78cbb9ae3f687495b5ff8a0f1dbad663d6f7a444
Chip-cn-dat/ZHONGKEWEI-dat/2026-07-15-20-26-44.png
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Chip-cn-dat/ZHONGKEWEI-dat/2026-07-15-20-30-58.png
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Chip-cn-dat/ZHONGKEWEI-dat/ZHONGKEWEI-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -1,17 +1,79 @@ |
| 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | 2 | # ZHONGKEWEI-dat |
| 3 | 3 | |
| 4 | +- [[zhongkewei-dat]] - [[motor-driver-dat]] |
|
| 4 | 5 | |
| 5 | -- [[ZHONGKEWEI-dat]] - [[ATGM336H-dat]] - [[NGS1078-dat]] |
|
| 6 | +## motor driver |
|
| 6 | 7 | |
| 7 | -- [[AT2100-dat]] |
|
| 8 | +AT8549 SSOP-10双通道H桥电机驱动芯片直流有刷电机/步进 |
|
| 9 | + |
|
| 10 | +AT8548 SSOP-10 双通道H桥电机驱动芯片 直流有刷电机/步 |
|
| 11 | + |
|
| 12 | +AT8222 ESOP-8 单通道直流有刷电机驱动芯片 |
|
| 13 | + |
|
| 14 | +中科微马达驱动芯片:ATD5984 ATD5995 AT5989 AT5999 AT2100 AT2130 AT5130 AT8833 AT8549 AT8211E AT8637 AT1106 |
|
| 15 | + |
|
| 16 | + |
|
| 17 | +- [[AT8236-dat]] - [[AT8837-dat]] - [[AT8870-dat]] |
|
| 18 | + |
|
| 19 | +AT8837 UDFN-8 低压H桥电机驱动芯片 直流有刷电机驱动芯片 |
|
| 20 | + |
|
| 21 | +AT8870 SOP-8 单通道直流有刷电机驱动芯片 |
|
| 22 | + |
|
| 23 | +AT8833CQ QFN-16 双通道H桥电机驱动芯片 直流有刷电机/双极 |
|
| 24 | + |
|
| 25 | +AT8236 ESOP-8 电机驱动芯片有刷直流电机驱动H桥驱动 |
|
| 26 | + |
|
| 27 | +## stepper |
|
| 28 | + |
|
| 29 | +原装ATD5984 QFN-24内置转换器和过流保护的微特步进电机驱动芯片 |
|
| 8 | 30 | |
| 9 | 31 | AT2100 是一款内部集成了译码器的智能步进电机驱动芯片。它主要用于通过简单的脉冲输入来控制步进电机,常被广泛应用于3D打印机、医疗仪器、安防监控云台以及各类小型自动化设备中。核心参数与特性驱动能力:最大输出驱动能力达到 \(32\text{V} / \pm2.5\text{A}\)。细分支持:最高支持 16 细分,并支持 256 插补细分功能。静音技术:支持电压衰减模式,可使电机处于完全静音的工作状态,轨迹平滑。内部电流检测:可工作在内部电流检测模式,省去外部两个检流电阻,有效节省 PCB 面积和物料成本。智能省电:支持自动半流锁定功能,无脉冲输入时自动将输出电流减半,降低系统功耗。接口简便:采用 STEP/DIR(脉冲/方向)控制接口,输入一个脉冲即可使电机完成一次步进,省去了复杂的相序表与编程接口。 |
| 10 | 32 | |
| 33 | +- [[motor-stepper-driver-dat]] |
|
| 34 | + |
|
| 35 | +## GPS |
|
| 36 | + |
|
| 37 | +- [[ZHONGKEWEI-dat]] - [[ATGM336H-dat]] - [[NGS1078-dat]] |
|
| 38 | + |
|
| 39 | +- [[AT2100-dat]] |
|
| 11 | 40 | |
| 12 | 41 | 中科微LNA芯片:ATR2037 ATR2092 ATR2031 ATR2032 ATR2034 ATR2035 AT6558 AT6558 AT6558D AT6558D AT6558E AT6558E |
| 13 | 42 | 中科微卫星定位模块:ATGM331C-5N ATGM332D-5N ATGM332D-5N ATGM332D-5N ATGM336H-5N ATGM336H-5N ATGM332D-5L ATGM332D-5S |
| 14 | -中科微马达驱动芯片:ATD5984 ATD5995 AT5989 AT5999 AT2100 AT2130 AT5130 AT8833 AT8549 AT8211E AT8637 AT1106 |
|
| 43 | + |
|
| 15 | 44 | 中科微前端射频模组芯片:AT2401C AT2402E |
| 16 | 45 | 中科微定位芯片: AT6558 AT6558 AT6558D AT6558D AT6558E AT6558E AT6558R |
| 17 | 46 | |
| 47 | + |
|
| 48 | +## RF gain |
|
| 49 | + |
|
| 50 | +- [[AT2659-dat]] - [[ATR2037-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] - [[ATR2652-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]] |
|
| 51 | + |
|
| 52 | +ATR2652 DFN-6 GNSS全频段高增益低噪声放大器芯片 |
|
| 53 | + |
|
| 54 | +- [[amplifier-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] |
|
| 55 | + |
|
| 56 | + |
|
| 57 | +## display |
|
| 58 | + |
|
| 59 | +- [[display-driver-dat]] - [[OSD-driver-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] - [[OSD-dat]] |
|
| 60 | + |
|
| 61 | +AT7456ELAH LGA-16 集成EEPROM单通道单色随屏显示发生器芯片 == 集成了EEPROM的 单通道、单色随屏显示器 |
|
| 62 | + |
|
| 63 | + |
|
| 64 | + |
|
| 65 | + |
|
| 66 | +AT7456E TSSOP-28集成了EEPROM单通道单色随屏显示发生器芯片 |
|
| 67 | + |
|
| 68 | + |
|
| 69 | + |
|
| 70 | + |
|
| 71 | +## rf |
|
| 72 | + |
|
| 73 | +- [[zigbee-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] |
|
| 74 | + |
|
| 75 | +AT2401C QFN-16 2.4GHz Zigbee 射频前端芯片 |
|
| 76 | + |
|
| 77 | + |
|
| 78 | +## ref |
|
| 79 | + |
Network-dat/RF-dat/RF-DAT.md
| ... | ... | @@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ |
| 9 | 9 | |
| 10 | 10 | - [[BK2425-dat]] - [[RF-2.4Ghz-dat]] - [[frequency-dat]] - [[beken-dat]] - [[RF-dat]] |
| 11 | 11 | |
| 12 | + |
|
| 13 | +- [[amplifier-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]] |
|
| 14 | + |
|
| 15 | + |
|
| 16 | + |
|
| 12 | 17 | ## chips |
| 13 | 18 | |
| 14 | 19 | Sub-1GHz - [[RF-1Ghz-dat]] |
Network-dat/RF-protocol-dat/ASK-dat/ASK-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ |
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +
|
|
| 3 | +# ASK-dat
|
|
| 4 | +
|
|
| 5 | +
|
|
| 6 | +- [[RF-protocol-dat]] - [[zigbee-dat]] - [[ASK-dat]] - [[RF-dat]]
|
|
| 7 | +
|
|
| 8 | +## chip
|
|
| 9 | +
|
|
| 10 | +JSM900R SOP-8 无线接收芯片315M/433M低功耗ASK/OOK遥控IC
