAh |
104
-| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25A–30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
105
-
106
----
107
-
108
-### 📌 Notes
109
-
110
-- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5–2× the continuous rating.
111
-- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
112
- - Continuous discharge current
113
- - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
114
- - Required cooling
115
-- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
116
- - Temperature
117
- - Battery aging
118
- - Internal resistance
119
-
120
----
121
-
122
-### ⚠️ Warning
123
-
124
-Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
125
-- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
126
-- Reduce lifespan drastically
127
-- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
128
-
129
----
130
-
131
-### ✅ Recommended Use
132
-
133
-| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
134
-|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
135
-| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5A–10A) |
136
-| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15A–30A) |
137
-| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
138
-
139
-
140
-
141
-## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
142
-
143
-| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
144
-| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
145
-| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
146
-| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
147
-| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
148
-| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
149
-| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
150
-| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
151
-| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
152
-| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
153
-| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
154
-
155
-
156
-
157
-
158
-## **18650 Battery Types**
159
-
160
-| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
161
-| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
162
-| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
163
-| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
164
-| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
165
-| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
166
-
167
----
168
-
169
-## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
170
-| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
171
-| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
172
-| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
173
-| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
174
-
175
-Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
176
-
177
-
178
-The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
179
-
180
-## safety concern
181
-
182
-After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
183
-
184
-To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
185
-
186
-However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
187
-
188
-In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
189
-
190
-- [[battery-protection-dat]]
191
-
192
-
193
-## CID safety
194
-
195
-The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
196
-
197
-Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
198
-
199
-
200
-### CID reset trick
201
-
202
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
203
-
204
-
205
-
206
-### 🔒 What is CID Safety for 18650 Batteries?
207
-
208
-#### What is CID?
209
-
210
-- **CID** stands for **Current Interrupt Device**.
211
-- It is a **built-in safety mechanism** inside many 18650 lithium-ion cells.
212
-- Designed to **prevent dangerous overpressure and overheating**.
213
-
214
----
215
-
216
-#### How Does CID Work?
217
-
218
-- The CID is a **pressure-sensitive switch** inside the cell.
219
-- When internal gas pressure rises above a certain threshold (due to:
220
- - Overcharging,
221
- - Short circuit,
222
- - Thermal runaway),
223
-
224
- the CID **disconnects the internal current path**.
225
-- This **interrupts current flow**, effectively stopping the battery from further charging or discharging.
226
-- It **helps prevent cell rupture, fire, or explosion**.
227
-
228
----
229
-
230
-#### Why Is CID Important?
231
-
232
-- Lithium-ion cells generate gas if damaged or overcharged.
233
-- Pressure build-up can cause catastrophic failure.
234
-- CID acts as a **last-resort safety valve** inside the cell.
235
-- It **works alongside external protection circuits and BMS**.
236
-
237
----
238
-
239
-#### Summary Table
240
-
241
-| Feature | Description |
242
-|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|
243
-| Purpose | Prevent overpressure and overheating |
244
-| Mechanism | Pressure-activated internal switch |
245
-| Activation Threshold | Specific pressure level inside the cell |
246
-| Effect | Interrupts internal circuit to stop current flow |
247
-| Role | Safety backup inside individual 18650 cells |
248
-
249
----
250
-
251
-#### Important Notes
252
-
253
-- CID **does not reset** after activation; cell is permanently disabled.
254
-- Cells with CID still **require external protection** (BMS).
255
-- Not all lithium cells have CID — mostly found in high-quality 18650s.
256
-
257
-### short test
258
-
259
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
260
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
261
-
262
-
263
-## 🔋 How to Use 18650 Batteries Safely
264
-
265
-### 1. Choose Quality Batteries
266
-
267
-- Buy from **reputable brands** (Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sony, Molicel)
268
-- Avoid cheap or counterfeit cells
269
-- Check for **safety features** like CID and PCM
270
-
271
----
272
-
273
-### 2. Use Proper Chargers
274
-
275
-- Use a charger designed for **Li-ion 18650 cells**
276
-- Prefer chargers with **constant current / constant voltage (CC/CV)** charging profile
277
-- Avoid using chargers designed for other chemistries
278
-
279
----
280
-
281
-### 3. Never Overcharge or Overdischarge
282
-
283
-- Do not charge above **4.2V per cell**
284
-- Do not discharge below **2.5V per cell**
285
-- Use a **Battery Management System (BMS)** for packs
286
-
287
----
288
-
289
-### 4. Avoid Short Circuits
290
-
291
-- Do not let battery terminals touch metal objects
292
-- Use protective holders or cases
293
-- Handle with care to avoid damaging the cell casing
294
-
295
----
296
-
297
-### 5. Prevent Physical Damage
298
-
299
-- Avoid dropping, crushing, or puncturing cells
300
-- Do not expose to extreme temperatures (keep between 0°C and 45°C for charging)
301
-
302
----
303
-
304
-### 6. Store Properly
305
-
306
-- Store batteries in a **cool, dry place**
307
-- Keep batteries at around **40-60% charge** for long-term storage
308
-- Use battery cases to prevent accidental shorts
309
-
310
----
311
-
312
-### 7. Monitor Battery Health
313
-
314
-- Check for swelling, corrosion, or leaks
315
-- Dispose of damaged or old batteries safely at designated recycling centers
316
-
317
----
318
-
319
-### 8. Use Appropriate Protection Circuits
320
-
321
-- For battery packs, use a **BMS** to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and short circuit
322
-- Individual protected 18650 cells include an internal **PCM (Protection Circuit Module)**
323
-
324
----
325
-
326
-### Summary Table
327
-
328
-| Safety Tip | Description |
329
-|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|
330
-| Buy quality cells | Avoid counterfeit or low-grade cells |
331
-| Use correct charger | CC/CV chargers designed for Li-ion |
332
-| Avoid overcharge/discharge | Charge max 4.2V, discharge min 2.5V |
333
-| Prevent short circuits | Use protective cases and careful handling |
334
-| Avoid physical damage | Do not crush, puncture, or overheat |
335
-| Store at partial charge | 40–60% SOC in cool, dry place |
336
-| Use BMS/PCM | Protect against electrical faults |
337
-
338
-
339
-
340
-## how to revive 18650 batteries at 0V
341
-
342
-## ✅ Tools You’ll Need
343
-- Multimeter
344
-- Smart charger (with 0V recovery mode) *or* TP4056 / bench power supply
345
-- Optional: Resistor (10–50Ω) for current limiting
346
-
347
-### 🔧 Method 1: Smart Charger with 0V Recovery
348
-Some chargers (e.g., **LiitoKala Lii-500**, **Nitecore**) can automatically revive 0V cells.
349
-
350
-#### Steps:
351
-1. Insert the battery into the charger.
352
-2. If supported, it will trickle charge until voltage reaches ~3.0V.
353
-3. Then it continues normal charging.
354
-4. Monitor temperature and voltage during charging.
