fab-materials-dat/coating-dat/coating-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
1
+
2
+# coating-dat
3
+
4
+- [[thermal-insulation-coating-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[Conformal-Coating-dat]] - [[silicon-grease-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+- 颜料 - 丙烯
10
+
11
+## ref
12
+
13
+- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/coating-dat/thermal-insulation-coating-dat/thermal-insulation-coating-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# thermal-insulation-coating-dat
3
+
4
+## ref
5
+
6
+- [[materials]] - [[thermal-insulation-coating]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/fab-materials-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
1
+
2
+# materials-dat
3
+
4
+- [[PMMA-dat]] - [[plastic-dat]] - [[ABS-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[marble-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[glass-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[carbon-rods-dat]]
11
+
12
+- [[coating-dat]] - [[thermal-insulation-coating-dat]]
13
+
14
+- [[oil-dat]] - [[oil-mineral-dat]]
15
+
16
+- [[metal-dat]]
17
+
18
+- [[magnetic-dat]]
19
+
20
+## ref
21
+
22
+- [[mechanics-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/fish-dat/fish-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
1
+
2
+# fish-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## Fish Abundance by Sea Depth
6
+
7
+Fish numbers and species vary significantly with ocean depth. Here’s a general distribution:
8
+
9
+---
10
+
11
+### 1. **Shallow Coastal Waters (0–50 meters)**
12
+- Plenty of sunlight, relatively warm water, and high oxygen levels.
13
+- Seaweeds, corals, and plankton are abundant, providing lots of food.
14
+- **Fish abundance is the highest**, with diverse species, such as:
15
+ - Small edible fish (sardines, anchovies)
16
+ - Reef fish (clownfish, surgeonfish)
17
+ - Predatory fish (bass, grouper)
18
+
19
+---
20
+
21
+### 2. **Midwater Zone (50–200 meters)**
22
+- Light diminishes, fewer phytoplankton, slightly cooler water.
23
+- Fish numbers remain moderate, but species diversity is lower than shallow waters.
24
+- Common fish:
25
+ - Sardines, mackerels, young tunas
26
+ - Medium-sized predatory fish
27
+
28
+---
29
+
30
+### 3. **Deep Sea Zone (Below 200 meters)**
31
+- Almost no light, high pressure, very low temperature.
32
+- **Fish numbers drop significantly**, mostly species adapted to deep sea.
33
+- Common fish:
34
+ - Lanternfish, anglerfish
35
+ - Deep-sea sharks, gulper eels
36
+
37
+---
38
+
39
+### ✅ Summary
40
+- **Fish are most abundant at 0–50 meters**, especially near coasts, reefs, and estuaries.
41
+
42
+
43
+## ref
44
+
45
+- [[rc-apps-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
1
+
2
+# glass-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## Float High-Definition Glass
6
+
7
+**Difference from Ordinary Glass**: Compared to ordinary glass, float high-definition glass requires higher purity of raw materials and stricter process control during production. The final product has significantly improved visual effects and physical properties.
8
+
9
+**Safety**: Although float glass itself is relatively strong, it is often further treated with tempering or lamination to enhance safety. Tempered glass shatters into small, less harmful pieces, while laminated glass does not scatter even when broken.
10
+
11
+"Float high-definition glass" usually refers to ordinary annealed float glass.
12
+
13
+Annealed float glass is a brittle material: any scratches, edge processing, adhesive joints, or microcracks can greatly reduce its load-bearing capacity. Compared to curved (cylindrical/spherical) structures, flat panels are more prone to bending and forming tensile stress, and ultimately, breakage often occurs suddenly without obvious plastic deformation.
14
+
15
+---
16
+
17
+## Drilling
18
+
19
+**Required Tools**
20
+
21
+- Diamond hollow drill bit (10 mm)
22
+- Electric drill (preferably variable speed, do not use hammer mode)
23
+- A wooden board (prepared)
24
+- Water (continuous cooling)
25
+- Clamps / tape (to fix the glass)
26
+- Rubber ring or small dam (to keep a water pool)
27
+
28
+**✅ Step-by-Step Guide**
29
+
30
+1) **Fix the Glass to Prevent Vibration**
31
+
32
+Vibration is the main cause of glass breakage.
33
+
34
+- Place the glass on a wooden board.
35
+- Tape the four corners and edges with clear tape.
36
+- Ideally, use two clamps to gently secure it (do not overtighten).
37
+
38
+2) **Drill at Low Speed (Critical Step)**
39
+
40
+- Drill speed: 300–800 rpm (the slower, the better).
41
+- Never use high speed or hammer mode.
42
+
43
+Reason: High speed causes instant heating → thermal expansion and contraction → immediate shattering.
44
+
45
+3) **Start Drilling with the "Angled Scoring Method"**
46
+
47
+This prevents the drill bit from wandering and chipping the edge.
48
+
49
+- Begin with the drill bit tilted at 15–20°.
50
+- Gently grind a small semicircular groove.
51
+- Once the groove is formed, slowly straighten the drill bit.
52
+
53
+This step greatly increases the success rate.
54
+
55
+4) **Keep Water Cooling Throughout (Essential)**
56
+
57
+The drill bit and drilling area must always be covered with water.
58
+
59
+You can use:
60
+
61
+- Clear tape + a ring of clay/plastic to make a "small pool"
62
+- Or have someone continuously spray water
63
+
64
+Water cooling reduces the risk of breakage by over 70%.
65
+
66
+5) **Grind Down Slowly, Do Not Apply Force**
67
+
68
+Drilling glass relies on "grinding," not "pressing."
69
+
70
+- Keep hand pressure to a minimum.
71
+- Let the drill bit grind down slowly on its own.
72
+- Pause every few seconds.
73
+
74
+6) **Be Extra Gentle Near Breakthrough**
75
+
76
+The last 1/4 of the thickness is most prone to shattering.
77
+
78
+Method:
79
+
80
+- Be extremely gentle towards the end.
81
+- The wooden board should be tight against the glass.
82
+- It's best to tape the back of the glass.
83
+
84
+This helps prevent chipping.
85
+
86
+**🧪 Tips for Success**
87
+
88
+- Use a hollow drill bit (ten times better than a solid one).
89
+- Use the lowest speed on the drill.
90
+- Never dry grind, and don't rush.
91
+- If it's tempered glass → no method can drill it (it will shatter completely).
92
+
93
+---
94
+
95
+## Cutter
96
+
97
+*(No content yet)*
98
+
99
+---
100
+
101
+## References
102
+
103
+- [[materials-dat]]
104
+- [[glass]] - [[materials]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-temper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
1
+
2
+## glass-temper-dat.md
3
+
4
+## How to Temper (Toughen) Glass — Clear & Safe Explanation
5
+
6
+Tempering glass **cannot be done at home** because real tempered glass requires
7
+industrial equipment.
8
+Below is a **safe, clear, educational explanation** of how it works and
9
+what alternatives *you actually can do* at home.
10
+
11
+---
12
+
13
+## ✅ 1. How Tempered Glass Is Made (Industrial Process)
14
+
15
+#### **Step 1 — Cut & Drill Before Tempering**
16
+Tempered glass **cannot** be cut or drilled afterward.
17
+Factories do:
18
+
19
+- Final size cutting
20
+- All holes
21
+- Edge grinding (chamfering)
22
+
23
+Because **any post-cutting will cause instant shattering**.
24
+
25
+---
26
+
27
+#### **Step 2 — Wash the Glass**
28
+High-pressure washing → air drying
29
+(Glass must be 100% dust-free or it will temper unevenly.)
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+#### **Step 3 — Heat to 620–680°C**
34
+Glass is sent into a tempering furnace:
35
+
36
+- Temperature: **620–680°C**
37
+- Temperature uniformity: **±5°C**
38
+- Glass becomes soft and glowing red
39
+
40
+Home tools (oven, torch, burner) **cannot reach or maintain** this.
41
+
42
+---
43
+
44
+#### **Step 4 — Rapid Air-Quench (Cooling)**
45
+Once at temperature, the glass is rapidly cooled using:
46
+
47
+- Two-sided **high-pressure air jets**
48
+- Pressure: **0.8–1.2 MPa**
49
+- Cooling takes only a few seconds
50
+
51
+This creates **surface compression stress**, which makes the glass strong.
52
+
53
+---
54
+
55
+## ⚠️ 2. Why You Cannot Temper Glass at Home
56
+
57
+| Requirement | Can Home Do It? | Reason |
58
+|------------|------------------|--------|
59
+| 650°C uniform heating | ❌ | Home ovens reach ~250°C, uneven heat |
60
+| Large tempering furnace | ❌ | Industrial-size only |
61
+| High-pressure air quench | ❌ | Requires special compressors & nozzles |
62
+| Safe handling of soft hot glass | ❌ | Extreme burn & shatter risk |
63
+| Precision control | ❌ | Home tools are not accurate enough |
64
+
65
+**Conclusion:**
66
+Tempering glass at home is **unsafe and physically impractical**.
67
+
68
+---
69
+
70
+## ✅ 3. Home-Doable Alternatives (Safe)
71
+
72
+#### **Option A — Chemical Strengthening (Ion Exchange)**
73
+This is an industrial method but *slightly* more accessible:
74
+
75
+- Uses a molten **potassium nitrate (KNO₃)** bath at **400°C**
76
+- Potassium ions replace sodium ions in the glass
77
+- Increases strength **2–4×**
78
+
79
+⚠️ Still not home-safe:
80
+Requires precise heating, pure salts, and toxic fumes.
81
+
82
+---
83
+
84
+#### **Option B — Anti-Shatter Film / TPU Film (Safe)**
85
+This is the **best home method**:
86
+
87
+- Increases impact resistance
88
+- Prevents dangerous shattering
89
+- Easy and safe
90
+
91
+(Not real tempering, but practical.)
92
+
93
+---
94
+
95
+#### **Option C — Use Thicker Glass**
96
+For DIY projects:
97
+
98
+- Replace 4 mm with **6 mm**
99
+- Or use **acrylic (PMMA)** for better impact resistance
100
+
101
+
102
+## ref
103
+
104
+- [[glass-dat]]
105
+
106
+
fab-materials-dat/leather-dat/leather-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
1
+
2
+# leather-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## animal leathers
6
+
7
+
8
+Here are the **most widely used animal leathers** in fashion, furniture, and other industries:
9
+
10
+| Animal | Common Uses | Characteristics |
11
+|--------|------------|----------------|
12
+| **Cow / Cattle (Cowhide)** | Shoes, bags, belts, jackets, furniture | Durable, thick, versatile, can be full-grain, top-grain, or split. |
13
+| **Sheep (Sheepskin / Shearling)** | Jackets, gloves, boots, linings | Soft, lightweight, warm, flexible; often used for winter clothing. |
14
+| **Goat (Goatskin)** | Gloves, bags, shoes, book covers | Soft, strong, fine grain, pliable; commonly used for luxury items. |
15
+| **Pig (Pigskin)** | Shoes, bags, gloves | Durable, with visible pores; often used for casual or rugged products. |
16
+| **Deer / Elk (Deerskin)** | Gloves, jackets, moccasins | Very soft, supple, strong; often used for high-end gloves and outdoor gear. |
17
+| **Buffalo / Bison** | Bags, belts, shoes, furniture | Thick, rugged, durable; has a coarser texture than cowhide. |
18
+| **Horse (Cordovan)** | Shoes, wallets, belts | Very dense, smooth, glossy; highly durable, often used for premium leather goods. |
19
+| **Exotic Leathers (Crocodile, Alligator, Snake, Ostrich, Lizard)** | Luxury handbags, shoes, wallets | Unique textures and patterns, high-end; expensive and sought-after. |
20
+
21
+### ⚡ Notes
22
+
23
+- **Cattle leather** is the most common and affordable for general use.
24
+- **Sheepskin and goatskin** are softer and better for clothing and gloves.
25
+- **Exotic leathers** are mainly used for luxury goods due to rarity and price.
26
+- Leather from **wild or endangered animals** is regulated under CITES, so sourcing must be legal.
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+## Animal-Friendly / Cruelty-Free Leather Options
31
+
32
+natural leather (from animals) is often considered high-quality in terms of **durability, comfort, and appearance**, but there are also **animal-friendly or cruelty-free alternatives** for people who want leather-like materials without harming animals.