|
|
| 11 | +
|
|
| 12 | +SYN500R SSOP-16 无线接收芯片315M/433M ASK/OOK遥控
|
|
| 13 | +
|
|
| 14 | +SYN480R SOP-8无线接收芯片315M/433M ASK/OOK遥控门
|
|
| 15 | +
|
|
| 16 | +
|
|
| 17 | +
|
|
| 18 | +## ref
|
|
| 19 | +
|
Network-dat/RF-protocol-dat/RF-protocol-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ |
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +# RF-protocol-dat
|
|
| 3 | +
|
|
| 4 | +- [[RF-protocol-dat]] - [[zigbee-dat]] - [[ASK-dat]] - [[RF-dat]]
|
|
| 5 | +
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +
|
|
| 8 | +## ref |
|
| ... | ... | \ No newline at end of file |
Network-dat/radio-dat/radio-FM-dat/radio-FM-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ |
| 14 | 14 | |
| 15 | 15 | - [[RDA5807-dat]] - [[RDA-dat]] - [[radio-FM-dat]] - [[radio-dat]] - [[jieli-dat]] |
| 16 | 16 | |
| 17 | +- [[RDA5820-dat]] |
|
| 18 | + |
|
| 17 | 19 | |
| 18 | 20 | ## board |
| 19 | 21 |
Network-dat/zigbee-dat/zigbee-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -1,15 +1,25 @@ |
| 1 | - |
|
| 2 | -# zigbee-dat |
|
| 3 | - |
|
| 4 | -- [[IEEE-dat]] |
|
| 5 | - |
|
| 6 | -- [[CC2530-dat]] - [[CC2630-dat]] - [[TI-network-dat]] |
|
| 7 | - |
|
| 8 | -- [[ESP32-C6-dat]] |
|
| 9 | - |
|
| 10 | -zigbee is a wireless communication protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, designed for low-power, low-data-rate applications in personal area networks. It is widely used in home automation, industrial control, and sensor networks due to its mesh networking capabilities and energy efficiency. |
|
| 11 | - |
|
| 12 | - |
|
| 13 | -## ref |
|
| 14 | - |
|
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +# zigbee-dat
|
|
| 3 | +
|
|
| 4 | +- [[IEEE-dat]] - [[zigbee-dat]] - [[rf-protocol-dat]]
|
|
| 5 | +
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +zigbee is a wireless communication protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, designed for low-power, low-data-rate applications in personal area networks. It is widely used in home automation, industrial control, and sensor networks due to its mesh networking capabilities and energy efficiency.
|
|
| 8 | +
|
|
| 9 | +
|
|
| 10 | +
|
|
| 11 | +
|
|
| 12 | +## chip
|
|
| 13 | +
|
|
| 14 | +- [[zigbee-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]]
|
|
| 15 | +
|
|
| 16 | +- [[CC2530-dat]] - [[CC2630-dat]] - [[TI-network-dat]]
|
|
| 17 | +
|
|
| 18 | +- [[ESP32-C6-dat]]
|
|
| 19 | +
|
|
| 20 | +
|
|
| 21 | +
|
|
| 22 | +
|
|
| 23 | +## ref
|
|
| 24 | +
|
|
| 15 | 25 | - [[network-dat]] |
| ... | ... | \ No newline at end of file |
Sensor-dat/sensor-motion-dat/sensor-motion-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ |
| 15 | 15 | |
| 16 | 16 | - [[sensor-TOF-dat]] |
| 17 | 17 | |
| 18 | + |
|
| 19 | + |
|
| 20 | + |
|
| 18 | 21 | ## chips |
| 19 | 22 | |
| 20 | 23 | - [[isentek-dat]] - [[st-sensor-dat]] - [[bosch-dat]] - [[InvenSense-dat]] - [[amsys-sensor-dat]] |
Tech-dat/Interface-dat/I2S-dat/2026-07-15-20-11-06.png
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Tech-dat/Interface-dat/I2S-dat/I2S-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -1,189 +1,199 @@ |
| 1 | - |
|
| 2 | -# I2S-dat |
|
| 3 | - |
|
| 4 | - |
|
| 5 | -## tech |
|
| 6 | - |
|
| 7 | - |
|
| 8 | -- [[I2S-dat]] - [[speaker-I2S-dat]] - [[sensor-microphone-I2S-dat]] - [[PDM-dat]] |
|
| 9 | - |
|
| 10 | -- [[audio-dat]] - [[codec-audio-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] - [[speaker-dat]] - [[speaker-I2S-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] |
|
| 11 | - |
|
| 12 | -- [[DAC-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] - [[speaker-dat]] |
|
| 13 | - |
|
| 14 | - |
|
| 15 | -- speaker == [[I2S-DAC-dat]] |
|
| 16 | - |
|
| 17 | -- [[sensor-dat]] |
|
| 18 | - |
|
| 19 | -- [[ESP32-S3-dat]] - [[ESP32-S3-chip-dat]] |
|
| 20 | - |
|
| 21 | -- [[codec-audio-dat]] - [[codec-dat]] - [[audio-dat]] - [[I2S-dat]] |
|
| 22 | - |
|
| 23 | -- [[ADC-dat]] - [[ADC-RECORD-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] - [[DAC-PLAYBACK-dat]] |
|
| 24 | - |
|
| 25 | -- [[sensor-microphone-dat]] - [[sensor-microphone-I2S-dat]] |
|
| 26 | - |
|
| 27 | -## info |
|
| 28 | - |
|
| 29 | -An I2S (Interactive Two-Way Serial) interface is a type of serial communication protocol used for transferring data between devices. |