355
-
356
-> ✅ **Low risk**
357
-> ✅ **Recommended method**
358
-> ✅ **High success rate** for mildly over-discharged cells
359
-
360
----
361
-
362
-### 🔧 Method 2: Manual Trickle Charge (Bench PSU / TP4056)
363
-Only attempt if you are **experienced with electronics**.
364
-
365
-#### Steps:
366
-1. Set PSU to **3.0–3.2V**, current limit to **50–100mA**.
367
-2. Connect positive and negative terminals (double-check polarity!).
368
-3. Charge slowly until voltage rises to **2.5–3.0V**.
369
-4. Disconnect and let the cell rest for 10–15 minutes.
370
-5. If voltage holds, continue charging normally to **4.2V at 500–1000mA**.
371
-6. If voltage drops again → **discard the cell**.
372
-
373
-> ⚠️ **Medium risk**
374
-> ⚠️ **Requires attention and monitoring**
375
-
376
----
377
-
378
-### ✅ After Revival
379
-Check:
380
-- 🔋 Voltage stability: Does it stay above 3.0V after rest?
381
-- 🌡️ Temperature: Any excessive heat during charging or discharging?
382
-- 🔋 Capacity: Use a charger/tester to measure actual mAh.
383
-
384
----
385
-
386
-### ❌ Do NOT Attempt Revival If:
387
-- Battery is **swollen**, **leaking**, or **rusty**
388
-- Voltage **does not rise** after 10–20 mins of trickle charge
389
-- Cell gets **hot quickly** during charging
390
-
391
----
392
-
393
-### ♻️ Safe Disposal
394
-Dispose of dead batteries at **electronics recycling** centers.
395
-Do **not** throw in regular trash.
396
-
397
----
398
-
399
-### 🔄 Summary Table
400
-
401
-| Method | Risk Level | Tools Needed | Notes |
402
-|------------------------|------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|
403
-| Smart Charger (0V mode)| ✅ Low | Li-ion charger | Safest and easiest method |
404
-| Manual Trickle Charge | ⚠️ Medium | Bench PSU or TP4056 | Monitor voltage & temperature |
405
-| Force-Charge (unsafe) | ❌ High | Not recommended | Risk of fire or explosion |
406
-
407
-
408
-
409
-
410
-
411
-## battery rack
412
-
413
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
414
-
415
-## ref
416
-
417
-- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
418
-
419
-- [[18650]]
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@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 26650-dat
3
-
4
-- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
5
-
6
-## motorbike battery
7
-
8
-- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
-- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
-- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
-- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
-
13
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
-
15
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-## 1. Overview
21
-- **26650** = Cylindrical cell, **26 mm diameter**, **65 mm length**.
22
-- Commonly Li-ion chemistry (LiCoO₂, LiNiMnCo, LiFePO₄, etc.).
23
-
24
-## 2. Typical Specs (Li-ion NMC type)
25
-| Parameter | Common Value Range |
26
-|------------------------|---------------------------|
27
-| Nominal Voltage | 3.6–3.7 V |
28
-| Capacity | 4,000–5,500 mAh |
29
-| Energy (Wh) | 14.4–20.35 Wh |
30
-
31
-> **Energy formula**:
32
-> `Energy (Wh) = Nominal Voltage × Capacity (Ah)`
33
-
34
-Example:
35
-- 5000 mAh (5.0 Ah) × 3.65 V ≈ **18.25 Wh**
36
-
37
-## 3. LiFePO₄ 26650 Variant
38
-| Parameter | Common Value Range |
39
-|------------------------|---------------------------|
40
-| Nominal Voltage | 3.2–3.3 V |
41
-| Capacity | 3,000–3,500 mAh |
42
-| Energy (Wh) | 9.6–11.55 Wh |
43
-
44
-## 4. Summary
45
-- **NMC/NCA Li-ion 26650**: ~18 Wh typical.
46
-- **LiFePO₄ 26650**: ~10 Wh typical.
47
-- Actual usable energy is slightly less due to discharge cut-off and efficiency losses.
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-## ref
52
-
53
-- [[26650-lithium-battery]] - [[li-battery-size]] - [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-size-dat/32125-dat/32125-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 32125-dat
3
-
4
-**32125 Li Battery**
5
-
6
-- **Meaning of "32125":**
7
- - **32** → Diameter ≈ 32 mm
8
- - **125** → Length ≈ 125 mm
9
- - **Format** → Cylindrical lithium-ion cell
10
-
11
-- **Type:**
12
- - Typically a **LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** cylindrical cell
13
-
14
-- **Common Specs:**
15
- - Nominal Voltage: 3.2 V
16
- - Capacity: ~6,000 – 8,000 mAh (varies by manufacturer)
17
- - High cycle life, safer chemistry compared to other Li-ion cells
18
-
19
-- **Applications:**
20
- - Battery packs for **energy storage systems**, **EVs**, **electric tools**, and **solar storage**
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-size-dat/32140-dat/32140-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
-# 32140-dat
5
-
6
-
7
-## xiaolu
8
-
9
-- 电芯等级：全新A品
10
-- 电池属性：云动力磷酸铁锂
11
-- 产品型号：32140
12
-- 电池容量：115000毫安
13
-- 电池重量：295±10g
14
-- 产品内阻：≤2.5mΩ
15
-- 标称电压：3.2V
16
-- 满电电压：3.65V
17
-- 截止电压：2.0V
18
-- 放电倍率：2C
19
-- 充电倍率：0.5~1C
20
-- 充电温度：0~60℃
21
-- 放电温度：-20~60℃
22
-- 循环次数：2000+
23
-
24
-
25
-
26
-
27
-## ref
28
-
29
-- [[battery-li-size]] - [[32140]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/battery-li-size-dat/battery-li-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-li-size-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[soldering-tools-spot-welding-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[32140-dat]] == 3.2V 15AH
8
-
9
-
10
-- [[32125-dat]]
11
-
12
-
13
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
14
-
15
-
16
-- [[38120-dat]]
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-
21
-
22
-- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
23
-
24
-
25
-- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
26
-- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
27
-- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
28
-- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
29
-- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
30
-- `32650` / `32700`: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
31
-
32
-
33
-## ref
34
-
35
-- [[18650]]
36
-
37
-- [[battery-li-size]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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1
-
2
-# pouch-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
-1. **Lightweight Design**
10
- - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
-2. **High Energy Density**
12
- - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
-3. **Better Safety**
14
- - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
-4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
- - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
-5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
- - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
-6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
- - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
-
22
----
23
-
24
-## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
-| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
-|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
-| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
-| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
-| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
- - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
-2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
- - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
-3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
- - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
-4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
- - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
-
43
----
44
-
45
-## **Future Trends**
46
-- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
-- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
-
50
----
51
-
52
-## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
-
54
-
55
-A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
-
57
-1. Good safety performance:
58
-
59
-The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
-
61
-2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
-
63
-in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
-
65
-3. The internal resistance is small:
66
-
67
-We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
-
69
-4. Flexible planning:
70
-
71
-the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
-
73
-![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-app-dat
3
-
4
-### By Apps
5
-
6
-Robot tank battery
7
-
8
-3x 3000mAH x 3.7 == 33.3 Wh / 12.5V == **2.66 Ah (2660 mAh)
9
-
10
-![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
11
-
12
-![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
13
-
14
-
15
-
16
-for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
17
-
18
-![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
19
-
20
-- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[Electric-tools-battery-dat]]
21
-
22
-3x 18650
23
-
24
-![](2025-09-10-21-35-20.png)
25
-
26
-![](2025-09-10-21-35-39.png)
27
-
28
-power tool battery == 3S=3P/6P/6P == 15 batteries
29
-
30
-![](2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
31
-
32
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
33
-
34
-
35
-single-unit large battery
36
-
37
-48V / 200AH
38
-
39
-![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
40
-
41
-3S10P == 30 batteries == 12V 30000 mAH
42
-
43
-![](2025-09-10-22-03-23.png)
44
-
45
-3S5P == 15 batteries == 12V 15000 mAH
46
-
47
-
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-
52
-## calculata density
53
-
54
-If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
55
-
56
-Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
57
-
58
-Substituting the values:
59
-
60
-Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
61
-
62
-So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
63
-
64
-
65
-To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
66
-
67
-For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
68
-
69
-For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
70
-
71
-**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
72
-
73
-
74
-
75
-## ref
76
-
77
-
78
-- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
79
-
80
-- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-20S-dat/battery-LFP-20S-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# battery-LFP-20S-dat
4
-
5
-- [[battery-volumn-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[battery-LFP-20S-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-pack-dat]]
8
-
9
-## 20S2P
10
-
11
-![](2026-05-16-01-54-18.png)
12
-
13
-![](2026-05-16-01-55-05.png)
14
-
15
-## protector
16
-
17
-![](2026-05-16-01-51-46.png)
18
-
19
-
20
-## ref
21
-
22
-
23
-
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... ...