33
+
34
+### ✅ Animal-Friendly / Cruelty-Free Leather Options
35
+
36
+| Type / Name | Description / Features |
37
+|------------|----------------------|
38
+| **Vegan PU Leather** | Made from polyurethane, fully synthetic, mimics leather look and feel. |
39
+| **Piñatex** | Made from pineapple leaf fibers. Sustainable, lightweight, and leather-like texture. |
40
+| **Mushroom Leather (Mycelium Leather)** | Made from mushroom mycelium. Soft, durable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly. |
41
+| **Cork Leather** | Made from cork bark. Flexible, water-resistant, and natural-looking. |
42
+| **Apple Leather** | Made from apple peel waste. Sustainable, soft, and flexible. |
43
+| **Lab-Grown / Biofabricated Leather** | Made from cultured animal cells, mimics real leather without animal slaughter. |
44
+
45
+#### ⚡ Advantages of Animal-Friendly Leather
46
+
47
+- **Cruelty-free**: No animals are harmed.
48
+- **Sustainable**: Often made from plant waste or biofabricated materials.
49
+- **Durable and functional**: Many modern alternatives are strong, flexible, and water-resistant.
50
+- **Fashionable**: Many designers now use these materials for shoes, bags, furniture, and clothing.
51
+
52
+#### ⚠️ Considerations
53
+
54
+- **Feel and aging**: Some vegan leathers may not develop the same patina as natural leather.
55
+- **Price**: Certain high-quality alternatives (like mycelium or lab-grown leather) can be expensive.
56
+- **Processing**: PU-based vegan leather may involve plastics; biodegradable or plant-based options are more eco-friendly.
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+## ✅ Affordable / Low-Cost Leather Types
62
+
63
+| Type / Name | Description / Features |
64
+|------------|----------------------|
65
+| **Bonded Leather** | Made from leather scraps + glue/resin. One of the cheapest leather options. |
66
+| **Split Leather** (split-grain / lower-layer leather) | Made from the lower layer of animal hide after removing the top grain. Used for budget shoes, bags, furniture. |
67
+| **Bi-cast Leather / Bicast Leather** | Split leather base coated with a layer of plastic (PU/vinyl) and embossed to look like leather. Low cost, looks like leather. |
68
+| **PU Leather** (faux leather / synthetic leather) | Fully synthetic (polyurethane or similar). Very cheap, mimics leather appearance, widely used for bags, furniture, clothing. |
69
+
70
+### ⚠️ Why These Leathers Are Cheaper
71
+
72
+- **Lower durability**: Bonded, split, bi-cast, and PU leather are less durable and can crack, peel, or wear easily.
73
+- **Less comfort**: Poor breathability and less natural softness compared to top-grain or full-grain leather.
74
+- **Shorter lifespan**: Especially bonded and PU leather, prone to peeling and cracking after a few years.
75
+- **Appearance difference**: Often embossed or coated; cannot fully replicate natural leather texture or the aging “patina” effect.
76
+
77
+### 🎯 Suitable For
78
+
79
+- Budget-conscious users (students, beginners).
80
+- Low-frequency or decorative use (temporary bags, furniture, decor).
81
+- DIY leather crafting or practice without risking expensive leather.
82
+- People who want leather-like appearance but can compromise on quality.
83
+
84
+
85
+
86
+
87
+
88
+
89
+## advantages of Leather Material
90
+
91
+
92
+### 1. Durability
93
+- **Tear and wear resistance**: Natural leather has a tight structure, long lifespan, and is not easy to wear or tear.
94
+- **Water resistance (some types)**: Treated leather (e.g., tanned leather) can have some water-repellent properties.
95
+- **Repairable**: Leather can be maintained, oiled, or dyed to repair damage and extend its life.
96
+
97
+### 2. Comfort
98
+- **Breathability**: Natural leather can absorb and release moisture, keeping skin dry.
99
+- **Softness**: Leather becomes softer and more conforming over time.
100
+
101
+### 3. Aesthetics
102
+- **High-end texture**: Leather has natural grain and luster, giving a premium appearance.
103
+- **Uniqueness**: Each piece of leather has distinct patterns, making products unique.
104
+- **Aging beauty**: Over time, leather develops a natural patina, enhancing its appeal.
105
+
106
+### 4. Functionality
107
+- **Insulation**: Thick leather can block wind and retain warmth, suitable for winter clothing and shoes.
108
+- **Moldability**: Leather is easy to shape into various forms for shoes, bags, furniture, etc.
109
+- **Protection**: Thick leather can provide physical protection (e.g., motorcycle gloves, jackets).
110
+
111
+### 5. Environmental Aspect (relatively)
112
+- **Biodegradable**: Natural leather can decompose more easily than synthetic materials (if untreated with chemicals).
113
+
114
+
115
+## ref
116
+
117
+- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/metal-dat/brass-copper-dat/brass-copper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
1
+
2
+# brass-copper-dat
3
+
4
+黄铜、紫铜的英语及区别
5
+1️⃣ 英语名称
6
+
7
+黄铜：Brass
8
+
9
+紫铜：Copper / Red Copper（工程语境中常说 Pure Copper 或 Electrolytic Copper）
10
+
11
+2️⃣ 成分区别
12
+材料 主要成分
13
+黄铜 (Brass) 铜 + 锌（Zn）
14
+紫铜 (Copper / Red Copper) 高纯度铜（≈99.9% Cu）
15
+3️⃣ 物理与机械性能对比
16
+特性 黄铜 (Brass) 紫铜 (Copper)
17
+颜色 金黄色 红褐色
18
+硬度 较高 较低
19
+延展性 中等 极好
20
+导电性 较好 极佳
21
+导热性 较好 极佳
22
+耐腐蚀性 好 很好
23
+可加工性 很好（易切削） 较差（易粘刀）
24
+4️⃣ 常见用途
25
+
26
+黄铜（Brass）
27
+
28
+轴套、齿轮
29
+
30
+管接头、阀门
31
+
32
+螺丝、装饰件
33
+
34
+乐器（如小号）
35
+
36
+紫铜（Copper / Red Copper）
37
+
38
+电线、电缆
39
+
40
+散热器、热交换器
41
+
42
+PCB 铜箔
43
+
44
+水管、接地材料
45
+
46
+5️⃣ 工程常用术语补充
47
+
48
+Free-cutting brass：易切削黄铜
49
+
50
+Naval brass：海军黄铜（耐海水）
51
+
52
+Oxygen-free copper (OFC)：无氧铜
53
+
54
+Electrolytic copper：电解铜
55
+
56
+6️⃣ 一句话总结
57
+
58
+黄铜更适合机械加工和结构件，紫铜更适合电气与散热应用。
59
+
60
+
61
+## brass tube
62
+
63
+- 6*0.2*半米
64
+- 6*0.25*半米
65
+- 6*0.3*半米
66
+- 6*0.4*半米
67
+- 6*0.5*200mm
68
+- 6*0.5*半米
69
+- 6*0.75*半米
70
+- 6*1*200mm
71
+- 6*1*半米
72
+- 6*1.2*半米
73
+- 6*1.5*200mm
74
+- 6*1.5*半米
75
+- 6*2*半米
76
+
77
+- 6.5*0.25*半米
78
+- 6.5*0.5*半米
79
+- 6.5*1*半米
80
+
81
+## copper tube
82
+
83
+
84
+
85
+
86
+## ref
87
+
88
+- [[metal-dat]]
89
+
90
+
91
+- [[brass-copper]] - [[metal]] - [[materials]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/metal-dat/metal-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
1
+# metal-dat
2
+
3
+- [[brass-copper-dat]]
4
+
5
+- [[Shaft-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[fab-sheet-metal-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[rivet-dat]] - [[nut-dat]]
10
+
11
+- [[metal-dat]] - [[metal-molded-dat]]
12
+
13
+## metal connection
14
+
15
+
16
+### Metal Soldering
17
+
18
+Context: standard soldering iron (~300–400°C) + tin-based solder.
19
+
20
+Summary: Copper-based metals are the easiest to solder with a regular iron. Aluminum is difficult without special methods. If you need to make a hard-to-solder metal solderable, plating (tin or copper) is an effective approach.
21
+
22
+Quick reference — which metals can be soldered with a regular iron:
23
+- Very easy (standard soldering): Copper and high-copper alloys (brass, red copper, tin-plated copper).
24
+
25
+Why copper alloys are best for soldering:
26
+1. Oxide film is easy to break down with flux.
27
+2. Tin wets copper extremely well.
28
+3. Copper and tin form Cu–Sn intermetallics → a true metallurgical bond.
29
+
30
+Practical suggestion: To make almost any metal solderable
31
+- First plate with tin or copper (methods):
32
+ - Chemical plating
33
+ - Electroplating
34
+ - Solder spray / tin coating
35
+
36
+Useful tips
37
+- Use appropriate flux for the base metal.
38
+- Ensure mechanical cleaning (brushing/sanding) before soldering when possible.
39
+- For aluminum, use special fluxes and/or aluminum-specific solders or plate the joint first.
40
+
41
+---
42
+
43
+## Metal Dust — Control at the Source
44
+
45
+Best strategy: reduce dust generation at the cutting stage.
46
+
47
+Recommended cutting methods (from least to most dust):
48
+| Cutting method | Dust amount | Notes |
49
+| ------------------------ | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
50
+| Cold saw / band saw | ⭐ lowest | Produces chips/strips rather than fine dust |
51
+| Hand saw (hacksaw) | ⭐⭐ low | Low airborne dust; slower |
52
+| Angle grinder cutting | ❌ high | High speed creates fine powder |
53
+| Cutting wheel / abrasive | ❌❌ very high | Produces fine dust and sparks; worst for airborne particles |
54
+
55
+Practical controls
56
+- Prefer sawing with coolant or low-speed blade when possible.
57
+- Use local exhaust ventilation and masks for abrasive cutting.
58
+- Wet cutting or vacuum extraction reduces airborne dust.
59
+
60
+---
61
+
62
+## Cutting: Ease, Tool Wear, and Chips
63
+
64
+| Material | Relative Cutting Ease | Tool Wear | Dust / Chips Produced | Heat Generation | Notes |
65
+| --------------- | --------------------- | ---------- | --------------------- | --------------- | --------------------------------------- |
66
+| Aluminum alloy | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ (Very easy) | Low | Chips (few fine dust) | Low–Medium | Soft; can clog blades at high RPM |
67
+| Brass (黄铜) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐☆ (Easy) | Low–Medium | Clean chips | Medium | Free-cutting; stable |
68
+| Copper (紫铜) | ⭐⭐⭐☆☆ (Medium) | Medium | Long, sticky chips | Medium–High | Ductile; tends to smear |
69
+| Stainless steel | ⭐⭐☆☆☆ (Hard) | High | Fine chips + dust | High | Work-hardens; use low speed and coolant |
70
+
71
+Notes
72
+- Match blade type and speed to material.
73
+- Use coolant for steels and stainless to reduce heat and tool wear.
74
+- Control chip evacuation to prevent blade clogging.
75
+
76
+---
77
+
78
+## Metal Adhesives (Glue)
79
+
80
+Key steps to get a strong bond—more important than the adhesive brand:
81
+
82
+1. Surface preparation — sanding (required)
83
+ - Aluminum alloys: use 400–600 grit sandpaper.
84
+ - Stainless steel: also sand to remove oxide and increase surface roughness.
85
+ - Purpose: remove oxide layer and increase mechanical keying.
86
+
87
+2. Degrease (required)
88
+ - Use isopropyl alcohol or acetone.
89
+ - Wipe thoroughly and let dry.
90
+
91
+3. Control adhesive layer thickness
92
+ - Recommended thickness: 0.1–0.3 mm
93
+ - Too thin → lower strength; too thick → more brittle
94
+
95
+4. Clamp during curing
96
+ - Clamp for alignment and pressure, but do not squeeze all adhesive out.
97
+ - Ensure even contact and correct gap thickness.
98
+
99
+General adhesive notes
100
+- Choose an adhesive suitable for the material and environment (temperature, load, chemical exposure).
101
+- For metals, epoxy and structural acrylics are common choices.