|
| 30 | - |
|
| 31 | -It is commonly used in computer networking, as well as in audio processing and digital electronics. |
|
| 32 | - |
|
| 33 | -I2S interfaces typically use a combination of fast and slow data transfer rates to make efficient use of communication bandwidth and minimize noise and errors. |
|
| 34 | - |
|
| 35 | -One of the key features of I2S interfaces is their ability to support full-duplex communication, which allows for the simultaneous transfer of data in both directions. |
|
| 36 | - |
|
| 37 | -This makes I2S a popular choice for high-speed data transfer applications. |
|
| 38 | - |
|
| 39 | - |
|
| 40 | - |
|
| 41 | -### 1. Pin Mapping Logic |
|
| 42 | - |
|
| 43 | -To get this working, you simply need to map your microphone's pins to the ESP32’s I2S peripheral. Here is how they correspond: |
|
| 44 | - |
|
| 45 | -| Microphone Label | I2S Standard Name | variants | ESP32 Function | Role | |
|
| 46 | -|:------------------|:---------------------|---|:---------------|:--------------------------------------------------| |
|
| 47 | -| **CLK** (or BCLK) | **SCK** (Bit Clock) | CLK | Output | The heartbeat that times every individual bit. | |
|
| 48 | -| **L/R** (or WS) | **WS** (Word Select) | FS | Output | Toggles to define the start of Left/Right frames. | |
|
| 49 | -| **DATA** (or SD) | **SDIN** (Data In) | TX | Input | The digital audio stream entering the ESP32. | |
|
| 50 | - |
|
| 51 | - |
|
| 52 | -### 2. Why "MCLK" is Missing |
|
| 53 | - |
|
| 54 | -If you are looking at ESP32 documentation, you might see a fourth signal called **MCLK (Master Clock)**. |
|
| 55 | -* **The Good News:** Most I2S MEMS microphones (like the INMP441 or SPH0645) do **not** require an MCLK signal. They derive their internal timing directly from the Bit Clock (CLK). |
|
| 56 | -* **The Setup:** You can simply leave the MCLK configuration in your code as "unused" or -1. |
|
| 57 | - |
|
| 58 | - |
|
| 59 | -### WS pin |
|
| 60 | - |
|
| 61 | -The WS pin stands for Word Select. In the I2S (Inter-IC Sound) protocol, it is the signal that manages the timing and "addressing" of the audio data bits. |
|
| 62 | - |
|
| 63 | -Think of it as the toggle switch that tells the receiver (like your ESP32) whether the data currently arriving belongs to the Left channel or the Right channel. |
|
| 64 | - |
|
| 65 | -That is correct. The WS pin (Word Select) is absolutely mandatory for I2S communication. You cannot skip it, leave it floating, or tie it directly to a constant voltage (GND/3.3V). |
|
| 66 | - |
|
| 67 | -If you skip the WS pin, the ESP32 will have no way of knowing: |
|
| 68 | - |
|
| 69 | -When a "word" (an audio sample) starts. Without a sync signal, the data just looks like a random, infinite string of bits. |
|
| 70 | - |
|
| 71 | -Which bit is the Most Significant Bit (MSB). Audio data is usually 16, 24, or 32 bits long. WS tells the ESP32 to "start counting" bits for a new sample. |
|
| 72 | - |
|
| 73 | - |
|
| 74 | -Other Common Names for WS |
|
| 75 | - |
|
| 76 | -Depending on the datasheet for your microphone or DAC, you might see the WS pin labeled as: |
|
| 77 | - |
|
| 78 | -- LRCLK (Left/Right Clock) |
|
| 79 | -- FS (Frame Sync) |
|
| 80 | -- LRCK |
|
| 81 | - |
|
| 82 | - |
|
| 83 | -## chips and chips |
|
| 84 | - |
|
| 85 | -- [[everest-semi-dat]] |
|
| 86 | - |
|
| 87 | -- [[ES9023-dat]] - [[MPC1111-dat]] - [[ES9018-dat]] |
|
| 88 | - |
|
| 89 | -- [[PCM5121-dat]] |
|
| 90 | - |
|
| 91 | -PCM512x 2-VRMS DirectPath™ , 112-dB and 106-dB Audio Stereo DACs With 32-Bit, 384-kHz PCM Interface |
|
| 92 | - |
|
| 93 | -- [[PCM5122-dat]] - [[MPC1083-dat]] |
|
| 94 | - |
|
| 95 | -- [[cirrus-dat]] |
|
| 96 | - |
|
| 97 | - |
|
| 98 | -## Other combine use with ESP32-S3 |
|
| 99 | - |
|
| 100 | - |
|
| 101 | - |
|
| 102 | - |
|
| 103 | - |
|
| 104 | -## pins I2S and PDM |
|
| 105 | - |
|
| 106 | - |
|
| 107 | - |
|
| 108 | -* **I2S (Inter-IC Sound):** Uses a **3-wire** bus (Bit Clock, Word Select/Left-Right Clock, and Data). It transmits pulse-code modulation (PCM) data. |
|
| 109 | -* **PDM (Pulse Density Modulation):** Uses a **2-wire** bus (Clock and Data). It transmits a high-frequency stream of single bits where the "density" of the bits represents the amplitude. |