@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# battery-LFP-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[battery-pack-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[blade-battery-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[32650-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
12
-
13
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[battery-LI-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
14
-
15
-legacy wiki page == https://www.electrodragon.com/w/LFP_Battery
16
-
17
-
18
-这种电池通常被称为“铁锂”。它的正极材料使用的是磷酸铁锂。
19
-
20
-
21
-## LFP charger
22
-
23
-- [[TP5000-dat]] - [[TP-dat]]
24
-
25
-
26
-
27
-## battery order link
28
-
29
-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/special-offer-series-limited-qty-1/
30
-
31
-
32
-
33
-## info
34
-
35
-== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
36
-
37
-LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
38
-
39
-Key Characteristics:
40
-
41
-Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
42
-
43
-
44
-
45
-A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
46
-
47
-## Key Features and Benefits:
48
-
49
-1. **Long Lifespan**
50
- - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
51
- - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
52
-
53
-2. **Safety**
54
- - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
55
- - Less prone to thermal runaway.
56
-
57
-3. **Lightweight**
58
- - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
59
-
60
-4. **High Energy Density**
61
- - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
62
-
63
-5. **Wide Temperature Range**
64
- - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
65
-
66
-6. **Fast Charging**
67
- - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
68
-
69
-7. **Low Self-Discharge**
70
- - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
71
-
72
-8. **Environmentally Friendly**
73
- - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
74
-
75
----
76
-
77
-## Common Applications:
78
-1. **Solar Power Systems**
79
- - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
80
-
81
-2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
82
- - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
83
-
84
-3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
85
- - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
86
-
87
-4. **Backup Power**
88
- - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
89
-
90
-5. **Portable Electronics**
91
- - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
92
-
93
-6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
94
- - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
95
-
96
----
97
-
98
-## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
99
-
100
-| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
101
-|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
102
-| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
103
-| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
104
-| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
105
-| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
106
-| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
107
-| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
108
-
109
-
110
-
111
-
112
-
113
-## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
114
-
115
-| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
116
-|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
117
-| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
118
-| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
119
-| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
120
-| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
121
-| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
122
-| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
123
-| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
124
-| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
125
-| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
126
-
127
-## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
128
-
129
-Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
130
-
131
-The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
132
-- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
133
-- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
134
-
135
-
136
-## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
137
-
138
-1. Safety is a priority:
139
-LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
140
-
141
-2. Long lifespan needed:
142
-Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
143
-
144
-3. High discharge/charge rates:
145
-Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
146
-
147
-4. Eco-consciousness:
148
-LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
149
-
150
-
151
-
152
-
153
-
154
-## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
155
-
156
-The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
157
-
158
-- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
159
-- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
160
-- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
161
-
162
-- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
163
-
164
-
165
-
166
-
167
-## example
168
-
169
-xiaolu - 3.2V15AH == 48Wh // 20x 48wh == 1000 Wh == 1kWh == 64V
170
-
171
-![](2026-05-16-02-36-03.png)
172
-
173
-
174
-## ref
175
-
176
-- [[battery-pack]]
177
-
178
-- [[battery-LFP]] - [[li-battery-material]] - [[li-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-LFP-dat/battery-LFP-pack-dat/battery-LFP-pack-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# battery-LFP-pack-dat
4
-
5
-- [[battery-LFP-20S-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-pack-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/2025-09-11-14-59-46.png
... ...
Binary files a/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/2025-09-11-14-59-46.png and /dev/null differ
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-LFP-dat/blade-battery-dat/blade-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# blade-battery-dat
3
-
4
-- [[BYD-dat]] - [[CATL-dat]] - [[EVE-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[LFP-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[solar-power-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[battery-system-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-## specs
15
-
16
-![](2025-09-11-14-59-46.png)
17
-
18
-149 - 18 - 99
19
-
20
-亿纬 - 3.7v - 19.5AH - (高倍率30c）
21
-
22
-
23
-## ref
24
-
25
-- [[LFP-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# NCA-dat
4
-
5
-镍（Nickel）、钴（Cobalt）、铝（Aluminium）
6
-
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# NCM-dat
4
-
5
-镍（Nickel）、钴（Cobalt）、锰（Manganese）
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat
4
-
5
-
6
-- [[NCM-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
7
-
8
-
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat/battery-NCM-NCA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# battery-NCM-NCA-dat
4
-
5
-- [[NCM-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
6
-
7
-Ternary Lithium (NCM / NCA)
8
-
9
-**Ternary batteries** use a combination of Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese (or Aluminium) for the cathode.
10
-
11
-* **High Energy Density:** These batteries are **lighter and smaller** for the same capacity. For a 4-servo robot where weight is a critical factor for mobility, this is a major advantage.
12
-* **High Voltage & Power:** The nominal voltage is **3.7V** (charging up to 4.2V). This higher voltage allows servos to provide more torque and higher speeds.
13
-* **Better Cold Resistance:** They maintain efficiency much better than LFP in cold environments.
14
-* **Drawbacks:** They have lower thermal stability (higher fire risk if damaged) and a shorter cycle life, typically between **800 and 1,500 cycles**.