102
+
103
+---
104
+
105
+## References
106
+- [[AI]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/oil-dat/oil-cutting-dat/oil-cutting-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
1
+
2
+# oil-cutting-dat
3
+
4
+## 切削液（Cutting Fluid / Metalworking Fluid）的用途与种类
5
+
6
+---
7
+
8
+## 一、切削液的主要用途（What is it used for）
9
+
10
+### 1️⃣ 冷却（Cooling）
11
+- 带走切削区热量
12
+- 防止工件烧蓝、变形
13
+- 延长刀具寿命
14
+
15
+### 2️⃣ 润滑（Lubrication）
16
+- 降低刀具与工件摩擦
17
+- 减少粘刀、积屑瘤
18
+- 改善表面光洁度
19
+
20
+### 3️⃣ 排屑与清洗（Chip removal & Cleaning）
21
+- 冲走切屑
22
+- 防止切屑二次划伤
23
+- 保持加工区清洁
24
+
25
+### 4️⃣ 防锈防腐（Corrosion protection）
26
+- 防止机床、工件生锈
27
+- 对停机或存放尤为重要
28
+
29
+---
30
+
31
+## 二、切削液的主要种类（Types of cutting fluids）
32
+
33
+### 1️⃣ 油基切削液（Oil-based Cutting Fluid）
34
+**英文**：Cutting oil
35
+
36
+**特点**
37
+- 润滑性最好
38
+- 冷却能力较弱
39
+- 不易挥发
40
+
41
+**适用**
42
+- 攻丝、拉削、深孔钻
43
+- 不锈钢、合金钢
44
+
45
+**缺点**
46
+- 易产生油雾
47
+- 清洁性差
48
+
49
+---
50
+
51
+### 2️⃣ 乳化型切削液（Emulsion / Soluble oil）
52
+**英文**：Emulsion cutting fluid
53
+
54
+**特点**
55
+- 油 + 水（乳白色）
56
+- 冷却和润滑平衡
57
+- 成本低
58
+
59
+**适用**
60
+- 车削、铣削、钻孔
61
+- 碳钢、铸铁、铝合金
62
+
63
+**缺点**
64
+- 需定期维护
65
+- 易滋生细菌
66
+
67
+---
68
+
69
+### 3️⃣ 半合成切削液（Semi-synthetic）
70
+**英文**：Semi-synthetic cutting fluid
71
+
72
+**特点**
73
+- 少量矿物油 + 合成成分
74
+- 冷却性好，清洁度高
75
+- 气味小
76
+
77
+**适用**
78
+- CNC 加工
79
+- 多材料混合加工
80
+
81
+---
82
+
83
+### 4️⃣ 全合成切削液（Synthetic cutting fluid）
84
+**英文**：Synthetic cutting fluid
85
+
86
+**特点**
87
+- 不含矿物油（透明）
88
+- 冷却性能最好
89
+- 清洁、环保
90
+
91
+**适用**
92
+- 高速切削
93
+- 磨削、不锈钢、铝
94
+
95
+**缺点**
96
+- 润滑性不如油基
97
+
98
+---
99
+
100
+### 5️⃣ 极压切削液（EP cutting fluid）
101
+**英文**：Extreme-pressure cutting fluid
102
+
103
+**特点**
104
+- 含硫、磷、氯极压添加剂
105
+- 抗高负载能力强
106
+
107
+**适用**
108
+- 攻丝、拉削、齿轮加工
109
+- 高强度钢、不锈钢
110
+
111
+⚠️ **注意**
112
+- 含氯产品对某些材料（如钛）不友好
113
+
114
+---
115
+
116
+## 三、按使用方式分类
117
+
118
+| 类型 | 英文 | 说明 |
119
+|----|----|----|
120
+| 浇注式 | Flood cooling | 大量冷却 |
121
+| 喷雾式 | Mist cooling | 用量少 |
122
+| 微量润滑 | MQL | 少量高效 |
123
+| 干切 | Dry cutting | 无切削液 |
124
+
125
+---
126
+
127
+## 四、简单选用建议
128
+
129
+- **不锈钢 / 攻丝** → 油基 / 极压切削液
130
+- **铝合金** → 乳化型 / 全合成
131
+- **高速加工 / 磨削** → 全合成
132
+- **普通钢** → 乳化型
133
+
134
+---
135
+
136
+## 一句话总结
137
+> **冷却靠水，润滑靠油，重载靠极压**
138
+
139
+
140
+
141
+## ref
142
+
143
+- [[oil-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/oil-dat/oil-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
1
+
2
+# oil-dat
3
+
4
+- [[oil-mineral-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/oil-dat/oil-mineral-dat/oil-mineral-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
1
+
2
+
3
+# oil-mineral-dat.md
4
+
5
+- [[oil-soaking-dat]]
6
+
7
+
8
+## Mineral Oil vs Air: Thermal Conductivity & Cooling Performance Comparison
9
+
10
+### 1. Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)
11
+| Medium | Thermal Conductivity | Meaning |
12
+|---------------|----------------------|---------|
13
+| **Air** | ~0.024 | Very low heat transfer |
14
+| **Mineral Oil** | ~0.12–0.15 | About 5–6× better than air |
15
+
16
+**Conclusion:**
17
+Mineral oil transfers heat better than air *through direct conduction*.
18
+
19
+---
20
+
21
+### 2. Heat Capacity (kJ/kg·K)
22
+| Medium | Heat Capacity | Meaning |
23
+|---------------|---------------|---------|
24
+| **Air** | ~1.0 | Low heat storage |
25
+| **Mineral Oil** | ~1.6–2.0 | Can absorb more heat per unit mass |
26
+
27
+**Conclusion:**
28
+Mineral oil absorbs more heat before increasing temperature.
29
+
30
+---
31
+
32
+### 3. Convection (Cooling by Moving Fluid)
33
+#### Air
34
+- Very low viscosity → moves easily
35
+- Natural convection is strong
36
+- Fans blow heat away efficiently
37
+**Air = Good for passive cooling**
38
+
39
+#### Mineral Oil
40
+- High viscosity → moves slowly
41
+- Natural convection is weak
42
+- If not pumped, heat accumulates near the chip
43
+**Oil = Poor natural convection unless circulated**
44
+
45
+---
46
+
47
+### 4. Real-World Cooling Performance
48
+
49
+#### With active flow (fan/pump)
50
+**Mineral Oil > Air**
51
+- Lower operating temperature
52
+- Used in oil-cooled servers & transformers
53
+
54
+#### With no movement (sealed container)
55
+**Mineral Oil < Air**
56
+- Heat gets trapped around components
57
+- Components overheat in small electronics
58
+- Can cause long-term damage to chips & capacitors
59
+
60
+---
61
+
62
+### 5. Final Conclusions
63
+
64
+- **For passive cooling:**
65
+ Air cools better because it convects well.
66
+
67
+- **For active cooling (oil pump or circulation):**
68
+ Mineral oil cools better due to superior conduction & heat absorption.
69
+
70
+- **For small electronics in still oil:**
71
+ Mineral oil can **cause overheating**, because heat cannot escape from the local area.
72
+
73
+
74
+## cool
75
+
76
+### Can a Normal Computer Fan Run in Mineral Oil?
77
+
78
+#### ✅ 1. Yes, a standard PC fan can operate in mineral oil
79
+- Mineral oil is **non-conductive** → does not short-circuit electronics.
80
+- Many hobbyists run **oil-submerged PCs** with normal fans.
81
+- Brushless DC fans generally continue spinning fine in oil.
82
+
83
+---
84
+
85
+#### ⚠️ 2. BUT: The fan's **speed will decrease a lot**
86
+Reason:
87
+- Oil is ~800× denser than air.
88
+- The blades have to "push" thick oil → heavy resistance.
89
+
90
+Typical results:
91
+- A 120 mm fan normally spins at 1200–2000 RPM in air.
92
+- In mineral oil, it may drop to **100–300 RPM** (or even stall).
93
+
94
+So it *moves oil*, but **slowly**.
95
+
96
+---
97
+
98
+#### ⚠️ 3. Fan lifespan will be shorter
99
+Problems you may encounter:
100
+- Motor works harder → more heat.
101
+- Oil may seep into bearings → increase friction.
102
+- Rubber seals may swell over time.
103
+
104
+It may still last **months to years**, but not as long as in air.
105
+
106
+---
107
+
108
+#### ⚠️ 4. The fan moves OIL, not AIR
109
+In oil:
110
+- No airflow.
111
+- Instead you get **liquid circulation**, which is good for cooling.
112
+
113
+But:
114
+- Movement is much slower.
115
+- Large fans are more effective than small ones.
116
+
117
+
118
+## ref
119
+
120
+- [[mechanics-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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fab-materials-dat/plastic-dat/ABS-dat/ABS-dat.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
1
+
2
+# ABS-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[mechanic-tool-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[plastic-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[ABS]] - [[plastic]] - [[materials]]
10
+
11
+
12
+## plastic glue
13
+
14
+using a small brush with plastic specific glue - [[plastic-glue-dat]]
15
+
16
+
17
+very strong
18
+
19
+![](2025-12-04-19-52-08.png)
20
+
21
+![](2025-12-04-19-52-19.png)
22
+
23
+
24
+## plastic "soldering"
25
+
26
+- easy deform
27
+- deed holders
28
+
29
+![](2025-12-04-19-13-12.png)
30
+
31
+![](2025-12-04-19-13-31.png)
32
+
33
+![](2025-12-04-19-13-45.png)
34
+
35
+
36
+easily deform on slow heating
37
+
38
+![](2025-12-04-19-51-30.png)
39
+
40
+
41
+### 1. Tools Needed
42
+
43
+
44
+- ABS 焊条（你已经有）
45
+- 塑料焊枪 / 热风枪（温控 250–300°C 最好）
46
+- 小平口刀或修整刀
47
+- 夹具（固定零件）
48
+- 砂纸（320~600 grit）
49
+
50
+---
51
+
52
+### 2. Preparation
53
+1. **清洁表面**
54
+ 去油污、灰尘，保持 ABS 表面干净。
55
+
56
+2. **开 V 槽（可选）**
57
+ 为了更强度，可在接缝处削出一个浅浅的 **V 形槽**，让熔化的焊材有地方填充。
58
+
59
+3. **固定工件**
60
+ 先夹紧，让工作中不会移动。
61
+
62
+---
63
+
64
+### 3. Welding Procedure (主步骤)
65
+1. **预热温度：250–300°C**
66
+ ABS 融化温度大约在 220°C 左右，塑料焊枪通常设在 260–280°C 最合适。
67
+ *避免太高温度，否则 ABS 会变黄或烧焦。*
68
+
69
+2. **预热基材（底部 ABS）**
70
+ 不要直接对焊条加热，
71
+ **先对 ABS 零件表面扫动热风，让其表面开始变软、发亮即可。**
72
+
73
+3. **加热焊条**
74
+ 把 ABS 焊条放在接缝上方，同时用热风枪让它也开始变软。
75
+
76
+4. **同向推焊法**
77
+ 一手推焊条，让它在软化后填进 V 槽；
78
+ 另一手控制热风枪，保持均匀加热。
79
+
80
+ - 不需要用力压
81
+ - 让焊条自然流入接缝
82
+
83
+5. **逐段焊接，慢慢前进**
84
+ ABS 冷得很快，所以建议 **每 2–3 cm** 分段焊接。
85
+
86
+---
87
+
88
+### 4. Cooling & Finishing
89
+1. **自然冷却（不要用水）**
90
+ 快速冷却会让 ABS 更脆。
91
+
92
+2. **打磨修整**
93
+ 用 320~600 grit 砂纸让表面更平滑。
94
+
95
+
96
+
97
+## ref
98
+
99
+- [[masterials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/plastic-dat/PMMA-dat/PMMA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
1
+# PMMA-dat
2
+
3
+## PMMA Drilling
4
+
5
+**7 Key Tips to Prevent PMMA (Acrylic) Cracking During Drilling (Tested & Reliable)**
6
+
7
+1. Place a Wooden Board Underneath the Sheet (Must Do)
8
+ - This is the most important anti-crack tip.
9
+ - Prevents the drill bit from tearing the PMMA when breaking through the bottom.
10
+ - Provides support and reduces vibration.
11
+ - Results in smooth hole edges without chipping.
12
+ - 📌 No backing board → almost guaranteed to crack.
13
+
14
+2. Use Medium Drill Speed (Not High, Not Too Low)
15
+ - Recommended speed: **800–1500 rpm** (best)
16
+ - High speed: melts, overheats, and cracks PMMA.
17
+ - Low speed: stalls, doesn't cut, more vibration, also prone to cracking.
18
+ - Medium speed + steady feed is safest.
19
+
20
+3. Use a Sharp Drill Bit (Dull Bits = Source of Cracks)
21
+ - Dull bits cause:
22
+ - Friction and heat
23
+ - "Squeezing" cracks instead of cutting
24
+ - White holes, cracked edges
25
+ - Solutions:
26
+ - ✔ Use a new drill bit
27
+ - ✔ Wood spade bits, plastic-specialized bits, or step bits are best
28
+
29
+4. Apply Clear Tape Over the Drilling Area
30
+ - Very useful trick:
31
+ - Tape absorbs vibration
32
+ - Reduces cracking probability
33
+ - Protects hole edges from chipping
34
+ - How to apply:
35
+ - One layer on the front
36
+ - One layer on the back (best)
37
+
38
+5. Apply Steady, Even Downward Pressure
39
+ - Too light → friction, heat, cracks
40
+ - Too hard → jams, vibration, cracks
41
+ - Correct method:
42
+ - 👉 Press down smoothly and steadily, like shaving wood
43
+ - 👉 Let the drill bit "bite" and produce chips (not powder or melted strands)
44
+
45
+6. Use Soapy Water as a Coolant (Simple & Effective)
46
+ - Do not use oil or alcohol.