|
| 110 | - |
|
| 111 | -The ESP32-S3 has **two independent I2S peripherals** (I2S0 and I2S1). This allows you to use one for output and one for input. |
|
| 112 | - |
|
| 113 | -#### Recommended Wiring Strategy: |
|
| 114 | -To save pins, you can sometimes share the **Clock** pin, but it is technically difficult because PDM and I2S usually require different clock frequencies. It is much safer to use dedicated pins for each: |
|
| 115 | - |
|
| 116 | -| Component | Signal | Suggested ESP32-S3 GPIO | |
|
| 117 | -| :-------------------------------- | :----------------- | :---------------------- | |
|
| 118 | -| **I2S Speaker (e.g., MAX98357A)** | BCLK (Bit Clock) | GPIO 14 | |
|
| 119 | -| | LRCK (Word Select) | GPIO 15 | |
|
| 120 | -| | DIN (Data In) | GPIO 16 | |
|
| 121 | -| **PDM Mic (e.g., SPM1423)** | CLK (Clock) | GPIO 4 | |
|
| 122 | -| | DAT (Data Out) | GPIO 5 | |
|
| 123 | - |
|
| 124 | -- [[ESP32-S3-dat]] |
|
| 125 | - |
|
| 126 | - |
|
| 127 | -## demo video |
|
| 128 | - |
|
| 129 | -- [[MAX98357-dat]] works with [[ESP32-dat]] - https://x.com/electro_phoenix/status/1877255863846465989 |
|
| 130 | - |
|
| 131 | - |
|
| 132 | -## code |
|
| 133 | - |
|
| 134 | -- Adafruit_Zero_I2S_Library == SAMD MCUs only |
|
| 135 | - |
|
| 136 | - |
|
| 137 | -https://github.com/sheaivey/ESP32-AudioInI2S |
|
| 138 | - |
|
| 139 | -https://github.com/atomic14/esp32_audio == [[platformIO-dat]] |
|
| 140 | - |
|
| 141 | -https://github.com/schreibfaul1/ESP32-audioI2S == easy |
|
| 142 | - |
|
| 143 | -https://github.com/earlephilhower/ESP8266Audio |
|
| 144 | - |
|
| 145 | -## Micropython driver |
|
| 146 | - |
|
| 147 | -- [[Micropython-dat]] |
|
| 148 | - |
|
| 149 | -- [[I2S-DAC-dat]] driver |
|
| 150 | - |
|
| 151 | -https://github.com/miketeachman/micropython-i2s-examples |
|
| 152 | - |
|
| 153 | -- [[I2S-microphone-dat]] driver |
|
| 154 | - |
|
| 155 | -#ESP32 I2S MEMS Microphone Arduino IDE Example This repository holds some samples for connecting a I2S MEMS microphone to an ESP32 board. |
|
| 156 | - |
|
| 157 | -https://github.com/miketeachman/micropython-i2s-examples |
|
| 158 | - |
|
| 159 | - |
|
| 160 | - |
|
| 161 | - |
|
| 162 | -## app |
|
| 163 | - |
|
| 164 | -- [[robot-dat]] - [[robot]] |
|
| 165 | - |
|
| 166 | - |
|
| 167 | -## ref |
|
| 168 | - |
|
| 169 | -audio amplifer - [[audio-dat]] - [[amplifier-dat]] - [[CS4344-dat]] |
|
| 170 | - |
|
| 171 | - |
|
| 172 | -- [[ES9023-dat]] - [[MPC1111-dat]] - [[ES9018-dat]] |
|
| 173 | - |
|
| 174 | -- [[WM8960-dat]] - [[WM8978-dat]] |
|
| 175 | - |
|
| 176 | - |
|
| 177 | - |
|
| 178 | -- [[bt-audio-dat]] - [[ESP32-DAC-dat]] - [[ADC-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] - [[ESP32-I2S-dat]] |
|
| 179 | - |
|
| 180 | -- [[PCM1808-dat]] |
|
| 181 | - |
|
| 182 | -- [[software-i2s-dat]] |
|
| 183 | - |
|
| 184 | - |
|
| 185 | - |
|
| 186 | -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S |
|
| 187 | - |
|
| 188 | -- [[I2S]] |
|
| 189 | - |
|
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +# I2S-dat
|
|
| 3 | +
|
|
| 4 | +
|
|
| 5 | +## tech
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +
|
|
| 8 | +- [[I2S-dat]] - [[speaker-I2S-dat]] - [[sensor-microphone-I2S-dat]] - [[PDM-dat]]
|
|
| 9 | +
|
|
| 10 | +- [[audio-dat]] - [[codec-audio-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] - [[speaker-dat]] - [[speaker-I2S-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]]
|
|
| 11 | +
|
|
| 12 | +- [[DAC-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] - [[speaker-dat]]
|
|
| 13 | +
|
|
| 14 | +
|
|
| 15 | +- speaker == [[I2S-DAC-dat]]
|
|
| 16 | +
|
|
| 17 | +- [[sensor-dat]]
|
|
| 18 | +
|
|
| 19 | +- [[ESP32-S3-dat]] - [[ESP32-S3-chip-dat]]
|
|
| 20 | +
|
|
| 21 | +- [[codec-audio-dat]] - [[codec-dat]] - [[audio-dat]] - [[I2S-dat]]
|
|
| 22 | +
|
|
| 23 | +- [[ADC-dat]] - [[ADC-RECORD-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] - [[DAC-PLAYBACK-dat]]
|
|
| 24 | +
|
|
| 25 | +- [[sensor-microphone-dat]] - [[sensor-microphone-I2S-dat]]
|
|
| 26 | +
|
|
| 27 | +## info
|
|
| 28 | +
|
|
| 29 | +An I2S (Interactive Two-Way Serial) interface is a type of serial communication protocol used for transferring data between devices.