15
-
16
-
17
-# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
18
-
19
-
20
-Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
21
-
22
----
23
-
24
-## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
25
-1. **High Energy Density**
26
- - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
27
-2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
28
- - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
29
-3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
30
- - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
31
-4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
32
- - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
33
-5. **Lower Safety**
34
- - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
35
-6. **Higher Cost**
36
- - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
37
-
38
----
39
-
40
-## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
41
-| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
42
-|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
43
-| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
44
-| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
45
-
46
-- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
47
-- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
48
-
49
----
50
-
51
-## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
52
-| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
53
-|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
54
-| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
55
-| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
56
-| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
57
-| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
58
-| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
59
-| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
60
-
61
----
62
-
63
-## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
64
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
65
- - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
66
-2. **Power Tools**
67
- - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
68
-3. **Consumer Electronics**
69
- - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
70
-
71
----
72
-
73
-## **Future Trends**
74
-- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
75
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
76
-- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
77
-
78
-
79
-
80
-## ref
81
-
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-material-dat
3
-
4
-- [[battery-LFP-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]]
7
--
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
12
-
13
-
14
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
15
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-## LFP vs ternary lithium batteries.
20
-
21
-Technical Summary Table
22
-
23
-| Feature | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) | Ternary Lithium (NCM) |
24
-| :--- | :--- | :--- |
25
-| **Nominal Cell Voltage** | 3.2V | 3.7V |
26
-| **Cycle Life** | 2000 - 5000 times | 800 - 1500 times |
27
-| **Energy Density** | Lower (Heavier) | High (Lighter) |
28
-| **Safety** | Excellent (Stable) | Average (Thermal runaway risk) |
29
-| **High Temp Resistance** | Excellent | Average |
30
-
31
-
32
-
33
-
34
-## ref
35
-
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-13-40.png
... ...
Binary files a/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-13-40.png and /dev/null differ
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-20-01.png
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Binary files a/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-20-01.png and /dev/null differ
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- ExtremelySafe
8
-- Light-weighted
9
-- Versatileinnature
10
-- Low self-discharge level
11
-- Thin with huge capacity
12
-
13
-
14
-## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
-
16
-### Overview
17
-Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
-
19
-### Merits
20
-1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
-2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
-3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
-4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
-5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
-
26
-### Demerits
27
-
28
-1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
-2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
-3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
-
32
-
33
-## Compare
34
-
35
-![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
-## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
-
42
-| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
-|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
-| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
-| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
-| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
-| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
-| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
-| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
-| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
-| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
-| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
-| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
-| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
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Binary files a/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png and /dev/null differ
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-li-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
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@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-ion-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
-
7
-## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
-
9
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
-
11
-constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
-
13
-
14
-## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
-
16
-Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
-
18
-- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
-
20
-- [[BMS-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-## ref
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-app-dat/2023-11-08-16-40-20.png
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battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-app-dat/battery-FPV-dat/battery-FPV-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-FPV-dat
3
+
4
+## happymodel
5
+
6
+航模1S LIHV高压 3.8v 650mah 30C穿越机锂电池 Moblite7用 PH2.0
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+## GNB
11
+
12
+GNB高能 550mAh 2S 7.6V 100C HV 穿越机FPV Mobula8用高压锂电池
13
+
14
+高能高压锂电池 lihv 3.8V 520mah穿越机 mobula7 1S tinyhawk2/3
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+## ACE格氏
20
+
21
+ACE格氏穿越机550mah锂电池RLINE金砖TATTU 2S 7.4V 95C 3S 11.1V
22
+
23
+TATTU 格氏 ACE 2S 3S 4S 450 650 850 mah 75c 锂电池
24
+
25
+## 志气
26
+
27
+志气锂电池11.1V水弹电池7.4V高放3S发射器300-1400mah聚合物XT30
28
+
29
+
30
+## DAI WONG GAU
31
+
32
+DAI WONG GAU大黄狗航模1350-1550mAh 6S150C竞速FPV穿越机锂电池
33
+
34
+
35
+## 花牌
36
+
37
+花牌 锂电池 7.4v / 11.1v 550 mah 40c 85C 超小型固定翼 穿越机
38
+
39
+
40
+
41
+## ref
42
+
43
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-app-dat/li-battery-app-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-app-dat
3
+
4
+### By Apps
5
+
6
+Robot tank battery
7
+
8
+3x 3000mAH x 3.7 == 33.3 Wh / 12.5V == **2.66 Ah (2660 mAh)
9
+
10
+![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
11
+
12
+![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
17
+
18
+![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
19
+
20
+- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[Electric-tools-battery-dat]]
21
+
22
+3x 18650
23
+
24
+![](2025-09-10-21-35-20.png)
25
+
26
+![](2025-09-10-21-35-39.png)
27
+
28
+power tool battery == 3S=3P/6P/6P == 15 batteries
29
+
30
+![](2023-11-08-16-40-20.png)
31
+
32
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
33
+
34
+
35
+single-unit large battery
36
+
37
+48V / 200AH
38
+
39
+![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
40
+
41
+3S10P == 30 batteries == 12V 30000 mAH
42
+
43
+![](2025-09-10-22-03-23.png)
44
+
45
+3S5P == 15 batteries == 12V 15000 mAH
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+## calculata density
53
+
54
+If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
55
+
56
+Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
57
+
58
+Substituting the values:
59
+
60
+Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
61
+
62
+So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
63
+
64
+
65
+To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
66
+
67
+For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
68
+
69
+For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
70
+
71
+**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+## ref
76
+
77
+
78
+- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
79
+
80
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat.md
... ...
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
6 6
7 7
- [[battery-li-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]
8 8
9
-- [[battery-li-size-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
9
+- [[battery-li-size-dat]] - [[battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat]]
10 10
11 11
- [[battery-protector-dat]] - [[battery-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
12 12
... ...
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@
48 48
49 49
## Types
50 50
51
-- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
51
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
52 52
53 53
- [[LFP-dat]]
54 54
55
-- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
55
+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
56 56
57 57
58 58
## ref
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2032-dat/CR2032-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2032-dat
3
-
4
-The CR2032 lithium coin cell battery typically supports the following continuous discharge current specifications, depending on the manufacturer:
5
-
6
-## Typical Continuous Discharge Current
7
-
8
-Range: 0.2 mA to 0.3 mA
9
-
10
-This current is ideal for low-power devices like remote controls, medical devices, and calculators that operate steadily over long periods.
11
-
12
-
13
-## ref
14
-
15
-- [[battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
0
+
1
+# CR2032-dat
2
+
3
+The CR2032 lithium coin cell battery typically supports the following continuous discharge current specifications, depending on the manufacturer:
4
+
5
+## Typical Continuous Discharge Current
6
+
7
+Range: 0.2 mA to 0.3 mA
8
+
9
+This current is ideal for low-power devices like remote controls, medical devices, and calculators that operate steadily over long periods.
10
+
11
+
12
+## ref
13
+
14
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/CR2045-dat/CR2045-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
1
-
2
-# CR2045-dat
3
-
4
-- [[CR1220-dat]] - [[CR2032-dat]] - [[CR2045-dat]] - [[CR2450-dat]]
5
-
6
-The CR2450 lithium coin cell battery supports higher discharge currents than smaller coin cells like the CR2032 or CR1220. Here's an overview:
7
-
8
-1. Typical Continuous Discharge Current
9
-- Range: 0.5 mA to 1.0 mA
10
-- Suitable for devices requiring steady, low-power consumption over long periods, such as medical sensors, remote controls, and watches.