47
+ - Soapy water/dish soap water:
48
+ - Cools
49
+ - Reduces friction
50
+ - Cleaner hole edges
51
+ - Lowers cracking risk
52
+ - Just a few drops are enough.
53
+
54
+7. Drill Large Holes in Steps (Drilling Large Holes at Once = Cracks)
55
+ - For example, to drill a 12mm hole:
56
+ - Start with a 2–3 mm pilot hole
57
+ - Then a 6–8 mm intermediate hole
58
+ - Finish with the final hole (hole saw/step bit/large drill bit)
59
+ - ⚠️ Drilling large holes in one go → 90% chance of cracking or chipping.
60
+
61
+
62
+
63
+
64
+## ref
65
+
66
+- [[plastic/PMMA]] - [[material]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/plastic-dat/Trivex-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
1
+
2
+# Trivex-dat.md
3
+
4
+Trivex is a high-performance, lightweight plastic material used for eyeglass lenses. It's known for its impact resistance, clarity, and UV protection, offering a balance of strength and optical quality, often compared to but sometimes preferred over polycarbonate.
5
+
6
+高級氨基甲酸乙酯聚合物(Trivex)
7
+
8
+made good glasses, goggles, and visors.
9
+
10
+## ref
11
+
12
+- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/plastic-dat/plastic-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
1
+
2
+# plastic-dat
3
+
4
+- [[Heat-Set-Insert-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[glue-waterproof-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[injection-molding-dat]]
9
+
10
+- [[plastic-soldering-dat]]
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+## frication compare
15
+
16
+1️⃣ NBR（丁腈橡胶）
17
+
18
+PU (Polyurethane)
19
+
20
+| Material | Typical Friction Coefficient (Dry vs Metal) | Wear Resistance | Hardness Range | Key Characteristics | Typical Applications |
21
+| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
22
+| NBR (Nitrile Butadiene Rubber) | High (≈ 0.7 – 1.0) | Low–Medium | Shore A 40–90 | Very high grip, soft, good oil resistance, poor heat resistance | Drive rollers, anti-slip pads, friction seals |
23
+| PU (Polyurethane) | Medium–High (≈ 0.5 – 0.8) | High | Shore A 60 – Shore D 75 | High friction with excellent wear resistance, good load capacity | Friction wheels, conveyor rollers, pressure rollers |
24
+| PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) | Medium (≈ 0.4 – 0.6) | Medium | Shore A 70 – Shore D 85 | Relatively rough surface, stable, low cost | Guide rails, low-speed friction parts |
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+## materials compare
29
+
30
+PU PTFE PP PA6 PE PVC FR4 PEEK Bakelite PVDF ABS NBR POM 6mm
31
+
32
+stainless steel / copper rod 3mm
33
+
34
+| Material (Rod) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Toughness (Impact) |
35
+| ----------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------ |
36
+| **Stainless Steel (3 mm, 304/316)** | 520–620 | 200–300 | ★★★★★ Very high |
37
+| **Copper (3 mm)** | 200–250 | 70–120 | ★★★★ Good |
38
+| **PEEK (6 mm)** | **90–100** | **80–95** | **★★★★ Good** |
39
+| **FR4 (Fiberglass, 6 mm)** | **300–350 (in fiber direction)** | **~250 ** | **★★★ Medium (brittle)** |
40
+| **POM / Acetal (6 mm)** | 60–70 | 55–65 | ★★★★ Good |
41
+| **PA6 / Nylon 6 (6 mm)** | 60–80 | 45–70 | ★★★★ Good (better when moist) |
42
+| **PVC (6 mm)** | 45–55 | 40–50 | ★★★ Medium |
43
+| **PVDF (6 mm)** | 45–55 | 40–50 | ★★★ Medium |
44
+| **ABS (6 mm)** | 35–50 | 30–40 | ★★★ Medium–High |
45
+| **PU (Polyurethane, 6 mm)** | 25–55 | 25–45 | ★★★★★ Very tough/elastic |
46
+| **PP (6 mm)** | 25–40 | 20–35 | ★★★ Medium (brittle when cold) |
47
+| **PTFE (6 mm)** | 20–30 | 10–20 | ★★ Low, very soft |
48
+| **PE (HDPE, 6 mm)** | 20–35 | 15–30 | ★★★ Medium |
49
+| **Bakelite (Phenolic, 6 mm)** | 50–100 | 40–60 | ★★ Very brittle |
50
+| **NBR (Rubber, 6 mm)** | ~15 | N/A (elastomer) | ★★★★★ Extremely tough but soft |
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+Ranking by Tensile Strength (highest → lowest)
55
+
56
+- Stainless steel (3 mm)
57
+- FR4 (6 mm)
58
+- Copper (3 mm)
59
+- PEEK (6 mm)
60
+- PA6 / POM / PVC / PVDF (6 mm)
61
+- ABS / PP / PU / PE (6 mm)
62
+- PTFE (6 mm) (very soft, creeps heavily)
63
+- NBR (rubber) (not for structural load)
64
+
65
+- 聚氨酯
66
+-
67
+
68
+
69
+
70
+
71
+PA66: This stands for Polyamide 66, which is a type of nylon. It's a common engineering thermoplastic known for its high mechanical strength, rigidity, and excellent resistance to heat and chemicals. It's often used to make durable enclosures for electronics, some of which are designed to be waterproof.
72
+
73
+- [[ABS-dat]]
74
+
75
+
76
+## plastic cutting
77
+
78
+## by hand saw
79
+
80
+- [[holder-dat]]
81
+
82
+hold on table with wood [[holder-dat]], this is how the cutting looks like
83
+
84
+
85
+![](2025-12-05-20-27-48.png)
86
+
87
+
88
+
89
+
90
+cut by [[hand-saw-dat]]
91
+
92
+![](2025-12-05-20-28-09.png)
93
+
94
+
95
+
96
+
97
+### plastic cutter - by a knife
98
+
99
+cut with scissors or knife - [[PCB-cutter-dat]] - [[fab-PCB-soldering-tools-dat]]
100
+
101
+![](2025-12-04-19-14-46.png)
102
+
103
+![](2025-12-04-19-17-45.png)
104
+
105
+
106
+
107
+
108
+✅ Much safer ways to cut 4 mm plastic sheet
109
+
110
+These are tools that are far safer for teens to use:
111
+
112
+1) Utility knife + score & snap
113
+
114
+For ABS / acrylic → clean and fast.
115
+(Just score many times along a ruler, then snap.)
116
+
117
+2) Hand saw (fine tooth)
118
+
119
+Like a small hacksaw → slow but safe.
120
+
121
+3) Jigsaw (with adult supervision)
122
+
123
+Use a fine-tooth blade → works well for curves and straight cuts.
124
+
125
+4) Small circular cutter for plastic
126
+
127
+If you have a hobby cutter or mini saw, they usually work safely.
128
+
129
+
130
+## choose same type of plastic for guling
131
+
132
+
133
+你遇到的现象其实很常见，这涉及 ABS塑料的配方差异 和 溶剂型胶水的溶解机理。分析如下：
134
+
135
+1️⃣ ABS的基本组成
136
+
137
+ABS = Acrylonitrile (AN) + Butadiene (B) + Styrene (S)
138
+
139
+配方比例不同，会影响 溶剂敏感性：
140
+
141
+Styrene 含量高 → 更易被苯类或氯化溶剂溶解
142
+
143
+Butadiene 含量高 → 更韧，但对溶剂耐受性强
144
+
145
+2️⃣ 颜色添加剂的影响
146
+
147
+米黄色ABS里可能含有：
148
+
149
+填料（如钛白之外的矿物）
150
+
151
+色母粒或染料（某些颜料会阻碍溶剂渗透）
152
+
153
+这些添加剂会改变表面溶解性，导致专用胶无法溶解表面，从而无法粘合
154
+
155
+3️⃣ 专用胶的溶解机理
156
+
157
+一般ABS胶（如丙酮型胶）通过溶解表面塑料，然后两面塑料融合固化
158
+
159
+现象说明：
160
+
161
+亮白色ABS → 表面容易被溶解 → 胶水有效
162
+
163
+米黄色ABS → 表面不溶或溶解慢 → 胶水不起作用
164
+
165
+4️⃣ 解决思路
166
+
167
+换胶水
168
+
169
+选择更强的ABS溶剂型胶（如含甲苯、二氯甲烷等）
170
+
171
+需注意安全，通风和手套必须
172
+
173
+表面处理
174
+
175
+轻微砂纸打磨 → 增加表面粗糙度 → 增加胶水机械附着
176
+
177
+可尝试预处理溶剂擦拭，帮助胶水溶解
178
+
179
+热熔焊接或超声焊
180
+
181
+对不起反应的ABS，可用加热方式粘接，不是溶剂型胶水
182
+
183
+## ref
184
+
185
+- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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fab-materials-dat/plastic-dat/plastic-structure-dat/plastic-structure-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
1
+
2
+# plastic-structure-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+（3）为了增加产品的刚度，应增加加强筋的数目而不是高度，加强筋应设计的矮一些，多一些为好，如图所示。
6
+
7
+![](2025-12-20-14-40-16.png)
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+## enforcement
12
+
13
+surface
14
+
15
+![](2025-12-30-14-09-27.png)
16
+
17
+fold
18
+
19
+![](2025-12-30-14-09-45.png)
20
+
21
+![](2025-12-30-14-09-57.png)
22
+
23
+## ref
24
+
25
+- [[plastic-dat]] - [[onshape-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-materials-dat/silicon-grease-dat/silicon-grease-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
1
+
2
+# silicon-grease-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[blown-wing-aircraft-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[Heat-Dissipation-dat]]
8
+
9
+- [[waterproof-sealant-dat]]
10
+
11
+
12
+- [[protection-dat]]
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+## Heat-Dissipation
18
+
19
+Thermal Conductivity
20
+
21
+| Material | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Notes |
22
+| ----------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
23
+| Air (ambient) | ~0.025 | Very low; air gaps between component and heatsink greatly reduce heat transfer |
24
+| Regular Silicone Grease | ~0.2–0.3 | About 8–12× better than air; mostly for gap filling, electrically insulating |
25
+| Thermal Silicone Grease | ~1–8 (depending on filler type) | Metal or ceramic-filled paste; much better heat conduction than air |
26
+
27
+
28
+## water-resistant
29
+
30
+- [[waterproof-dat]]
31
+
32
+**Silicone grease** is a common material used to make electrical and mechanical connections water-resistant.
33
+
34
+---
35
+
36
+## 1. Properties of Silicone Grease
37
+
38
+- **Hydrophobic** – repels water, does not dissolve in water
39
+- **Non-conductive** – safe for electrical connections
40
+- **Temperature resistant** – works from very low to high temperatures
41
+- **Lubricating** – prevents wear and makes assembly easier
42
+- **Chemical resistant** – stable, does not react with most plastics or metals
43
+
44
+---
45
+
46
+## 2. How It Works for Waterproofing
47
+
48
+1. **Seals gaps**: Fills tiny spaces between threads, O-rings, or connectors, preventing water ingress.
49
+2. **Protects against corrosion**: Prevents moisture from reaching metal surfaces.
50
+3. **Maintains flexibility**: Unlike adhesives or tapes, it stays soft and allows movement without breaking the seal.