|
|
| 30 | +
|
|
| 31 | +It is commonly used in computer networking, as well as in audio processing and digital electronics.
|
|
| 32 | +
|
|
| 33 | +I2S interfaces typically use a combination of fast and slow data transfer rates to make efficient use of communication bandwidth and minimize noise and errors.
|
|
| 34 | +
|
|
| 35 | +One of the key features of I2S interfaces is their ability to support full-duplex communication, which allows for the simultaneous transfer of data in both directions.
|
|
| 36 | +
|
|
| 37 | +This makes I2S a popular choice for high-speed data transfer applications.
|
|
| 38 | +
|
|
| 39 | +
|
|
| 40 | +
|
|
| 41 | +### 1. Pin Mapping Logic
|
|
| 42 | +
|
|
| 43 | +To get this working, you simply need to map your microphone's pins to the ESP32’s I2S peripheral. Here is how they correspond:
|
|
| 44 | +
|
|
| 45 | +| Microphone Label | I2S Standard Name | variants | ESP32 Function | Role |
|
|
| 46 | +|:------------------|:---------------------|---|:---------------|:--------------------------------------------------|
|
|
| 47 | +| **CLK** (or BCLK) | **SCK** (Bit Clock) | CLK | Output | The heartbeat that times every individual bit. |
|
|
| 48 | +| **L/R** (or WS) | **WS** (Word Select) | FS | Output | Toggles to define the start of Left/Right frames. |
|
|
| 49 | +| **DATA** (or SD) | **SDIN** (Data In) | TX | Input | The digital audio stream entering the ESP32. |
|
|
| 50 | +
|
|
| 51 | +
|
|
| 52 | +### 2. Why "MCLK" is Missing
|
|
| 53 | +
|
|
| 54 | +If you are looking at ESP32 documentation, you might see a fourth signal called **MCLK (Master Clock)**.
|
|
| 55 | +* **The Good News:** Most I2S MEMS microphones (like the INMP441 or SPH0645) do **not** require an MCLK signal. They derive their internal timing directly from the Bit Clock (CLK).
|
|
| 56 | +* **The Setup:** You can simply leave the MCLK configuration in your code as "unused" or -1.
|
|
| 57 | +
|
|
| 58 | +
|
|
| 59 | +### WS pin
|
|
| 60 | +
|
|
| 61 | +The WS pin stands for Word Select. In the I2S (Inter-IC Sound) protocol, it is the signal that manages the timing and "addressing" of the audio data bits.
|
|
| 62 | +
|
|
| 63 | +Think of it as the toggle switch that tells the receiver (like your ESP32) whether the data currently arriving belongs to the Left channel or the Right channel.
|
|
| 64 | +
|
|
| 65 | +That is correct. The WS pin (Word Select) is absolutely mandatory for I2S communication. You cannot skip it, leave it floating, or tie it directly to a constant voltage (GND/3.3V).
|
|
| 66 | +
|
|
| 67 | +If you skip the WS pin, the ESP32 will have no way of knowing:
|
|
| 68 | +
|
|
| 69 | +When a "word" (an audio sample) starts. Without a sync signal, the data just looks like a random, infinite string of bits.
|
|
| 70 | +
|
|
| 71 | +Which bit is the Most Significant Bit (MSB). Audio data is usually 16, 24, or 32 bits long. WS tells the ESP32 to "start counting" bits for a new sample.
|
|
| 72 | +
|
|
| 73 | +
|
|
| 74 | +Other Common Names for WS
|
|
| 75 | +
|
|
| 76 | +Depending on the datasheet for your microphone or DAC, you might see the WS pin labeled as:
|
|
| 77 | +
|
|
| 78 | +- LRCLK (Left/Right Clock)
|
|
| 79 | +- FS (Frame Sync)
|
|
| 80 | +- LRCK
|
|
| 81 | +
|
|
| 82 | +
|
|
| 83 | +## chips and chips
|
|
| 84 | +
|
|
| 85 | +- [[everest-semi-dat]]
|
|
| 86 | +
|
|
| 87 | +- [[ES9023-dat]] - [[MPC1111-dat]] - [[ES9018-dat]]
|
|
| 88 | +
|
|
| 89 | +- [[PCM5121-dat]]
|
|
| 90 | +
|
|
| 91 | +PCM512x 2-VRMS DirectPath™ , 112-dB and 106-dB Audio Stereo DACs With 32-Bit, 384-kHz PCM Interface
|
|
| 92 | +
|
|
| 93 | +- [[PCM5122-dat]] - [[MPC1083-dat]]
|
|
| 94 | +
|
|
| 95 | +- [[cirrus-dat]]
|
|
| 96 | +
|
|
| 97 | +
|
|
| 98 | +## Other combine use with ESP32-S3
|
|
| 99 | +
|
|
| 100 | +
|
|
| 101 | +
|
|
| 102 | +
|
|
| 103 | +
|
|
| 104 | +## pins I2S and PDM
|
|
| 105 | +
|
|
| 106 | +
|
|
| 107 | +
|
|
| 108 | +* **I2S (Inter-IC Sound):** Uses a **3-wire** bus (Bit Clock, Word Select/Left-Right Clock, and Data). It transmits pulse-code modulation (PCM) data.
|
|
| 109 | +* **PDM (Pulse Density Modulation):** Uses a **2-wire** bus (Clock and Data). It transmits a high-frequency stream of single bits where the "density" of the bits represents the amplitude.
|
|
| 110 | +
|
|
| 111 | +The ESP32-S3 has **two independent I2S peripherals** (I2S0 and I2S1). This allows you to use one for output and one for input.