11
-
12
-
13
-## ref
14
-
15
-- [[battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
0
+
1
+# CR2045-dat
2
+
3
+- [[CR1220-dat]] - [[CR2032-dat]] - [[CR2045-dat]] - [[CR2450-dat]]
4
+
5
+The CR2450 lithium coin cell battery supports higher discharge currents than smaller coin cells like the CR2032 or CR1220. Here's an overview:
6
+
7
+1. Typical Continuous Discharge Current
8
+- Range: 0.5 mA to 1.0 mA
9
+- Suitable for devices requiring steady, low-power consumption over long periods, such as medical sensors, remote controls, and watches.
10
+
11
+
12
+## ref
13
+
14
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-0V-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650-0V-dat.md
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+## 0V issues
7
+
8
+A Li-ion cell showing **0 V** usually means something seriously wrong.
9
+Two main causes:
10
+
11
+---
12
+
13
+## 1. **Protection Circuit Tripped** (Only for “protected 18650”)
14
+Some 18650 cells include a tiny PCB at the bottom.
15
+If the cell is over-discharged, the protection board **disconnects** the output → terminal voltage reads nearly **0 V**.
16
+
17
+- Internal cell voltage is usually still **1–2 V**, not truly 0 V.
18
+- Only applies if your cell is a **protected** 18650.
19
+
20
+---
21
+
22
+## 2. **Cell Is Internally Damaged** (Most common)
23
+A fully unprotected or old 18650 can reach 0 V if:
24
+
25
+- Severe over-discharge
26
+- Internal chemical breakdown
27
+- Internal short circuit
28
+- Copper plating inside
29
+- Safety vent (pressure valve) triggered
30
+
31
+If the safety vent opens, the cell is **permanently unsafe**.
32
+
33
+**True 0 V = the cell is dead.**
34
+
35
+---
36
+
37
+# ⚠️ Can You “Fix” a 0 V 18650?
38
+**No. Not safely.**
39
+Trying to recharge a 0 V Li-ion can cause:
40
+
41
+- Fire
42
+- Venting hot gas
43
+- Explosion
44
+- Thermal runaway
45
+
46
+Even trained engineers only attempt recovery in fireproof labs.
47
+
48
+**For home use:
49
+0 V = NOT repairable.**
50
+
51
+---
52
+
53
+# ✔️ What You Should Do
54
+- Do **NOT** charge it.
55
+- Do **NOT** heat, hammer, or puncture it.
56
+- Recycle it at an **e-waste / battery recycling point**.
57
+
58
+This is the only safe option.
59
+
60
+
61
+
62
+## ref
63
+
64
+- [[18650-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650-dat
3
+
4
+- [[battery-2s-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
7
+
8
+18mm x 65mm // 1200mAh - 3500mAh // 3.6V/3.7V nominal voltage // 4.2V full charge voltage
9
+
10
+![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
11
+
12
+- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
13
+
14
+- [[18650-0V-dat]]
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+- [[fab-dat]] - [[fab-tools-dat]] - [[battery-tools-dat]]
20
+
21
+
22
+## internal
23
+
24
+![](2026-05-19-23-34-34.png)
25
+
26
+## 18650 battery capacity test
27
+
28
+### Method 1: Using a Dedicated Electronic Load Tester (Most Accurate & Recommended)
29
+
30
+This is the most precise method used by enthusiasts and professionals. It allows you to set exact parameters and often exports data to a PC to plot a discharge curve. Popular budget-friendly units include the **electrodragon** or generic digital constant-current electronic load modules.
31
+
32
+#### 1. Hardware Required
33
+* **Electronic Load Tester** (supporting Constant Current / CC mode).
34
+
35
+* `四线制电池夹`（Kelvin夹） == **4-Wire Battery Test Fixture (Kelvin Clamp):** **Crucial!** Standard 2-wire holders introduce voltage drops due to lead and contact resistance, causing premature cut-off readings. A 4-wire fixture uses two wires for the heavy discharge current and two separate wires exclusively to measure voltage at the battery terminals accurately. - [[Kelvin-Clamp-dat]]
36
+
37
+
38
+* **PC Connection Cable** (optional, for software graphing).
39
+
40
+#### 2. Step-by-Step Procedure
41
+1. **Fully Charge:** Charge the 18650 cell to exactly **4.2V** using a standard lithium-ion charger. Let it rest for 10–20 minutes so the chemistry stabilizes and the resting voltage settles.
42
+2. **Connect:** Place the cell into the 4-wire fixture, ensuring strict adherence to positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, and connect it to the electronic load.
43
+3. **Configure Parameters:**
44
+ * **Discharge Mode:** Set to **CC** (Constant Current).
45
+ * **Discharge Current:** Base this on your cell type. For standard capacity cells, a rate of **0.2C to 0.5C** is ideal (e.g., for a 3000mAh battery, 0.5C is 1.5A). For high-drain power cells, you can test at 1A, 2A, or higher. *Note: Higher currents generate more internal heat, which slightly lowers the measured capacity.*
46
+ * **Cut-off Voltage:** Set between **2.5V and 2.75V** (check your specific cell's datasheet). Never set it below 2.0V, as over-discharging will permanently damage the battery.
47
+4. **Run the Test:** Start the discharge. The electronic load will dynamically adjust its resistance to keep the current perfectly constant while tracking the elapsed time and accumulating capacity (`mAh` or `Ah`).
48
+5. **Completion:** Once the cell voltage drops to your configured cut-off limit, the tester automatically disconnects the load and alerts you. The finalized `mAh` reading on the screen is your true battery capacity.
49
+
50
+
51
+## 18650 battery capacity
52
+
53
+The capacity of an **18650 lithium-ion battery** depends heavily on its **brand**, **intended application (Capacity-type vs. High-drain/Power-type)**, and whether it is a genuine product.
54
+
55
+For authentic, reputable brands, the standard capacity range is typically between **1,200mAh and 3,500mAh**.
56
+
57
+Here is a detailed breakdown of 18650 battery capacities:
58
+
59
+### 1. Standard Capacity Ranges by Type
60
+* **Capacity-Type / Regular Batteries (Low Discharge Current):** Typically range from **2,600mAh to 3,500mAh**. These are designed for devices that require long runtime but low current draw, such as high-powered flashlights, power banks, and laptop battery packs.
61
+* **High-Drain / Power-Type Batteries (High Discharge Current):** Typically range from **1,500mAh to 2,500mAh**. To safely output massive currents (e.g., 10A, 20A, or up to 30A) for power tools, vacuum cleaners, and e-bikes, these batteries sacrifice overall energy density/capacity.
62
+
63
+---
64
+
65
+### 2. The Physical and Technical Limits
66
+As of current chemical engineering limits, the maximum physical capacity for a genuine, tier-1 manufactured 18650 battery is around **3,500mAh to 3,600mAh** (such as the famous *Panasonic NCR18650GA* or *Samsung 35E*).