51
+
52
+---
53
+
54
+## 3. Common Uses
55
+
56
+- Electrical connectors in outdoor devices (LEDs, RC vehicles, marine electronics)
57
+- O-rings on pumps or valves
58
+- Battery terminals exposed to moisture
59
+- Sealing connectors on cameras, sensors, or drones
60
+
61
+---
62
+
63
+## 4. Advantages Over Other Sealants
64
+
65
+| Feature | Silicone Grease | Rubber/O-ring Only | Epoxy / Sealant |
66
+| -------------------- | --------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------- |
67
+| Waterproof | Excellent | Good if O-ring fits perfectly | Excellent but permanent |
68
+| Reusable | Yes | Yes | No |
69
+| Safe for electronics | Yes | Yes | No (may trap heat) |
70
+| Easy to apply | Very easy | Moderate | Hard / permanent |
71
+
72
+
73
+
74
+## ref
75
+
76
+- [[waterproof-dat]]
77
+
78
+- [[material]] - [[silicon-grease]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
fab-mechanics-dat/mechanical-structure-dat/sheet-dat/sheet-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
1 1
# sheet-dat
2 2
3
+
4
+easy small size sheet == [[fab-PCB-dat]]
5
+
6
+larger easy to fab sheet materials - [[plastic-dat]] - [[ABS-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+
3 10
[[sheet-metal-dat]] == [[fab-sheet-metal-dat]] - [[fab-dat]]
4 11
5 12
- [[sheet-wood-dat]]
materials-dat/coating-dat/coating-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# coating-dat
3
-
4
-- [[thermal-insulation-coating-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[Conformal-Coating-dat]] - [[silicon-grease-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-- 颜料 - 丙烯
10
-
11
-## ref
12
-
13
-- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/coating-dat/thermal-insulation-coating-dat/thermal-insulation-coating-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# thermal-insulation-coating-dat
3
-
4
-## ref
5
-
6
-- [[materials]] - [[thermal-insulation-coating]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/fish-dat/fish-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# fish-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## Fish Abundance by Sea Depth
6
-
7
-Fish numbers and species vary significantly with ocean depth. Here’s a general distribution:
8
-
9
----
10
-
11
-### 1. **Shallow Coastal Waters (0–50 meters)**
12
-- Plenty of sunlight, relatively warm water, and high oxygen levels.
13
-- Seaweeds, corals, and plankton are abundant, providing lots of food.
14
-- **Fish abundance is the highest**, with diverse species, such as:
15
- - Small edible fish (sardines, anchovies)
16
- - Reef fish (clownfish, surgeonfish)
17
- - Predatory fish (bass, grouper)
18
-
19
----
20
-
21
-### 2. **Midwater Zone (50–200 meters)**
22
-- Light diminishes, fewer phytoplankton, slightly cooler water.
23
-- Fish numbers remain moderate, but species diversity is lower than shallow waters.
24
-- Common fish:
25
- - Sardines, mackerels, young tunas
26
- - Medium-sized predatory fish
27
-
28
----
29
-
30
-### 3. **Deep Sea Zone (Below 200 meters)**
31
-- Almost no light, high pressure, very low temperature.
32
-- **Fish numbers drop significantly**, mostly species adapted to deep sea.
33
-- Common fish:
34
- - Lanternfish, anglerfish
35
- - Deep-sea sharks, gulper eels
36
-
37
----
38
-
39
-### ✅ Summary
40
-- **Fish are most abundant at 0–50 meters**, especially near coasts, reefs, and estuaries.
41
-
42
-
43
-## ref
44
-
45
-- [[rc-apps-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# glass-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## Float High-Definition Glass
6
-
7
-**Difference from Ordinary Glass**: Compared to ordinary glass, float high-definition glass requires higher purity of raw materials and stricter process control during production. The final product has significantly improved visual effects and physical properties.
8
-
9
-**Safety**: Although float glass itself is relatively strong, it is often further treated with tempering or lamination to enhance safety. Tempered glass shatters into small, less harmful pieces, while laminated glass does not scatter even when broken.
10
-
11
-"Float high-definition glass" usually refers to ordinary annealed float glass.
12
-
13
-Annealed float glass is a brittle material: any scratches, edge processing, adhesive joints, or microcracks can greatly reduce its load-bearing capacity. Compared to curved (cylindrical/spherical) structures, flat panels are more prone to bending and forming tensile stress, and ultimately, breakage often occurs suddenly without obvious plastic deformation.
14
-
15
----
16
-
17
-## Drilling
18
-
19
-**Required Tools**
20
-
21
-- Diamond hollow drill bit (10 mm)
22
-- Electric drill (preferably variable speed, do not use hammer mode)
23
-- A wooden board (prepared)
24
-- Water (continuous cooling)
25
-- Clamps / tape (to fix the glass)
26
-- Rubber ring or small dam (to keep a water pool)
27
-
28
-**✅ Step-by-Step Guide**
29
-
30
-1) **Fix the Glass to Prevent Vibration**
31
-
32
-Vibration is the main cause of glass breakage.
33
-
34
-- Place the glass on a wooden board.
35
-- Tape the four corners and edges with clear tape.
36
-- Ideally, use two clamps to gently secure it (do not overtighten).
37
-
38
-2) **Drill at Low Speed (Critical Step)**
39
-
40
-- Drill speed: 300–800 rpm (the slower, the better).
41
-- Never use high speed or hammer mode.
42
-
43
-Reason: High speed causes instant heating → thermal expansion and contraction → immediate shattering.
44
-
45
-3) **Start Drilling with the "Angled Scoring Method"**
46
-
47
-This prevents the drill bit from wandering and chipping the edge.
48
-
49
-- Begin with the drill bit tilted at 15–20°.
50
-- Gently grind a small semicircular groove.
51
-- Once the groove is formed, slowly straighten the drill bit.
52
-
53
-This step greatly increases the success rate.
54
-
55
-4) **Keep Water Cooling Throughout (Essential)**
56
-
57
-The drill bit and drilling area must always be covered with water.
58
-
59
-You can use:
60
-
61
-- Clear tape + a ring of clay/plastic to make a "small pool"
62
-- Or have someone continuously spray water
63
-
64
-Water cooling reduces the risk of breakage by over 70%.
65
-
66
-5) **Grind Down Slowly, Do Not Apply Force**
67
-
68
-Drilling glass relies on "grinding," not "pressing."
69
-
70
-- Keep hand pressure to a minimum.
71
-- Let the drill bit grind down slowly on its own.
72
-- Pause every few seconds.
73
-
74
-6) **Be Extra Gentle Near Breakthrough**
75
-
76
-The last 1/4 of the thickness is most prone to shattering.
77
-
78
-Method:
79
-
80
-- Be extremely gentle towards the end.
81
-- The wooden board should be tight against the glass.
82
-- It's best to tape the back of the glass.
83
-
84
-This helps prevent chipping.
85
-
86
-**🧪 Tips for Success**
87
-
88
-- Use a hollow drill bit (ten times better than a solid one).
89
-- Use the lowest speed on the drill.
90
-- Never dry grind, and don't rush.
91
-- If it's tempered glass → no method can drill it (it will shatter completely).
92
-
93
----
94
-
95
-## Cutter
96
-
97
-*(No content yet)*
98
-
99
----
100
-
101
-## References
102
-
103
-- [[materials-dat]]
104
-- [[glass]] - [[materials]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/glass-dat/glass-temper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-## glass-temper-dat.md
3
-
4
-## How to Temper (Toughen) Glass — Clear & Safe Explanation
5
-
6
-Tempering glass **cannot be done at home** because real tempered glass requires
7
-industrial equipment.
8
-Below is a **safe, clear, educational explanation** of how it works and
9
-what alternatives *you actually can do* at home.
10
-
11
----
12
-
13
-## ✅ 1. How Tempered Glass Is Made (Industrial Process)
14
-
15
-#### **Step 1 — Cut & Drill Before Tempering**
16
-Tempered glass **cannot** be cut or drilled afterward.
17
-Factories do:
18
-
19
-- Final size cutting
20
-- All holes
21
-- Edge grinding (chamfering)
22
-
23
-Because **any post-cutting will cause instant shattering**.
24
-
25
----
26
-
27
-#### **Step 2 — Wash the Glass**
28
-High-pressure washing → air drying
29
-(Glass must be 100% dust-free or it will temper unevenly.)
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-#### **Step 3 — Heat to 620–680°C**
34
-Glass is sent into a tempering furnace:
35
-
36
-- Temperature: **620–680°C**
37
-- Temperature uniformity: **±5°C**
38
-- Glass becomes soft and glowing red
39
-
40
-Home tools (oven, torch, burner) **cannot reach or maintain** this.
41
-
42
----
43
-
44
-#### **Step 4 — Rapid Air-Quench (Cooling)**
45
-Once at temperature, the glass is rapidly cooled using:
46
-
47
-- Two-sided **high-pressure air jets**
48
-- Pressure: **0.8–1.2 MPa**
49
-- Cooling takes only a few seconds
50
-
51
-This creates **surface compression stress**, which makes the glass strong.
52
-
53
----
54
-
55
-## ⚠️ 2. Why You Cannot Temper Glass at Home
56
-
57
-| Requirement | Can Home Do It? | Reason |
58
-|------------|------------------|--------|
59
-| 650°C uniform heating | ❌ | Home ovens reach ~250°C, uneven heat |
60
-| Large tempering furnace | ❌ | Industrial-size only |
61
-| High-pressure air quench | ❌ | Requires special compressors & nozzles |
62
-| Safe handling of soft hot glass | ❌ | Extreme burn & shatter risk |
63
-| Precision control | ❌ | Home tools are not accurate enough |
64
-
65
-**Conclusion:**
66
-Tempering glass at home is **unsafe and physically impractical**.
67
-
68
----
69
-
70
-## ✅ 3. Home-Doable Alternatives (Safe)
71
-
72
-#### **Option A — Chemical Strengthening (Ion Exchange)**
73
-This is an industrial method but *slightly* more accessible:
74
-
75
-- Uses a molten **potassium nitrate (KNO₃)** bath at **400°C**
76
-- Potassium ions replace sodium ions in the glass
77
-- Increases strength **2–4×**
78
-
79
-⚠️ Still not home-safe:
80
-Requires precise heating, pure salts, and toxic fumes.
81
-
82
----
83
-
84
-#### **Option B — Anti-Shatter Film / TPU Film (Safe)**
85
-This is the **best home method**:
86
-
87
-- Increases impact resistance
88
-- Prevents dangerous shattering
89
-- Easy and safe
90
-
91
-(Not real tempering, but practical.)
92
-
93
----
94
-
95
-#### **Option C — Use Thicker Glass**
96
-For DIY projects:
97
-
98
-- Replace 4 mm with **6 mm**
99
-- Or use **acrylic (PMMA)** for better impact resistance
100
-
101
-
102
-## ref
103
-
104
-- [[glass-dat]]
105
-
106
-
materials-dat/leather-dat/leather-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# leather-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## animal leathers
6
-
7
-
8
-Here are the **most widely used animal leathers** in fashion, furniture, and other industries:
9
-
10
-| Animal | Common Uses | Characteristics |
11
-|--------|------------|----------------|
12
-| **Cow / Cattle (Cowhide)** | Shoes, bags, belts, jackets, furniture | Durable, thick, versatile, can be full-grain, top-grain, or split. |
13
-| **Sheep (Sheepskin / Shearling)** | Jackets, gloves, boots, linings | Soft, lightweight, warm, flexible; often used for winter clothing. |
14
-| **Goat (Goatskin)** | Gloves, bags, shoes, book covers | Soft, strong, fine grain, pliable; commonly used for luxury items. |
15
-| **Pig (Pigskin)** | Shoes, bags, gloves | Durable, with visible pores; often used for casual or rugged products. |
16
-| **Deer / Elk (Deerskin)** | Gloves, jackets, moccasins | Very soft, supple, strong; often used for high-end gloves and outdoor gear. |
17
-| **Buffalo / Bison** | Bags, belts, shoes, furniture | Thick, rugged, durable; has a coarser texture than cowhide. |
18
-| **Horse (Cordovan)** | Shoes, wallets, belts | Very dense, smooth, glossy; highly durable, often used for premium leather goods. |
19
-| **Exotic Leathers (Crocodile, Alligator, Snake, Ostrich, Lizard)** | Luxury handbags, shoes, wallets | Unique textures and patterns, high-end; expensive and sought-after. |
20
-
21
-### ⚡ Notes
22
-
23
-- **Cattle leather** is the most common and affordable for general use.
24
-- **Sheepskin and goatskin** are softer and better for clothing and gloves.
25
-- **Exotic leathers** are mainly used for luxury goods due to rarity and price.
26
-- Leather from **wild or endangered animals** is regulated under CITES, so sourcing must be legal.
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
-## Animal-Friendly / Cruelty-Free Leather Options
31
-
32
-natural leather (from animals) is often considered high-quality in terms of **durability, comfort, and appearance**, but there are also **animal-friendly or cruelty-free alternatives** for people who want leather-like materials without harming animals.
33
-
34
-### ✅ Animal-Friendly / Cruelty-Free Leather Options
35
-
36
-| Type / Name | Description / Features |
37
-|------------|----------------------|
38
-| **Vegan PU Leather** | Made from polyurethane, fully synthetic, mimics leather look and feel. |
39
-| **Piñatex** | Made from pineapple leaf fibers. Sustainable, lightweight, and leather-like texture. |
40
-| **Mushroom Leather (Mycelium Leather)** | Made from mushroom mycelium. Soft, durable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly. |
41
-| **Cork Leather** | Made from cork bark. Flexible, water-resistant, and natural-looking. |
42
-| **Apple Leather** | Made from apple peel waste. Sustainable, soft, and flexible. |
43
-| **Lab-Grown / Biofabricated Leather** | Made from cultured animal cells, mimics real leather without animal slaughter. |
44
-
45
-#### ⚡ Advantages of Animal-Friendly Leather
46
-
47
-- **Cruelty-free**: No animals are harmed.