|
|
| 112 | +
|
|
| 113 | +#### Recommended Wiring Strategy:
|
|
| 114 | +To save pins, you can sometimes share the **Clock** pin, but it is technically difficult because PDM and I2S usually require different clock frequencies. It is much safer to use dedicated pins for each:
|
|
| 115 | +
|
|
| 116 | +| Component | Signal | Suggested ESP32-S3 GPIO |
|
|
| 117 | +| :-------------------------------- | :----------------- | :---------------------- |
|
|
| 118 | +| **I2S Speaker (e.g., MAX98357A)** | BCLK (Bit Clock) | GPIO 14 |
|
|
| 119 | +| | LRCK (Word Select) | GPIO 15 |
|
|
| 120 | +| | DIN (Data In) | GPIO 16 |
|
|
| 121 | +| **PDM Mic (e.g., SPM1423)** | CLK (Clock) | GPIO 4 |
|
|
| 122 | +| | DAT (Data Out) | GPIO 5 |
|
|
| 123 | +
|
|
| 124 | +- [[ESP32-S3-dat]]
|
|
| 125 | +
|
|
| 126 | +
|
|
| 127 | +## demo video
|
|
| 128 | +
|
|
| 129 | +- [[MAX98357-dat]] works with [[ESP32-dat]] - https://x.com/electro_phoenix/status/1877255863846465989
|
|
| 130 | +
|
|
| 131 | +
|
|
| 132 | +## code
|
|
| 133 | +
|
|
| 134 | +- Adafruit_Zero_I2S_Library == SAMD MCUs only
|
|
| 135 | +
|
|
| 136 | +
|
|
| 137 | +https://github.com/sheaivey/ESP32-AudioInI2S
|
|
| 138 | +
|
|
| 139 | +https://github.com/atomic14/esp32_audio == [[platformIO-dat]]
|
|
| 140 | +
|
|
| 141 | +https://github.com/schreibfaul1/ESP32-audioI2S == easy
|
|
| 142 | +
|
|
| 143 | +https://github.com/earlephilhower/ESP8266Audio
|
|
| 144 | +
|
|
| 145 | +## Micropython driver
|
|
| 146 | +
|
|
| 147 | +- [[Micropython-dat]]
|
|
| 148 | +
|
|
| 149 | +- [[I2S-DAC-dat]] driver
|
|
| 150 | +
|
|
| 151 | +https://github.com/miketeachman/micropython-i2s-examples
|
|
| 152 | +
|
|
| 153 | +- [[I2S-microphone-dat]] driver
|
|
| 154 | +
|
|
| 155 | +#ESP32 I2S MEMS Microphone Arduino IDE Example This repository holds some samples for connecting a I2S MEMS microphone to an ESP32 board.
|
|
| 156 | +
|
|
| 157 | +https://github.com/miketeachman/micropython-i2s-examples
|
|
| 158 | +
|
|
| 159 | +
|
|
| 160 | +
|
|
| 161 | +
|
|
| 162 | +## app
|
|
| 163 | +
|
|
| 164 | +- [[robot-dat]] - [[robot]]
|
|
| 165 | +
|
|
| 166 | +
|
|
| 167 | +## wiring
|
|
| 168 | +
|
|
| 169 | +- [[PCM1808-dat]]
|
|
| 170 | +
|
|
| 171 | +four wires - [[I2S-dat]]
|
|
| 172 | +
|
|
| 173 | +
|
|
| 174 | +
|
|
| 175 | +
|
|
| 176 | +
|
|
| 177 | +## ref
|
|
| 178 | +
|
|
| 179 | +audio amplifer - [[audio-dat]] - [[amplifier-dat]] - [[CS4344-dat]]
|
|
| 180 | +
|
|
| 181 | +
|
|
| 182 | +- [[ES9023-dat]] - [[MPC1111-dat]] - [[ES9018-dat]]
|
|
| 183 | +
|
|
| 184 | +- [[WM8960-dat]] - [[WM8978-dat]]
|
|
| 185 | +
|
|
| 186 | +
|
|
| 187 | +
|
|
| 188 | +- [[bt-audio-dat]] - [[ESP32-DAC-dat]] - [[ADC-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] - [[ESP32-I2S-dat]]
|
|
| 189 | +
|
|
| 190 | +- [[PCM1808-dat]]
|
|
| 191 | +
|
|
| 192 | +- [[software-i2s-dat]]
|
|
| 193 | +
|
|
| 194 | +
|
|
| 195 | +
|
|
| 196 | +https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S
|
|
| 197 | +
|
|
| 198 | +- [[I2S]]
|
|
| 199 | +
|
Tech-dat/acturator-dat/motor-driver-dat/motor-driver-BLDC-dat/motor-driver-BLDC-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ |
| 22 | 22 | |
| 23 | 23 | - [[LK513-dat]] - [[LKS-dat]] - [[sytatek-dat]] - [[motor-driver-BLDC-dat]] |
| 24 | 24 | |
| 25 | +AT8313QNR QFN-36 2.5A 三路半桥集成驱动芯片 三相直流无刷 |
|
| 26 | + |
|
| 27 | + |
|
| 25 | 28 | |
| 26 | 29 | ### FOC (Field Oriented Control) Explained |
| 27 | 30 |
Tech-dat/acturator-dat/motor-driver-dat/motor-driver-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ |
| 9 | 9 | |
| 10 | 10 | - [[motor-brushed-dat]] - [[motor-driver-dc-dat]] |
| 11 | 11 | |
| 12 | -- [[motor-brushless-dat]] - [[ESC-dat]] |
|
| 12 | +- [[motor-brushless-dat]] - [[ESC-dat]] - [[motor-driver-BLDC-dat]] |
|
| 13 | 13 | |
| 14 | 14 | |
| 15 | 15 | - [[motor-dat]] - [[motor-driver-DC-dat]] - [[motor-driver-rc-dat]] - [[motor-driver-dat]] |
| ... | ... | @@ -145,7 +145,11 @@ |
| 145 | 145 | |
| 146 | 146 | - [[MX1508-dat]] |
| 147 | 147 | |
| 148 | -- [[AT8236-dat]] - [[DRV8871-dat]] - [[DRV8701-dat]] - [[motor-driver-dat]] |
|
| 148 | +- [[DRV8871-dat]] - [[DRV8701-dat]] - [[motor-driver-dat]] |
|
| 149 | + |
|
| 150 | +- [[zhongkewei-dat]] - [[motor-driver-dat]] |
|
| 151 | + |
|
| 152 | + |
|
| 149 | 153 | |
| 150 | 154 | ### chip SOP8 |
| 151 | 155 |
Tech-dat/amplifier-dat/amplifier-GNSS-dat/amplifier-GNSS-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -1,22 +1,31 @@ |
| 1 | - |
|
| 2 | -# amplifier-GNSS-dat |
|
| 3 | - |
|
| 4 | - |
|
| 5 | - |
|
| 6 | -- [[AT2659-dat]] - [[ATR2037-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] |
|
| 7 | - |
|