67
+
68
+> ⚠️ **Beware of Fakes and Counterfeits:** If you see 18650 batteries online claiming capacities like **4,000mAh, 5,000mAh, or 9,900mAh**, they are **100% fake**. These are usually produced by counterfeit workshops that wrap recycled, low-quality cells in misleading labels. Given the fixed physical dimensions of an 18650 cell (18mm diameter, 65mm length), it is scientifically impossible to fit that much capacity using current lithium-ion technology.
69
+
70
+---
71
+
72
+### 3. Popular Models from Top-Tier Manufacturers
73
+
74
+| Brand | Model | Nominal Capacity | Battery Type | Common Applications |
75
+| :-------------------- | :----------- | :--------------- | :---------------------------- | :------------------------------------ |
76
+| **Panasonic / Sanyo** | NCR18650B | **3400mAh** | Capacity-Type | Flashlights, laptops, energy storage |
77
+| **Panasonic / Sanyo** | NCR18650GA | **3500mAh** | Capacity-Type (High-capacity) | Premium flashlights, electric bikes |
78
+| **Samsung** | INR18650-35E | **3500mAh** | Capacity-Type | Power banks, long-runtime electronics |
79
+| **Samsung** | INR18650-25R | **2500mAh** | High-Drain (20A) | Power tools, cordless vacuums |
80
+| **Murata / Sony** | US18650VTC6 | **3000mAh** | High-Drain (30A) | High-performance tools, drones |
81
+| **LG** | INR18650-HG2 | **3000mAh** | High-Drain (20A) | High-power appliances ("LG Choc") |
82
+
83
+---
84
+
85
+### 4. Factors Affecting Real-World Usable Capacity
86
+The capacity labeled on the battery isn't always the exact amount of energy you will get in real-world usage:
87
+* **Discharge Cut-off Voltage:** A typical 18650 has a nominal voltage of 3.6V/3.7V and a full charge of 4.2V. If your device automatically shuts off when the battery drops to 3.0V, you won't be able to access the remaining energy stored down to the absolute safe limit (usually 2.5V).
88
+* **Discharge Current Draw:** Drawing a massive current from a standard capacity-type cell will cause high internal resistance and heat. This causes the voltage to drop prematurely, significantly reducing the actual capacity delivered.
89
+* **Operating Temperature:** Lithium-ion performance drops drastically in cold environments. In sub-zero temperatures (below 0°C/32°F), internal chemical activity slows down, causing a temporary but significant reduction in usable capacity.
90
+
91
+
92
+
93
+
94
+## discharge current
95
+
96
+### 🔧 Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
97
+
98
+| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
99
+|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
100
+| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2A–3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
101
+| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
102
+| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10A–15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
103
+| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600–3000mAh |
104
+| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25A–30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
105
+
106
+---
107
+
108
+### 📌 Notes
109
+
110
+- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5–2× the continuous rating.
111
+- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
112
+ - Continuous discharge current
113
+ - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
114
+ - Required cooling
115
+- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
116
+ - Temperature
117
+ - Battery aging
118
+ - Internal resistance
119
+
120
+---
121
+
122
+### ⚠️ Warning
123
+
124
+Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
125
+- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
126
+- Reduce lifespan drastically
127
+- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
128
+
129
+---
130
+
131
+### ✅ Recommended Use
132
+
133
+| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
134
+|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
135
+| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5A–10A) |
136
+| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15A–30A) |
137
+| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
138
+
139
+
140
+
141
+## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
142
+
143
+| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
144
+| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
145
+| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
146
+| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
147
+| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
148
+| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
149
+| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
150
+| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
151
+| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
152
+| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
153
+| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
154
+
155
+
156
+
157
+
158
+## **18650 Battery Types**
159
+
160
+| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
161
+| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
162
+| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
163
+| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
164
+| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
165
+| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
166
+
167
+---
168
+
169
+## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
170
+| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
171
+| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
172
+| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
173
+| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
174
+
175
+Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
176
+
177
+
178
+The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
179
+
180
+## safety concern
181
+
182
+After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
183
+
184
+To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
185
+
186
+However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
187
+
188
+In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
189
+
190
+- [[battery-protection-dat]]
191
+
192
+
193
+## CID safety
194
+
195
+The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
196
+
197
+Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
198
+
199
+
200
+### CID reset trick
201
+
202
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
203
+
204
+
205
+
206
+### 🔒 What is CID Safety for 18650 Batteries?
207
+
208
+#### What is CID?
209
+
210
+- **CID** stands for **Current Interrupt Device**.
211
+- It is a **built-in safety mechanism** inside many 18650 lithium-ion cells.
212
+- Designed to **prevent dangerous overpressure and overheating**.
213
+
214
+---
215
+
216
+#### How Does CID Work?
217
+
218
+- The CID is a **pressure-sensitive switch** inside the cell.
219
+- When internal gas pressure rises above a certain threshold (due to:
220
+ - Overcharging,
221
+ - Short circuit,
222
+ - Thermal runaway),
223
+
224
+ the CID **disconnects the internal current path**.
225
+- This **interrupts current flow**, effectively stopping the battery from further charging or discharging.
226
+- It **helps prevent cell rupture, fire, or explosion**.
227
+
228
+---
229
+
230
+#### Why Is CID Important?
231
+
232
+- Lithium-ion cells generate gas if damaged or overcharged.
233
+- Pressure build-up can cause catastrophic failure.
234
+- CID acts as a **last-resort safety valve** inside the cell.
235
+- It **works alongside external protection circuits and BMS**.
236
+
237
+---
238
+
239
+#### Summary Table
240
+
241
+| Feature | Description |
242
+|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|
243
+| Purpose | Prevent overpressure and overheating |
244
+| Mechanism | Pressure-activated internal switch |
245
+| Activation Threshold | Specific pressure level inside the cell |
246
+| Effect | Interrupts internal circuit to stop current flow |
247
+| Role | Safety backup inside individual 18650 cells |
248
+
249
+---
250
+
251
+#### Important Notes
252
+
253
+- CID **does not reset** after activation; cell is permanently disabled.
254
+- Cells with CID still **require external protection** (BMS).
255
+- Not all lithium cells have CID — mostly found in high-quality 18650s.