48
-- **Sustainable**: Often made from plant waste or biofabricated materials.
49
-- **Durable and functional**: Many modern alternatives are strong, flexible, and water-resistant.
50
-- **Fashionable**: Many designers now use these materials for shoes, bags, furniture, and clothing.
51
-
52
-#### ⚠️ Considerations
53
-
54
-- **Feel and aging**: Some vegan leathers may not develop the same patina as natural leather.
55
-- **Price**: Certain high-quality alternatives (like mycelium or lab-grown leather) can be expensive.
56
-- **Processing**: PU-based vegan leather may involve plastics; biodegradable or plant-based options are more eco-friendly.
57
-
58
-
59
-
60
-
61
-## ✅ Affordable / Low-Cost Leather Types
62
-
63
-| Type / Name | Description / Features |
64
-|------------|----------------------|
65
-| **Bonded Leather** | Made from leather scraps + glue/resin. One of the cheapest leather options. |
66
-| **Split Leather** (split-grain / lower-layer leather) | Made from the lower layer of animal hide after removing the top grain. Used for budget shoes, bags, furniture. |
67
-| **Bi-cast Leather / Bicast Leather** | Split leather base coated with a layer of plastic (PU/vinyl) and embossed to look like leather. Low cost, looks like leather. |
68
-| **PU Leather** (faux leather / synthetic leather) | Fully synthetic (polyurethane or similar). Very cheap, mimics leather appearance, widely used for bags, furniture, clothing. |
69
-
70
-### ⚠️ Why These Leathers Are Cheaper
71
-
72
-- **Lower durability**: Bonded, split, bi-cast, and PU leather are less durable and can crack, peel, or wear easily.
73
-- **Less comfort**: Poor breathability and less natural softness compared to top-grain or full-grain leather.
74
-- **Shorter lifespan**: Especially bonded and PU leather, prone to peeling and cracking after a few years.
75
-- **Appearance difference**: Often embossed or coated; cannot fully replicate natural leather texture or the aging “patina” effect.
76
-
77
-### 🎯 Suitable For
78
-
79
-- Budget-conscious users (students, beginners).
80
-- Low-frequency or decorative use (temporary bags, furniture, decor).
81
-- DIY leather crafting or practice without risking expensive leather.
82
-- People who want leather-like appearance but can compromise on quality.
83
-
84
-
85
-
86
-
87
-
88
-
89
-## advantages of Leather Material
90
-
91
-
92
-### 1. Durability
93
-- **Tear and wear resistance**: Natural leather has a tight structure, long lifespan, and is not easy to wear or tear.
94
-- **Water resistance (some types)**: Treated leather (e.g., tanned leather) can have some water-repellent properties.
95
-- **Repairable**: Leather can be maintained, oiled, or dyed to repair damage and extend its life.
96
-
97
-### 2. Comfort
98
-- **Breathability**: Natural leather can absorb and release moisture, keeping skin dry.
99
-- **Softness**: Leather becomes softer and more conforming over time.
100
-
101
-### 3. Aesthetics
102
-- **High-end texture**: Leather has natural grain and luster, giving a premium appearance.
103
-- **Uniqueness**: Each piece of leather has distinct patterns, making products unique.
104
-- **Aging beauty**: Over time, leather develops a natural patina, enhancing its appeal.
105
-
106
-### 4. Functionality
107
-- **Insulation**: Thick leather can block wind and retain warmth, suitable for winter clothing and shoes.
108
-- **Moldability**: Leather is easy to shape into various forms for shoes, bags, furniture, etc.
109
-- **Protection**: Thick leather can provide physical protection (e.g., motorcycle gloves, jackets).
110
-
111
-### 5. Environmental Aspect (relatively)
112
-- **Biodegradable**: Natural leather can decompose more easily than synthetic materials (if untreated with chemicals).
113
-
114
-
115
-## ref
116
-
117
-- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/materials-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# materials-dat
3
-
4
-- [[PMMA-dat]] - [[plastic-dat]] - [[ABS-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[marble-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[glass-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[carbon-rods-dat]]
11
-
12
-- [[coating-dat]] - [[thermal-insulation-coating-dat]]
13
-
14
-- [[oil-dat]] - [[oil-mineral-dat]]
15
-
16
-- [[metal-dat]]
17
-
18
-- [[magnetic-dat]]
19
-
20
-## ref
21
-
22
-- [[mechanics-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/metal-dat/brass-copper-dat/brass-copper-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# brass-copper-dat
3
-
4
-黄铜、紫铜的英语及区别
5
-1️⃣ 英语名称
6
-
7
-黄铜：Brass
8
-
9
-紫铜：Copper / Red Copper（工程语境中常说 Pure Copper 或 Electrolytic Copper）
10
-
11
-2️⃣ 成分区别
12
-材料 主要成分
13
-黄铜 (Brass) 铜 + 锌（Zn）
14
-紫铜 (Copper / Red Copper) 高纯度铜（≈99.9% Cu）
15
-3️⃣ 物理与机械性能对比
16
-特性 黄铜 (Brass) 紫铜 (Copper)
17
-颜色 金黄色 红褐色
18
-硬度 较高 较低
19
-延展性 中等 极好
20
-导电性 较好 极佳
21
-导热性 较好 极佳
22
-耐腐蚀性 好 很好
23
-可加工性 很好（易切削） 较差（易粘刀）
24
-4️⃣ 常见用途
25
-
26
-黄铜（Brass）
27
-
28
-轴套、齿轮
29
-
30
-管接头、阀门
31
-
32
-螺丝、装饰件
33
-
34
-乐器（如小号）
35
-
36
-紫铜（Copper / Red Copper）
37
-
38
-电线、电缆
39
-
40
-散热器、热交换器
41
-
42
-PCB 铜箔
43
-
44
-水管、接地材料
45
-
46
-5️⃣ 工程常用术语补充
47
-
48
-Free-cutting brass：易切削黄铜
49
-
50
-Naval brass：海军黄铜（耐海水）
51
-
52
-Oxygen-free copper (OFC)：无氧铜
53
-
54
-Electrolytic copper：电解铜
55
-
56
-6️⃣ 一句话总结
57
-
58
-黄铜更适合机械加工和结构件，紫铜更适合电气与散热应用。
59
-
60
-
61
-## brass tube
62
-
63
-- 6*0.2*半米
64
-- 6*0.25*半米
65
-- 6*0.3*半米
66
-- 6*0.4*半米
67
-- 6*0.5*200mm
68
-- 6*0.5*半米
69
-- 6*0.75*半米
70
-- 6*1*200mm
71
-- 6*1*半米
72
-- 6*1.2*半米
73
-- 6*1.5*200mm
74
-- 6*1.5*半米
75
-- 6*2*半米
76
-
77
-- 6.5*0.25*半米
78
-- 6.5*0.5*半米
79
-- 6.5*1*半米
80
-
81
-## copper tube
82
-
83
-
84
-
85
-
86
-## ref
87
-
88
-- [[metal-dat]]
89
-
90
-
91
-- [[brass-copper]] - [[metal]] - [[materials]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/metal-dat/metal-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
1
-# metal-dat
2
-
3
-- [[brass-copper-dat]]
4
-
5
-- [[Shaft-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[fab-sheet-metal-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[rivet-dat]] - [[nut-dat]]
10
-
11
-- [[metal-dat]] - [[metal-molded-dat]]
12
-
13
-## metal connection
14
-
15
-
16
-### Metal Soldering
17
-
18
-Context: standard soldering iron (~300–400°C) + tin-based solder.
19
-
20
-Summary: Copper-based metals are the easiest to solder with a regular iron. Aluminum is difficult without special methods. If you need to make a hard-to-solder metal solderable, plating (tin or copper) is an effective approach.
21
-
22
-Quick reference — which metals can be soldered with a regular iron:
23
-- Very easy (standard soldering): Copper and high-copper alloys (brass, red copper, tin-plated copper).
24
-
25
-Why copper alloys are best for soldering:
26
-1. Oxide film is easy to break down with flux.
27
-2. Tin wets copper extremely well.
28
-3. Copper and tin form Cu–Sn intermetallics → a true metallurgical bond.
29
-
30
-Practical suggestion: To make almost any metal solderable
31
-- First plate with tin or copper (methods):
32
- - Chemical plating
33
- - Electroplating
34
- - Solder spray / tin coating
35
-
36
-Useful tips
37
-- Use appropriate flux for the base metal.
38
-- Ensure mechanical cleaning (brushing/sanding) before soldering when possible.
39
-- For aluminum, use special fluxes and/or aluminum-specific solders or plate the joint first.
40
-
41
----
42
-
43
-## Metal Dust — Control at the Source
44
-
45
-Best strategy: reduce dust generation at the cutting stage.
46
-
47
-Recommended cutting methods (from least to most dust):
48
-| Cutting method | Dust amount | Notes |
49
-| ------------------------ | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
50
-| Cold saw / band saw | ⭐ lowest | Produces chips/strips rather than fine dust |
51
-| Hand saw (hacksaw) | ⭐⭐ low | Low airborne dust; slower |
52
-| Angle grinder cutting | ❌ high | High speed creates fine powder |
53
-| Cutting wheel / abrasive | ❌❌ very high | Produces fine dust and sparks; worst for airborne particles |
54
-
55
-Practical controls
56
-- Prefer sawing with coolant or low-speed blade when possible.
57
-- Use local exhaust ventilation and masks for abrasive cutting.
58
-- Wet cutting or vacuum extraction reduces airborne dust.
59
-
60
----
61
-
62
-## Cutting: Ease, Tool Wear, and Chips
63
-
64
-| Material | Relative Cutting Ease | Tool Wear | Dust / Chips Produced | Heat Generation | Notes |
65
-| --------------- | --------------------- | ---------- | --------------------- | --------------- | --------------------------------------- |
66
-| Aluminum alloy | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ (Very easy) | Low | Chips (few fine dust) | Low–Medium | Soft; can clog blades at high RPM |
67
-| Brass (黄铜) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐☆ (Easy) | Low–Medium | Clean chips | Medium | Free-cutting; stable |
68
-| Copper (紫铜) | ⭐⭐⭐☆☆ (Medium) | Medium | Long, sticky chips | Medium–High | Ductile; tends to smear |
69
-| Stainless steel | ⭐⭐☆☆☆ (Hard) | High | Fine chips + dust | High | Work-hardens; use low speed and coolant |
70
-
71
-Notes
72
-- Match blade type and speed to material.
73
-- Use coolant for steels and stainless to reduce heat and tool wear.
74
-- Control chip evacuation to prevent blade clogging.
75
-
76
----
77
-
78
-## Metal Adhesives (Glue)
79
-
80
-Key steps to get a strong bond—more important than the adhesive brand:
81
-
82
-1. Surface preparation — sanding (required)
83
- - Aluminum alloys: use 400–600 grit sandpaper.
84
- - Stainless steel: also sand to remove oxide and increase surface roughness.
85
- - Purpose: remove oxide layer and increase mechanical keying.
86
-
87
-2. Degrease (required)
88
- - Use isopropyl alcohol or acetone.
89
- - Wipe thoroughly and let dry.
90
-
91
-3. Control adhesive layer thickness
92
- - Recommended thickness: 0.1–0.3 mm
93
- - Too thin → lower strength; too thick → more brittle
94
-
95
-4. Clamp during curing
96
- - Clamp for alignment and pressure, but do not squeeze all adhesive out.
97
- - Ensure even contact and correct gap thickness.
98
-
99
-General adhesive notes
100
-- Choose an adhesive suitable for the material and environment (temperature, load, chemical exposure).
101
-- For metals, epoxy and structural acrylics are common choices.