| 8 | -- [[MAX2659-dat]] |
|
| 9 | - |
|
| 10 | -The MAX2659 high-gain, low-noise amplifier (LNA) is designed for GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS applications. Designed in Maxim’s advanced SiGe process, the device achieves a 20.5dB gain and an ultra-low-noise figure of 0.8dB while maximizing the input-referred 1dB compression point and the 3rd-order intercept point at -12dBm and -5dBm, respectively. |
|
| 11 | - |
|
| 12 | -- [[LNA-dat]] |
|
| 13 | - |
|
| 14 | -- [[location-dat]] |
|
| 15 | - |
|
| 16 | - |
|
| 17 | - |
|
| 18 | -## ref |
|
| 19 | - |
|
| 20 | -- [[amplifier-dat]] |
|
| 21 | - |
|
| 22 | - |
|
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +# amplifier-GNSS-dat
|
|
| 3 | +
|
|
| 4 | +- [[amplifier-rf-dat]] - [[amplifier-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]]
|
|
| 5 | +
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +
|
|
| 8 | +- [[AT2659-dat]] - [[ATR2037-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] - [[ATR2652-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]]
|
|
| 9 | +
|
|
| 10 | +- [[MAX2659-dat]]
|
|
| 11 | +
|
|
| 12 | +The MAX2659 high-gain, low-noise amplifier (LNA) is designed for GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS applications. Designed in Maxim’s advanced SiGe process, the device achieves a 20.5dB gain and an ultra-low-noise figure of 0.8dB while maximizing the input-referred 1dB compression point and the 3rd-order intercept point at -12dBm and -5dBm, respectively.
|
|
| 13 | +
|
|
| 14 | +- [[LNA-dat]]
|
|
| 15 | +
|
|
| 16 | +- [[location-dat]]
|
|
| 17 | +
|
|
| 18 | +
|
|
| 19 | +
|
|
| 20 | +## band L1
|
|
| 21 | +
|
|
| 22 | +AT2659S SOT-23-6 GNSS L1频段卫星导航射频前端 放大器芯片 - [[zhongkewei-dat]]
|
|
| 23 | +
|
|
| 24 | +AT2659 DFN-6 GNSS L1频段卫星导航射频前端低噪声放大器芯片
|
|
| 25 | +
|
|
| 26 | +
|
|
| 27 | +## ref
|
|
| 28 | +
|
|
| 29 | +- [[amplifier-dat]]
|
|
| 30 | +
|
|
| 31 | +
|
Tech-dat/amplifier-dat/amplifier-audio-dat/amplifier-audio-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ |
| 49 | 49 | |
| 50 | 50 | - [[HT8691-dat]] - [[heroic-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] |
| 51 | 51 | |
| 52 | - |
|
| 52 | +- [[PCM1808-dat]] - [[I2S-dat]] |
|
| 53 | 53 | |
| 54 | 54 | ## chip |
| 55 | 55 |
Tech-dat/amplifier-dat/amplifier-rf-dat/amplifier-rf-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ |
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +
|
|
| 3 | +# amplifier-rf-dat
|
|
| 4 | +
|
|
| 5 | +- [[amplifier-rf-dat]] - [[amplifier-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]]
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +
|
|
| 8 | +原装ATR2037 DFN-8 无线通信射频前端 0.7-6GHz低噪声放大器芯片
|
|
| 9 | +
|
|
| 10 | +
|
|
| 11 | +
|
|
| 12 | +
|
|
| 13 | +## ref
|
|
| 14 | +
|
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/display-dat/OSD-dat/OSD-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ |
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +
|
|
| 3 | +# OSD-dat.md
|
|
| 4 | +
|
|
| 5 | +- [[OSD-dat]] - [[VTX-dat]]
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +- [[OSD-dat]] - [[display-driver-dat]] - [[OSD-driver-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]]
|
|
| 8 | +
|
|
| 9 | +- [[camera-analog-dat]] - [[SPI-dat]] - [[video-dat]]
|
|
| 10 | +
|
|
| 11 | +
|
|
| 12 | +### What is OSD (On-Screen Display)?
|
|
| 13 | +
|
|
| 14 | +**OSD** stands for **On-Screen Display**. It is a graphical overlay—a menu, icon, or text—that is superimposed onto the main image of a screen.
|
|
| 15 | +
|
|
| 16 | +Essentially, an OSD allows you to interact with a device's settings or view real-time information without needing to navigate physical buttons or complex external menus.
|
|
| 17 | +
|
|
| 18 | +---
|
|
| 19 | +
|
|
| 20 | +### Common Uses of OSD
|
|
| 21 | +
|
|
| 22 | +* **Monitors and Televisions:** This is the most common use. You use the OSD to adjust settings like brightness, contrast, color temperature, volume, and input source selection.
|
|
| 23 | +* **Gaming:** OSDs are frequently used in video games to show essential "heads-up" information, such as health bars, ammunition counts, mini-maps, or system performance metrics (like frame rate and CPU temperature) without pausing the game.
|
|
| 24 | +* **FPV (First-Person View) Drones:** OSDs are critical for drone pilots, as they overlay flight telemetry—such as altitude, battery life, speed, and GPS coordinates—directly onto the video feed from the drone's camera.
|
|
| 25 | +* **Cameras and Camcorders:** OSDs help users review photos, adjust exposure, resolution, and shooting modes while looking through the viewfinder or at the screen.