256
+
257
+### short test
258
+
259
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
260
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
261
+
262
+
263
+## 🔋 How to Use 18650 Batteries Safely
264
+
265
+### 1. Choose Quality Batteries
266
+
267
+- Buy from **reputable brands** (Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sony, Molicel)
268
+- Avoid cheap or counterfeit cells
269
+- Check for **safety features** like CID and PCM
270
+
271
+---
272
+
273
+### 2. Use Proper Chargers
274
+
275
+- Use a charger designed for **Li-ion 18650 cells**
276
+- Prefer chargers with **constant current / constant voltage (CC/CV)** charging profile
277
+- Avoid using chargers designed for other chemistries
278
+
279
+---
280
+
281
+### 3. Never Overcharge or Overdischarge
282
+
283
+- Do not charge above **4.2V per cell**
284
+- Do not discharge below **2.5V per cell**
285
+- Use a **Battery Management System (BMS)** for packs
286
+
287
+---
288
+
289
+### 4. Avoid Short Circuits
290
+
291
+- Do not let battery terminals touch metal objects
292
+- Use protective holders or cases
293
+- Handle with care to avoid damaging the cell casing
294
+
295
+---
296
+
297
+### 5. Prevent Physical Damage
298
+
299
+- Avoid dropping, crushing, or puncturing cells
300
+- Do not expose to extreme temperatures (keep between 0°C and 45°C for charging)
301
+
302
+---
303
+
304
+### 6. Store Properly
305
+
306
+- Store batteries in a **cool, dry place**
307
+- Keep batteries at around **40-60% charge** for long-term storage
308
+- Use battery cases to prevent accidental shorts
309
+
310
+---
311
+
312
+### 7. Monitor Battery Health
313
+
314
+- Check for swelling, corrosion, or leaks
315
+- Dispose of damaged or old batteries safely at designated recycling centers
316
+
317
+---
318
+
319
+### 8. Use Appropriate Protection Circuits
320
+
321
+- For battery packs, use a **BMS** to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and short circuit
322
+- Individual protected 18650 cells include an internal **PCM (Protection Circuit Module)**
323
+
324
+---
325
+
326
+### Summary Table
327
+
328
+| Safety Tip | Description |
329
+|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|
330
+| Buy quality cells | Avoid counterfeit or low-grade cells |
331
+| Use correct charger | CC/CV chargers designed for Li-ion |
332
+| Avoid overcharge/discharge | Charge max 4.2V, discharge min 2.5V |
333
+| Prevent short circuits | Use protective cases and careful handling |
334
+| Avoid physical damage | Do not crush, puncture, or overheat |
335
+| Store at partial charge | 40–60% SOC in cool, dry place |
336
+| Use BMS/PCM | Protect against electrical faults |
337
+
338
+
339
+
340
+## how to revive 18650 batteries at 0V
341
+
342
+## ✅ Tools You’ll Need
343
+- Multimeter
344
+- Smart charger (with 0V recovery mode) *or* TP4056 / bench power supply
345
+- Optional: Resistor (10–50Ω) for current limiting
346
+
347
+### 🔧 Method 1: Smart Charger with 0V Recovery
348
+Some chargers (e.g., **LiitoKala Lii-500**, **Nitecore**) can automatically revive 0V cells.
349
+
350
+#### Steps:
351
+1. Insert the battery into the charger.
352
+2. If supported, it will trickle charge until voltage reaches ~3.0V.
353
+3. Then it continues normal charging.
354
+4. Monitor temperature and voltage during charging.
355
+
356
+> ✅ **Low risk**
357
+> ✅ **Recommended method**
358
+> ✅ **High success rate** for mildly over-discharged cells
359
+
360
+---
361
+
362
+### 🔧 Method 2: Manual Trickle Charge (Bench PSU / TP4056)
363
+Only attempt if you are **experienced with electronics**.
364
+
365
+#### Steps:
366
+1. Set PSU to **3.0–3.2V**, current limit to **50–100mA**.
367
+2. Connect positive and negative terminals (double-check polarity!).
368
+3. Charge slowly until voltage rises to **2.5–3.0V**.
369
+4. Disconnect and let the cell rest for 10–15 minutes.
370
+5. If voltage holds, continue charging normally to **4.2V at 500–1000mA**.
371
+6. If voltage drops again → **discard the cell**.
372
+
373
+> ⚠️ **Medium risk**
374
+> ⚠️ **Requires attention and monitoring**
375
+
376
+---
377
+
378
+### ✅ After Revival
379
+Check:
380
+- 🔋 Voltage stability: Does it stay above 3.0V after rest?
381
+- 🌡️ Temperature: Any excessive heat during charging or discharging?
382
+- 🔋 Capacity: Use a charger/tester to measure actual mAh.
383
+
384
+---
385
+
386
+### ❌ Do NOT Attempt Revival If:
387
+- Battery is **swollen**, **leaking**, or **rusty**
388
+- Voltage **does not rise** after 10–20 mins of trickle charge
389
+- Cell gets **hot quickly** during charging
390
+
391
+---
392
+
393
+### ♻️ Safe Disposal
394
+Dispose of dead batteries at **electronics recycling** centers.
395
+Do **not** throw in regular trash.
396
+
397
+---
398
+
399
+### 🔄 Summary Table
400
+
401
+| Method | Risk Level | Tools Needed | Notes |
402
+|------------------------|------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|
403
+| Smart Charger (0V mode)| ✅ Low | Li-ion charger | Safest and easiest method |
404
+| Manual Trickle Charge | ⚠️ Medium | Bench PSU or TP4056 | Monitor voltage & temperature |
405
+| Force-Charge (unsafe) | ❌ High | Not recommended | Risk of fire or explosion |
406
+
407
+
408
+
409
+
410
+
411
+## battery rack
412
+
413
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
414
+
415
+## ref
416
+
417
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[18650-dat]]
418
+
419
+- [[18650]]
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battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/26650-dat/26650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
1
+
2
+# 26650-dat
3
+
4
+- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
5
+
6
+## motorbike battery
7
+
8
+- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
+- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
+- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
+- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
+
13
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
+
15
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+## 1. Overview
21
+- **26650** = Cylindrical cell, **26 mm diameter**, **65 mm length**.
22
+- Commonly Li-ion chemistry (LiCoO₂, LiNiMnCo, LiFePO₄, etc.).
23
+
24
+## 2. Typical Specs (Li-ion NMC type)
25
+| Parameter | Common Value Range |
26
+|------------------------|---------------------------|
27
+| Nominal Voltage | 3.6–3.7 V |
28
+| Capacity | 4,000–5,500 mAh |
29
+| Energy (Wh) | 14.4–20.35 Wh |
30
+
31
+> **Energy formula**:
32
+> `Energy (Wh) = Nominal Voltage × Capacity (Ah)`
33
+
34
+Example:
35
+- 5000 mAh (5.0 Ah) × 3.65 V ≈ **18.25 Wh**
36
+
37
+## 3. LiFePO₄ 26650 Variant
38
+| Parameter | Common Value Range |
39
+|------------------------|---------------------------|
40
+| Nominal Voltage | 3.2–3.3 V |
41
+| Capacity | 3,000–3,500 mAh |
42
+| Energy (Wh) | 9.6–11.55 Wh |
43
+
44
+## 4. Summary
45
+- **NMC/NCA Li-ion 26650**: ~18 Wh typical.
46
+- **LiFePO₄ 26650**: ~10 Wh typical.
47
+- Actual usable energy is slightly less due to discharge cut-off and efficiency losses.