102
-
103
----
104
-
105
-## References
106
-- [[AI]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/oil-dat/oil-cutting-dat/oil-cutting-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# oil-cutting-dat
3
-
4
-## 切削液（Cutting Fluid / Metalworking Fluid）的用途与种类
5
-
6
----
7
-
8
-## 一、切削液的主要用途（What is it used for）
9
-
10
-### 1️⃣ 冷却（Cooling）
11
-- 带走切削区热量
12
-- 防止工件烧蓝、变形
13
-- 延长刀具寿命
14
-
15
-### 2️⃣ 润滑（Lubrication）
16
-- 降低刀具与工件摩擦
17
-- 减少粘刀、积屑瘤
18
-- 改善表面光洁度
19
-
20
-### 3️⃣ 排屑与清洗（Chip removal & Cleaning）
21
-- 冲走切屑
22
-- 防止切屑二次划伤
23
-- 保持加工区清洁
24
-
25
-### 4️⃣ 防锈防腐（Corrosion protection）
26
-- 防止机床、工件生锈
27
-- 对停机或存放尤为重要
28
-
29
----
30
-
31
-## 二、切削液的主要种类（Types of cutting fluids）
32
-
33
-### 1️⃣ 油基切削液（Oil-based Cutting Fluid）
34
-**英文**：Cutting oil
35
-
36
-**特点**
37
-- 润滑性最好
38
-- 冷却能力较弱
39
-- 不易挥发
40
-
41
-**适用**
42
-- 攻丝、拉削、深孔钻
43
-- 不锈钢、合金钢
44
-
45
-**缺点**
46
-- 易产生油雾
47
-- 清洁性差
48
-
49
----
50
-
51
-### 2️⃣ 乳化型切削液（Emulsion / Soluble oil）
52
-**英文**：Emulsion cutting fluid
53
-
54
-**特点**
55
-- 油 + 水（乳白色）
56
-- 冷却和润滑平衡
57
-- 成本低
58
-
59
-**适用**
60
-- 车削、铣削、钻孔
61
-- 碳钢、铸铁、铝合金
62
-
63
-**缺点**
64
-- 需定期维护
65
-- 易滋生细菌
66
-
67
----
68
-
69
-### 3️⃣ 半合成切削液（Semi-synthetic）
70
-**英文**：Semi-synthetic cutting fluid
71
-
72
-**特点**
73
-- 少量矿物油 + 合成成分
74
-- 冷却性好，清洁度高
75
-- 气味小
76
-
77
-**适用**
78
-- CNC 加工
79
-- 多材料混合加工
80
-
81
----
82
-
83
-### 4️⃣ 全合成切削液（Synthetic cutting fluid）
84
-**英文**：Synthetic cutting fluid
85
-
86
-**特点**
87
-- 不含矿物油（透明）
88
-- 冷却性能最好
89
-- 清洁、环保
90
-
91
-**适用**
92
-- 高速切削
93
-- 磨削、不锈钢、铝
94
-
95
-**缺点**
96
-- 润滑性不如油基
97
-
98
----
99
-
100
-### 5️⃣ 极压切削液（EP cutting fluid）
101
-**英文**：Extreme-pressure cutting fluid
102
-
103
-**特点**
104
-- 含硫、磷、氯极压添加剂
105
-- 抗高负载能力强
106
-
107
-**适用**
108
-- 攻丝、拉削、齿轮加工
109
-- 高强度钢、不锈钢
110
-
111
-⚠️ **注意**
112
-- 含氯产品对某些材料（如钛）不友好
113
-
114
----
115
-
116
-## 三、按使用方式分类
117
-
118
-| 类型 | 英文 | 说明 |
119
-|----|----|----|
120
-| 浇注式 | Flood cooling | 大量冷却 |
121
-| 喷雾式 | Mist cooling | 用量少 |
122
-| 微量润滑 | MQL | 少量高效 |
123
-| 干切 | Dry cutting | 无切削液 |
124
-
125
----
126
-
127
-## 四、简单选用建议
128
-
129
-- **不锈钢 / 攻丝** → 油基 / 极压切削液
130
-- **铝合金** → 乳化型 / 全合成
131
-- **高速加工 / 磨削** → 全合成
132
-- **普通钢** → 乳化型
133
-
134
----
135
-
136
-## 一句话总结
137
-> **冷却靠水，润滑靠油，重载靠极压**
138
-
139
-
140
-
141
-## ref
142
-
143
-- [[oil-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/oil-dat/oil-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# oil-dat
3
-
4
-- [[oil-mineral-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
materials-dat/oil-dat/oil-mineral-dat/oil-mineral-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-
3
-# oil-mineral-dat.md
4
-
5
-- [[oil-soaking-dat]]
6
-
7
-
8
-## Mineral Oil vs Air: Thermal Conductivity & Cooling Performance Comparison
9
-
10
-### 1. Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)
11
-| Medium | Thermal Conductivity | Meaning |
12
-|---------------|----------------------|---------|
13
-| **Air** | ~0.024 | Very low heat transfer |
14
-| **Mineral Oil** | ~0.12–0.15 | About 5–6× better than air |
15
-
16
-**Conclusion:**
17
-Mineral oil transfers heat better than air *through direct conduction*.
18
-
19
----
20
-
21
-### 2. Heat Capacity (kJ/kg·K)
22
-| Medium | Heat Capacity | Meaning |
23
-|---------------|---------------|---------|
24
-| **Air** | ~1.0 | Low heat storage |
25
-| **Mineral Oil** | ~1.6–2.0 | Can absorb more heat per unit mass |
26
-
27
-**Conclusion:**
28
-Mineral oil absorbs more heat before increasing temperature.
29
-
30
----
31
-
32
-### 3. Convection (Cooling by Moving Fluid)
33
-#### Air
34
-- Very low viscosity → moves easily
35
-- Natural convection is strong
36
-- Fans blow heat away efficiently
37
-**Air = Good for passive cooling**
38
-
39
-#### Mineral Oil
40
-- High viscosity → moves slowly
41
-- Natural convection is weak
42
-- If not pumped, heat accumulates near the chip
43
-**Oil = Poor natural convection unless circulated**
44
-
45
----
46
-
47
-### 4. Real-World Cooling Performance
48
-
49
-#### With active flow (fan/pump)
50
-**Mineral Oil > Air**
51
-- Lower operating temperature
52
-- Used in oil-cooled servers & transformers
53
-
54
-#### With no movement (sealed container)
55
-**Mineral Oil < Air**
56
-- Heat gets trapped around components
57
-- Components overheat in small electronics
58
-- Can cause long-term damage to chips & capacitors
59
-
60
----
61
-
62
-### 5. Final Conclusions
63
-
64
-- **For passive cooling:**
65
- Air cools better because it convects well.
66
-
67
-- **For active cooling (oil pump or circulation):**
68
- Mineral oil cools better due to superior conduction & heat absorption.
69
-
70
-- **For small electronics in still oil:**
71
- Mineral oil can **cause overheating**, because heat cannot escape from the local area.
72
-
73
-
74
-## cool
75
-
76
-### Can a Normal Computer Fan Run in Mineral Oil?
77
-
78
-#### ✅ 1. Yes, a standard PC fan can operate in mineral oil
79
-- Mineral oil is **non-conductive** → does not short-circuit electronics.
80
-- Many hobbyists run **oil-submerged PCs** with normal fans.
81
-- Brushless DC fans generally continue spinning fine in oil.
82
-
83
----
84
-
85
-#### ⚠️ 2. BUT: The fan's **speed will decrease a lot**
86
-Reason:
87
-- Oil is ~800× denser than air.
88
-- The blades have to "push" thick oil → heavy resistance.
89
-
90
-Typical results:
91
-- A 120 mm fan normally spins at 1200–2000 RPM in air.
92
-- In mineral oil, it may drop to **100–300 RPM** (or even stall).
93
-
94
-So it *moves oil*, but **slowly**.
95
-
96
----
97
-
98
-#### ⚠️ 3. Fan lifespan will be shorter
99
-Problems you may encounter:
100
-- Motor works harder → more heat.
101
-- Oil may seep into bearings → increase friction.
102
-- Rubber seals may swell over time.
103
-
104
-It may still last **months to years**, but not as long as in air.
105
-
106
----
107
-
108
-#### ⚠️ 4. The fan moves OIL, not AIR
109
-In oil:
110
-- No airflow.
111
-- Instead you get **liquid circulation**, which is good for cooling.
112
-
113
-But:
114
-- Movement is much slower.
115
-- Large fans are more effective than small ones.
116
-
117
-
118
-## ref
119
-
120
-- [[mechanics-dat]]
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1
-
2
-# ABS-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-- [[mechanic-tool-dat]]
6
-
7
-- [[plastic-dat]]
8
-
9
-- [[ABS]] - [[plastic]] - [[materials]]
10
-
11
-
12
-## plastic glue
13
-
14
-using a small brush with plastic specific glue - [[plastic-glue-dat]]
15
-
16
-
17
-very strong
18
-
19
-![](2025-12-04-19-52-08.png)
20
-
21
-![](2025-12-04-19-52-19.png)
22
-
23
-
24
-## plastic "soldering"
25
-
26
-- easy deform
27
-- deed holders
28
-
29
-![](2025-12-04-19-13-12.png)
30
-
31
-![](2025-12-04-19-13-31.png)
32
-
33
-![](2025-12-04-19-13-45.png)
34
-
35
-
36
-easily deform on slow heating
37
-
38
-![](2025-12-04-19-51-30.png)
39
-
40
-
41
-### 1. Tools Needed
42
-
43
-
44
-- ABS 焊条（你已经有）
45
-- 塑料焊枪 / 热风枪（温控 250–300°C 最好）
46
-- 小平口刀或修整刀
47
-- 夹具（固定零件）
48
-- 砂纸（320~600 grit）
49
-
50
----
51
-
52
-### 2. Preparation
53
-1. **清洁表面**
54
- 去油污、灰尘，保持 ABS 表面干净。
55
-
56
-2. **开 V 槽（可选）**
57
- 为了更强度，可在接缝处削出一个浅浅的 **V 形槽**，让熔化的焊材有地方填充。
58
-
59
-3. **固定工件**
60
- 先夹紧，让工作中不会移动。
61
-
62
----
63
-
64
-### 3. Welding Procedure (主步骤)
65
-1. **预热温度：250–300°C**
66
- ABS 融化温度大约在 220°C 左右，塑料焊枪通常设在 260–280°C 最合适。
67
- *避免太高温度，否则 ABS 会变黄或烧焦。*
68
-
69
-2. **预热基材（底部 ABS）**
70
- 不要直接对焊条加热，
71
- **先对 ABS 零件表面扫动热风，让其表面开始变软、发亮即可。**
72
-
73
-3. **加热焊条**
74
- 把 ABS 焊条放在接缝上方，同时用热风枪让它也开始变软。
75
-
76
-4. **同向推焊法**
77
- 一手推焊条，让它在软化后填进 V 槽；
78
- 另一手控制热风枪，保持均匀加热。
79
-
80
- - 不需要用力压
81
- - 让焊条自然流入接缝
82
-
83
-5. **逐段焊接，慢慢前进**
84
- ABS 冷得很快，所以建议 **每 2–3 cm** 分段焊接。
85
-
86
----
87
-
88
-### 4. Cooling & Finishing
89
-1. **自然冷却（不要用水）**
90
- 快速冷却会让 ABS 更脆。
91
-
92
-2. **打磨修整**
93
- 用 320~600 grit 砂纸让表面更平滑。
94
-
95
-
96
-
97
-## ref
98
-
99
-- [[masterials-dat]]
... ...
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materials-dat/plastic-dat/PMMA-dat/PMMA-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
1
-# PMMA-dat
2
-
3
-## PMMA Drilling
4
-
5
-**7 Key Tips to Prevent PMMA (Acrylic) Cracking During Drilling (Tested & Reliable)**
6
-
7
-1. Place a Wooden Board Underneath the Sheet (Must Do)
8
- - This is the most important anti-crack tip.
9
- - Prevents the drill bit from tearing the PMMA when breaking through the bottom.
10
- - Provides support and reduces vibration.
11
- - Results in smooth hole edges without chipping.
12
- - 📌 No backing board → almost guaranteed to crack.
13
-
14
-2. Use Medium Drill Speed (Not High, Not Too Low)
15
- - Recommended speed: **800–1500 rpm** (best)
16
- - High speed: melts, overheats, and cracks PMMA.
17
- - Low speed: stalls, doesn't cut, more vibration, also prone to cracking.
18
- - Medium speed + steady feed is safest.
19
-
20
-3. Use a Sharp Drill Bit (Dull Bits = Source of Cracks)
21
- - Dull bits cause:
22
- - Friction and heat
23
- - "Squeezing" cracks instead of cutting
24
- - White holes, cracked edges
25
- - Solutions:
26
- - ✔ Use a new drill bit
27
- - ✔ Wood spade bits, plastic-specialized bits, or step bits are best
28
-
29
-4. Apply Clear Tape Over the Drilling Area
30
- - Very useful trick:
31
- - Tape absorbs vibration
32
- - Reduces cracking probability
33
- - Protects hole edges from chipping
34
- - How to apply:
35
- - One layer on the front
36
- - One layer on the back (best)
37
-
38
-5. Apply Steady, Even Downward Pressure
39
- - Too light → friction, heat, cracks
40
- - Too hard → jams, vibration, cracks
41
- - Correct method:
42
- - 👉 Press down smoothly and steadily, like shaving wood
43
- - 👉 Let the drill bit "bite" and produce chips (not powder or melted strands)
44
-
45
-6. Use Soapy Water as a Coolant (Simple & Effective)
46
- - Do not use oil or alcohol.