|
|
| 26 | +
|
|
| 27 | +
|
|
| 28 | +
|
|
| 29 | +---
|
|
| 30 | +
|
|
| 31 | +### How It Works
|
|
| 32 | +An OSD works by creating a digital graphical layer that is merged with the video signal. When you trigger the display (usually by pressing a button on the device, a remote, or a specific key on a keyboard), the device’s firmware generates this layer and composites it on top of whatever content you are currently watching.
|
|
| 33 | +
|
|
| 34 | +### Why It Is Used
|
|
| 35 | +* **User-Friendly Interface:** It replaces cumbersome physical dials or switches with an intuitive, visual menu.
|
|
| 36 | +* **Real-Time Feedback:** When you change a setting (like brightness), you can often see the visual effect immediately, making it much easier to calibrate the device to your preference.
|
|
| 37 | +* **Convenience:** It allows you to manage settings on the fly without interrupting your viewing experience or requiring specialized tools.
|
|
| 38 | +
|
|
| 39 | +
|
|
| 40 | +## ref |
|
| ... | ... | \ No newline at end of file |
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/display-dat/OSD-dat/OSD-driver-dat/OSD-driver-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ |
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +
|
|
| 3 | +
|
|
| 4 | +# OSD-driver-dat
|
|
| 5 | +
|
|
| 6 | +
|
|
| 7 | +- [[OSD-dat]] - [[display-driver-dat]] - [[OSD-driver-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]]
|
|
| 8 | +
|
|
| 9 | +
|
|
| 10 | +
|
|
| 11 | +## driver diagram
|
|
| 12 | +
|
|
| 13 | +
|
|
| 14 | +## ref
|
|
| 15 | +
|
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/display-driver-dat/display-driver-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ |
| 13 | 13 | |
| 14 | 14 | - [[led-segment-display-dat]] - [[led-segment-display-driver-dat]] - [[display-driver-dat]] - [[display-dat]] |
| 15 | 15 | |
| 16 | +- [[OSD-dat]] - [[display-driver-dat]] - [[OSD-driver-dat]] - [[zhongkewei-dat]] |
|
| 17 | + |
|
| 18 | + |
|
| 19 | +## build |
|
| 16 | 20 | |
| 17 | 21 |  |
| 18 | 22 | |
| ... | ... | @@ -26,6 +30,9 @@ |
| 26 | 30 |  |
| 27 | 31 | |
| 28 | 32 | |
| 33 | + |
|
| 34 | + |
|
| 35 | + |
|
| 29 | 36 | ## ref |
| 30 | 37 | |
| 31 | 38 |
Tech-dat/media-dat/video-dat/VTX-dat/VTX-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ |
| 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | 2 | # VTX-dat |
| 3 | 3 | |
| 4 | - |
|
| 4 | +- [[OSD-dat]] - [[VTX-dat]] |
|
| 5 | 5 | |
| 6 | 6 | |
| 7 | 7 | - [[ESC-dat]] - [[RX-dat]] - [[VTX-dat]] [[FC-dat]] - [[AIO-dat]] - [[flight-controller-dat]] - [[crazybee-dat]] - [[whoop-dat]] |
Tech-dat/media-dat/video-dat/video-analog-dat/video-analog-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ |
| 1 | +
|
|
| 2 | +
|
|
| 3 | +
|
|
| 4 | +# video-analog-dat
|
|
| 5 | +
|
|
| 6 | +- [[video-digital-dat]] - [[video-dat]] - [[video-analog-dat]]
|
|
| 7 | +
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| 9 | +
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| 10 | +
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| 11 | +## ref
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| 12 | +
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Tech-dat/media-dat/video-dat/video-digital-dat/video-digital-dat.md
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| 1 | +
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| 2 | +
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| 3 | +# video-digital-dat
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| 4 | +
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| 5 | +- [[video-digital-dat]] - [[video-dat]] - [[video-analog-dat]]
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| 6 | +
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| 7 | +
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| 8 | +
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| 9 | +## ref
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Tech-dat/tech-dat.md
| ... | ... | @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ |
| 166 | 166 | |
| 167 | 167 | - [[sensor-dat]] - [[sensor-current-dat]] - [[current-transformer-dat]] - [[sensor-energy-dat]] |
| 168 | 168 | |
| 169 | -- [[sensor-motion-dat]] - [[sensor-hall-dat]] - [[3-Axis-Magnetic-dat]] - [[sensor-lidar-dat]] |
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| 169 | +- [[sensor-motion-dat]] - [[sensor-hall-dat]] - [[3-Axis-Magnetic-dat]] - [[sensor-lidar-dat]] - [[3-axis-Accelerometer-dat]] |
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| 170 | 170 | |
| 171 | 171 | - [[sensor-temperature-dat]] - [[sensor-temperature-non-contact-dat]] |
| 172 | 172 | |
| ... | ... | @@ -208,11 +208,11 @@ |
| 208 | 208 | |
| 209 | 209 | - [[PWM-dat]] - [[I2C-dat]] - [[SPI-dat]] - [[UART-dat]] - [[CAN-dat]] - [[RS485-dat]] - [[RS232-dat]] - [[I2S-dat]] |
| 210 | 210 | |
| 211 | -- [[ADC-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] |
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| 211 | +- [[ADC-dat]] - [[DAC-dat]] - [[converter-dat]] - [[LDC-dat]] |
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| 212 | 212 | |
| 213 | 213 | - [[USB-SDK-dat]] - [[USB-sys-dat]] - [[USB-SDK-type-c-dat]] - [[CONN-USB-type-c-dat]] |
| 214 | 214 | |
| 215 | -- [[amplifier-dat]] - [[codec-dat]] - [[op-amp-dat]] - [[LNA-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] |
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| 215 | +- [[amplifier-dat]] - [[codec-dat]] - [[amp-op-dat]] - [[LNA-dat]] - [[amplifier-audio-dat]] - [[amplifier-GNSS-dat]] |
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| 216 | 216 | |
| 217 | 217 | - [[filter-dat]] |
| 218 | 218 |