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+## ref
52
+
53
+- [[26650-lithium-battery]] - [[li-battery-size]] - [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/32125-dat/32125-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
1
+
2
+# 32125-dat
3
+
4
+**32125 Li Battery**
5
+
6
+- **Meaning of "32125":**
7
+ - **32** → Diameter ≈ 32 mm
8
+ - **125** → Length ≈ 125 mm
9
+ - **Format** → Cylindrical lithium-ion cell
10
+
11
+- **Type:**
12
+ - Typically a **LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** cylindrical cell
13
+
14
+- **Common Specs:**
15
+ - Nominal Voltage: 3.2 V
16
+ - Capacity: ~6,000 – 8,000 mAh (varies by manufacturer)
17
+ - High cycle life, safer chemistry compared to other Li-ion cells
18
+
19
+- **Applications:**
20
+ - Battery packs for **energy storage systems**, **EVs**, **electric tools**, and **solar storage**
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/32140-dat/32140-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+# 32140-dat
5
+
6
+
7
+## xiaolu
8
+
9
+- 电芯等级：全新A品
10
+- 电池属性：云动力磷酸铁锂
11
+- 产品型号：32140
12
+- 电池容量：115000毫安
13
+- 电池重量：295±10g
14
+- 产品内阻：≤2.5mΩ
15
+- 标称电压：3.2V
16
+- 满电电压：3.65V
17
+- 截止电压：2.0V
18
+- 放电倍率：2C
19
+- 充电倍率：0.5~1C
20
+- 充电温度：0~60℃
21
+- 放电温度：-20~60℃
22
+- 循环次数：2000+
23
+
24
+
25
+
26
+
27
+## ref
28
+
29
+- [[battery-li-size]] - [[32140]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
1
+
2
+# battery-size-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[soldering-tools-spot-welding-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[32140-dat]] == 3.2V 15AH
8
+
9
+
10
+- [[32125-dat]]
11
+
12
+
13
+- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
14
+
15
+
16
+- [[38120-dat]]
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
23
+
24
+
25
+- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
26
+- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
27
+- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
28
+- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
29
+- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
30
+- `32650` / `32700`: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
31
+
32
+
33
+## ref
34
+
35
+- [[18650]]
36
+
37
+- [[battery-li-size]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/pouch-battery-dat/2025-02-21-15-06-43.png
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battery-dat/battery-size-dat/battery-size-dat/pouch-battery-dat/pouch-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
1
+
2
+# pouch-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
+1. **Lightweight Design**
10
+ - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
+2. **High Energy Density**
12
+ - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
+3. **Better Safety**
14
+ - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
+4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
+ - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
+5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
+ - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
+6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
+ - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
+| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
+|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
+| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
+| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
+| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
+ - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
+2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
+ - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
+3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
+ - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
+4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
+ - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+## **Future Trends**
46
+- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
+- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
+
50
+---
51
+
52
+## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
+
54
+
55
+A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
+
57
+1. Good safety performance:
58
+
59
+The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
+
61
+2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
+
63
+in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
+
65
+3. The internal resistance is small:
66
+
67
+We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
+
69
+4. Flexible planning:
70
+
71
+the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
+
73
+![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
battery-dat/battery-tools-dat/Kelvin-Clamp-dat/Kelvin-Clamp-dat.md
... ...
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
6 6
7 7
- [[kelvin-clamp-dat]]
8 8
9
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[battery-li-size-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
9
+- [[battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[battery-li-size-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
10 10
11 11
**Crucial!** Standard 2-wire holders introduce voltage drops due to lead and contact resistance, causing premature cut-off readings.
12 12
weekly-dat/2024-April-dat/2024-April-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
1
-
2
-# 2024-April-dat
3
-
4
-This a weekly update newsletter, to briefly tell you whats new and whats fun we are working at, hope you like
5
-
6
-## New Boards
7
-
8
-- [[A7670-dat]] new board with [[GNSS-dat]] will be ready next week
9
-
10
-- [[A7670-dat]] cheap board 4G [[LTE-dat]] version at 6 usd will be ready next week
11
-
12
-- board [[ESP1008-dat]] avaialble to buy and documentation ready
13
-
14
-- [[DPR1097-dat]] [[RS422-dat]] added 3.3V version
15
-
16
-## Development, Documents Updates
17
-
18
-- [[PNP-machine-dat]] == add information about the "Basic Knowledge", [[pnp-machine-software-dat]]
19
-
20
-- [[PCB-dat]] == add information about - [[export-coordinate-dat]] - [[mark-point-dat]]
21
-
22
-- [[analog-video-dat]] == add information about the "Get the Necessary Equipment" and - [[s-video-dat]]
23
-
24
-- [[wireless-camera-dat]] == two types of FPV camera research
25
-
26
-- [[sensor-radar-Millimeter-wave-dat]] advantages compare to [[PIR-sensor-dat]]
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-- new shipping rules find out for US [[US-dat]]
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-- add some more battery info about [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
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-- add more info about [[fiber-optic-dat]] and [[POF-dat]], we are going to make more relevant boards soon.
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-- blog post ["Tear down and Learn a good-build $20 RC Toy Car"](https://www.electrodragon.com/disassemble-and-learn-a-good-build-20-rc-toy-car/)
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-- [[Tasmota-dat]] demo and instruction for [[ESP32-dat]] and [[ESP8266-dat]], and [[NWI1126-dat]]
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-## Interesting Readings, News
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-- funny [[electric-kart-dat]] collection page
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-- new research page [[UAV-dat]]
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-
1
+
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+# 2024-April-dat
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+
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+This a weekly update newsletter, to briefly tell you whats new and whats fun we are working at, hope you like
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+
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+## New Boards
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+
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+- [[A7670-dat]] new board with [[GNSS-dat]] will be ready next week
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+
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+- [[A7670-dat]] cheap board 4G [[LTE-dat]] version at 6 usd will be ready next week
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+
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+- board [[ESP1008-dat]] avaialble to buy and documentation ready
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+
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+- [[DPR1097-dat]] [[RS422-dat]] added 3.3V version
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+
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+## Development, Documents Updates
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+
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+- [[PNP-machine-dat]] == add information about the "Basic Knowledge", [[pnp-machine-software-dat]]
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+
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+- [[PCB-dat]] == add information about - [[export-coordinate-dat]] - [[mark-point-dat]]
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+
22
+- [[analog-video-dat]] == add information about the "Get the Necessary Equipment" and - [[s-video-dat]]
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+
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+- [[wireless-camera-dat]] == two types of FPV camera research
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+
26
+- [[sensor-radar-Millimeter-wave-dat]] advantages compare to [[PIR-sensor-dat]]
27
+
28
+- new shipping rules find out for US [[US-dat]]
29
+
30
+- add some more battery info about [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]]
31
+
32
+- add more info about [[fiber-optic-dat]] and [[POF-dat]], we are going to make more relevant boards soon.
33
+
34
+- blog post ["Tear down and Learn a good-build $20 RC Toy Car"](https://www.electrodragon.com/disassemble-and-learn-a-good-build-20-rc-toy-car/)
35
+
36
+- [[Tasmota-dat]] demo and instruction for [[ESP32-dat]] and [[ESP8266-dat]], and [[NWI1126-dat]]
37
+
38
+
39
+## Interesting Readings, News
40
+
41
+- funny [[electric-kart-dat]] collection page
42
+
43
+- new research page [[UAV-dat]]
44
+
45
+
46
+