47
- - Soapy water/dish soap water:
48
- - Cools
49
- - Reduces friction
50
- - Cleaner hole edges
51
- - Lowers cracking risk
52
- - Just a few drops are enough.
53
-
54
-7. Drill Large Holes in Steps (Drilling Large Holes at Once = Cracks)
55
- - For example, to drill a 12mm hole:
56
- - Start with a 2–3 mm pilot hole
57
- - Then a 6–8 mm intermediate hole
58
- - Finish with the final hole (hole saw/step bit/large drill bit)
59
- - ⚠️ Drilling large holes in one go → 90% chance of cracking or chipping.
60
-
61
-
62
-
63
-
64
-## ref
65
-
66
-- [[plastic/PMMA]] - [[material]]
... ...
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materials-dat/plastic-dat/Trivex-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Trivex-dat.md
3
-
4
-Trivex is a high-performance, lightweight plastic material used for eyeglass lenses. It's known for its impact resistance, clarity, and UV protection, offering a balance of strength and optical quality, often compared to but sometimes preferred over polycarbonate.
5
-
6
-高級氨基甲酸乙酯聚合物(Trivex)
7
-
8
-made good glasses, goggles, and visors.
9
-
10
-## ref
11
-
12
-- [[materials-dat]]
... ...
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materials-dat/plastic-dat/plastic-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,185 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# plastic-dat
3
-
4
-- [[Heat-Set-Insert-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[glue-waterproof-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[injection-molding-dat]]
9
-
10
-- [[plastic-soldering-dat]]
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-## frication compare
15
-
16
-1️⃣ NBR（丁腈橡胶）
17
-
18
-PU (Polyurethane)
19
-
20
-| Material | Typical Friction Coefficient (Dry vs Metal) | Wear Resistance | Hardness Range | Key Characteristics | Typical Applications |
21
-| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
22
-| NBR (Nitrile Butadiene Rubber) | High (≈ 0.7 – 1.0) | Low–Medium | Shore A 40–90 | Very high grip, soft, good oil resistance, poor heat resistance | Drive rollers, anti-slip pads, friction seals |
23
-| PU (Polyurethane) | Medium–High (≈ 0.5 – 0.8) | High | Shore A 60 – Shore D 75 | High friction with excellent wear resistance, good load capacity | Friction wheels, conveyor rollers, pressure rollers |
24
-| PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) | Medium (≈ 0.4 – 0.6) | Medium | Shore A 70 – Shore D 85 | Relatively rough surface, stable, low cost | Guide rails, low-speed friction parts |
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-## materials compare
29
-
30
-PU PTFE PP PA6 PE PVC FR4 PEEK Bakelite PVDF ABS NBR POM 6mm
31
-
32
-stainless steel / copper rod 3mm
33
-
34
-| Material (Rod) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Toughness (Impact) |
35
-| ----------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------ |
36
-| **Stainless Steel (3 mm, 304/316)** | 520–620 | 200–300 | ★★★★★ Very high |
37
-| **Copper (3 mm)** | 200–250 | 70–120 | ★★★★ Good |
38
-| **PEEK (6 mm)** | **90–100** | **80–95** | **★★★★ Good** |
39
-| **FR4 (Fiberglass, 6 mm)** | **300–350 (in fiber direction)** | **~250 ** | **★★★ Medium (brittle)** |
40
-| **POM / Acetal (6 mm)** | 60–70 | 55–65 | ★★★★ Good |
41
-| **PA6 / Nylon 6 (6 mm)** | 60–80 | 45–70 | ★★★★ Good (better when moist) |
42
-| **PVC (6 mm)** | 45–55 | 40–50 | ★★★ Medium |
43
-| **PVDF (6 mm)** | 45–55 | 40–50 | ★★★ Medium |
44
-| **ABS (6 mm)** | 35–50 | 30–40 | ★★★ Medium–High |
45
-| **PU (Polyurethane, 6 mm)** | 25–55 | 25–45 | ★★★★★ Very tough/elastic |
46
-| **PP (6 mm)** | 25–40 | 20–35 | ★★★ Medium (brittle when cold) |
47
-| **PTFE (6 mm)** | 20–30 | 10–20 | ★★ Low, very soft |
48
-| **PE (HDPE, 6 mm)** | 20–35 | 15–30 | ★★★ Medium |
49
-| **Bakelite (Phenolic, 6 mm)** | 50–100 | 40–60 | ★★ Very brittle |
50
-| **NBR (Rubber, 6 mm)** | ~15 | N/A (elastomer) | ★★★★★ Extremely tough but soft |
51
-
52
-
53
-
54
-Ranking by Tensile Strength (highest → lowest)
55
-
56
-- Stainless steel (3 mm)
57
-- FR4 (6 mm)
58
-- Copper (3 mm)
59
-- PEEK (6 mm)
60
-- PA6 / POM / PVC / PVDF (6 mm)
61
-- ABS / PP / PU / PE (6 mm)
62
-- PTFE (6 mm) (very soft, creeps heavily)
63
-- NBR (rubber) (not for structural load)
64
-
65
-- 聚氨酯
66
--
67
-
68
-
69
-
70
-
71
-PA66: This stands for Polyamide 66, which is a type of nylon. It's a common engineering thermoplastic known for its high mechanical strength, rigidity, and excellent resistance to heat and chemicals. It's often used to make durable enclosures for electronics, some of which are designed to be waterproof.
72
-
73
-- [[ABS-dat]]
74
-
75
-
76
-## plastic cutting
77
-
78
-## by hand saw
79
-
80
-- [[holder-dat]]
81
-
82
-hold on table with wood [[holder-dat]], this is how the cutting looks like
83
-
84
-
85
-![](2025-12-05-20-27-48.png)
86
-
87
-
88
-
89
-
90
-cut by [[hand-saw-dat]]
91
-
92
-![](2025-12-05-20-28-09.png)
93
-
94
-
95
-
96
-
97
-### plastic cutter - by a knife
98
-
99
-cut with scissors or knife - [[PCB-cutter-dat]] - [[fab-PCB-soldering-tools-dat]]
100
-
101
-![](2025-12-04-19-14-46.png)
102
-
103
-![](2025-12-04-19-17-45.png)
104
-
105
-
106
-
107
-
108
-✅ Much safer ways to cut 4 mm plastic sheet
109
-
110
-These are tools that are far safer for teens to use:
111
-
112
-1) Utility knife + score & snap
113
-
114
-For ABS / acrylic → clean and fast.
115
-(Just score many times along a ruler, then snap.)
116
-
117
-2) Hand saw (fine tooth)
118
-
119
-Like a small hacksaw → slow but safe.
120
-
121
-3) Jigsaw (with adult supervision)
122
-
123
-Use a fine-tooth blade → works well for curves and straight cuts.
124
-
125
-4) Small circular cutter for plastic
126
-
127
-If you have a hobby cutter or mini saw, they usually work safely.
128
-
129
-
130
-## choose same type of plastic for guling
131
-
132
-
133
-你遇到的现象其实很常见，这涉及 ABS塑料的配方差异 和 溶剂型胶水的溶解机理。分析如下：
134
-
135
-1️⃣ ABS的基本组成
136
-
137
-ABS = Acrylonitrile (AN) + Butadiene (B) + Styrene (S)
138
-
139
-配方比例不同，会影响 溶剂敏感性：
140
-
141
-Styrene 含量高 → 更易被苯类或氯化溶剂溶解
142
-
143
-Butadiene 含量高 → 更韧，但对溶剂耐受性强
144
-
145
-2️⃣ 颜色添加剂的影响
146
-
147
-米黄色ABS里可能含有：
148
-
149
-填料（如钛白之外的矿物）
150
-
151
-色母粒或染料（某些颜料会阻碍溶剂渗透）
152
-
153
-这些添加剂会改变表面溶解性，导致专用胶无法溶解表面，从而无法粘合
154
-
155
-3️⃣ 专用胶的溶解机理
156
-
157
-一般ABS胶（如丙酮型胶）通过溶解表面塑料，然后两面塑料融合固化
158
-
159
-现象说明：
160
-
161
-亮白色ABS → 表面容易被溶解 → 胶水有效
162
-
163
-米黄色ABS → 表面不溶或溶解慢 → 胶水不起作用
164
-
165
-4️⃣ 解决思路
166
-
167
-换胶水
168
-
169
-选择更强的ABS溶剂型胶（如含甲苯、二氯甲烷等）
170
-
171
-需注意安全，通风和手套必须
172
-
173
-表面处理
174
-
175
-轻微砂纸打磨 → 增加表面粗糙度 → 增加胶水机械附着
176
-
177
-可尝试预处理溶剂擦拭，帮助胶水溶解
178
-
179
-热熔焊接或超声焊
180
-
181
-对不起反应的ABS，可用加热方式粘接，不是溶剂型胶水
182
-
183
-## ref
184
-
185
-- [[materials-dat]]
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1
-
2
-# plastic-structure-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-（3）为了增加产品的刚度，应增加加强筋的数目而不是高度，加强筋应设计的矮一些，多一些为好，如图所示。
6
-
7
-![](2025-12-20-14-40-16.png)
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-## enforcement
12
-
13
-surface
14
-
15
-![](2025-12-30-14-09-27.png)
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-
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-fold
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-
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-![](2025-12-30-14-09-45.png)
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-
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-![](2025-12-30-14-09-57.png)
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-
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-## ref
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-
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-- [[plastic-dat]] - [[onshape-dat]]
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materials-dat/silicon-grease-dat/silicon-grease-dat.md
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@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
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-
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-# silicon-grease-dat
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-
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-
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-- [[blown-wing-aircraft-dat]]
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-
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-- [[Heat-Dissipation-dat]]
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-
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-- [[waterproof-sealant-dat]]
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-
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-
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-- [[protection-dat]]
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-## Heat-Dissipation
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-
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-Thermal Conductivity
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-
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-| Material | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Notes |
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-| ----------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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-| Air (ambient) | ~0.025 | Very low; air gaps between component and heatsink greatly reduce heat transfer |
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-| Regular Silicone Grease | ~0.2–0.3 | About 8–12× better than air; mostly for gap filling, electrically insulating |
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-| Thermal Silicone Grease | ~1–8 (depending on filler type) | Metal or ceramic-filled paste; much better heat conduction than air |
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-
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-
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-## water-resistant
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-
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-- [[waterproof-dat]]
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-
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-**Silicone grease** is a common material used to make electrical and mechanical connections water-resistant.
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-
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----
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-
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-## 1. Properties of Silicone Grease
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-
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-- **Hydrophobic** – repels water, does not dissolve in water
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-- **Non-conductive** – safe for electrical connections
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-- **Temperature resistant** – works from very low to high temperatures
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-- **Lubricating** – prevents wear and makes assembly easier
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-- **Chemical resistant** – stable, does not react with most plastics or metals
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-
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----
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-
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-## 2. How It Works for Waterproofing
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-
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-1. **Seals gaps**: Fills tiny spaces between threads, O-rings, or connectors, preventing water ingress.
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-2. **Protects against corrosion**: Prevents moisture from reaching metal surfaces.
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-3. **Maintains flexibility**: Unlike adhesives or tapes, it stays soft and allows movement without breaking the seal.
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-
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----
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-
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-## 3. Common Uses
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-
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-- Electrical connectors in outdoor devices (LEDs, RC vehicles, marine electronics)
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-- O-rings on pumps or valves
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-- Battery terminals exposed to moisture
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-- Sealing connectors on cameras, sensors, or drones
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-
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----
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-
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-## 4. Advantages Over Other Sealants
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-
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-| Feature | Silicone Grease | Rubber/O-ring Only | Epoxy / Sealant |
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-| -------------------- | --------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------- |
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-| Waterproof | Excellent | Good if O-ring fits perfectly | Excellent but permanent |
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-| Reusable | Yes | Yes | No |
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-| Safe for electronics | Yes | Yes | No (may trap heat) |
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-| Easy to apply | Very easy | Moderate | Hard / permanent |
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-
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-
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-
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-## ref
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-
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-- [[waterproof-dat]]
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-
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-- [[material]] - [[silicon-grease]]
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