Tech-dat/acturator-dat/motor-dat/DC-Gear-Motor-dat/MG540-dat/MG540-dat.md
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@@ -3,16 +3,18 @@
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4 4
## Features
5 5
6
-Gear Ratio 1:30
7
-Speed before reduction 10000rpm
8
-Speed after reduction 330rpm
9
-Rated current 1.44A
10
-Rated voltage 12V
11
-Rated power 15W
12
-Rated torque 2.6kg.cm
13
-Rated speed 280rpm
14
-Stall torque 10kg.cm
15
-Stall current 9A
6
+| specs | value |
7
+| ---------------------- | -------- |
8
+| Gear Ratio | 1:30 |
9
+| Speed before reduction | 10000rpm |
10
+| Speed after reduction | 330rpm |
11
+| Rated current | 1.44A |
12
+| Rated voltage | **12V** |
13
+| Rated power | 15W |
14
+| Rated torque | 2.6kg.cm |
15
+| Rated speed | 280rpm |
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+| Stall torque | 10kg.cm |
17
+| Stall current | 9A |
16 18
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18 20
Tech-dat/acturator-dat/motor-dat/motor-dat.md
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@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ brushed
13 13
14 14
- [[dc-motor-dat]] == Permanent Magnet Brushed DC Motor
15 15
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-- [[DC-gear-motor-dat]] - [[reduction-gear-motor-dat]] - [[TT-motor-dat]]
16
+- [[DC-gear-motor-dat]] - [[reduction-gear-motor-dat]] - [[TT-motor-dat]] - [[MG540-dat]] - [[MG513-dat]]
17 17
18 18
- [[coreless-motor-dat]]
19 19
Tech-dat/tech-dat.md
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1 1
2 2
# tech
3 3
4
-- [[power-dat]] - [[battery-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[dcdc-down-dat]] - [[dcdc-boost-dat]] - [[ldo-dat]] - [[battery-rechargerable-dat]]
4
+- [[power-dat]] - [[battery-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]] - [[dcdc-down-dat]] - [[dcdc-boost-dat]] - [[ldo-dat]] - [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[BMS-dat]]
5 5
6 6
- [[EDA-simulation-dat]] - [[EDA-dat]]
7 7
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/BMS-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# BMS-dat
3
-
4
-## Protection solution
5
-
6
-### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
7
-
8
-A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
9
-
10
-G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
11
-
12
-![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
13
-
14
-### DW01 + FM8205
15
-
16
-### protection board
17
-
18
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
19
-
20
-## Precautions before applying BMS:
21
-
22
-1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
23
-
24
-- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
25
-- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mĪ©
26
-- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
27
-
28
-The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
29
-
30
-2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
31
-
32
-Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
33
-
34
-3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
35
-
36
-4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
37
-
38
-If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
39
-
40
-A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
41
-
42
-
43
-
44
-
45
-
46
-
47
-## ref
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
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\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
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power-dat/battery-dat/battery-dat.md
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2 2
3 3
# battery-dat
4 4
5
+- [[BMS-dat]]
6
+
5 7
- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
6 8
7 9
- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
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7 7
8 8
- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9 9
10
+## discharge current
11
+
12
+### šŸ”§ Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
13
+
14
+| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
15
+|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
16
+| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2Aā€“3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
17
+| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
18
+| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10Aā€“15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
19
+| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600ā€“3000mAh |
20
+| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25Aā€“30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+### šŸ“Œ Notes
25
+
26
+- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5ā€“2Ɨ the continuous rating.
27
+- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
28
+ - Continuous discharge current
29
+ - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
30
+ - Required cooling
31
+- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
32
+ - Temperature
33
+ - Battery aging
34
+ - Internal resistance
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+### āš ļø Warning
39
+
40
+Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
41
+- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
42
+- Reduce lifespan drastically
43
+- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
44
+
45
+---
46
+
47
+### āœ… Recommended Use
48
+
49
+| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
50
+|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
51
+| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5Aā€“10A) |
52
+| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15Aā€“30A) |
53
+| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
54
+
55
+
10 56
11 57
## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
12 58
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/BMS-dat.md
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1
+
2
+# BMS-dat
3
+
4
+## šŸ”‹ Active vs. Passive BMS
5
+
6
+A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
7
+
8
+---
9
+
10
+### āœ… 1. Passive BMS
11
+
12
+#### šŸ”§ How It Works:
13
+- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
14
+- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
15
+
16
+#### āš™ļø Features:
17
+- Simple and inexpensive
18
+- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
19
+- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
20
+
21
+#### āš ļø Downsides:
22
+- Wastes energy
23
+- Balancing is slower
24
+- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
25
+
26
+---
27
+
28
+### āœ… 2. Active BMS
29
+
30
+#### šŸ”§ How It Works:
31
+- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
32
+- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
33
+
34
+#### āš™ļø Features:
35
+- High efficiency
36
+- Faster, more accurate balancing
37
+- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
38
+
39
+#### āš ļø Downsides:
40
+- More complex and expensive
41
+- Requires advanced control circuitry
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+### šŸ”„ Summary Table
46
+
47
+| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
48
+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
49
+| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
50
+| Efficiency | Low | High |
51
+| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
52
+| Cost | Low | High |
53
+| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
54
+| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
55
+
56
+---
57
+
58
+### šŸ¤” Which Should You Use?
59
+
60
+- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
61
+- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
62
+
63
+
64
+
65
+
66
+
67
+## Single Cell Protection solution
68
+
69
+### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
70
+
71
+A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
72
+
73
+G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
74
+
75
+![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
76
+
77
+### DW01 + FM8205
78
+
79
+### protection board
80
+
81
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
82
+
83
+
84
+
85
+## Precautions before applying BMS:
86
+
87
+1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
88
+
89
+- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
90
+- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mĪ©
91
+- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
92
+
93
+The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
94
+
95
+2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
96
+
97
+Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
98
+
99
+3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
100
+
101
+4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
102
+
103
+If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
104
+
105
+A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
106
+
107
+
108
+
109
+## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
110
+
111
+[[18650-dat]]
112
+
113
+### āš™ļø What is a 3S1P Pack?
114
+
115
+- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** ā†’ 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
116
+- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** ā†’ Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
117
+- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
118
+ - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5Aā€“10A discharge
119
+
120
+---
121
+
122
+### āœ… Recommended BMS Current Ratings
123
+
124
+| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
125
+|----------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------|
126
+| Standard 18650 (3Aā€“5A) | 5Aā€“10A | 10Aā€“15A |
127
+| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10Aā€“15A | 15Aā€“20A |
128
+| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
129
+
130
+> āš ļø Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2Ɨ).
131
+
132
+---
133
+
134
+### šŸ” Ideal Protection Settings
135
+
136
+- **Continuous current**: 10ā€“15A
137
+- **Overcurrent trip**: 20ā€“25A
138
+- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
139
+- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
140
+- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
141
+- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
142
+
143
+
144
+## šŸ”§ Example
145
+
146
+If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
147
+- **Use BMS rated for 10Aā€“15A continuous**
148
+- **Trip limit around 20Aā€“25A**
149
+
150
+## ref
151
+
152
+
153
+
154
+- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
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\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
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power-dat/battery-pack-dat/battery-pack-dat.md
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# battery-pack-dat
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+- in the pack including [[BMS-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+
4 8
- battery upgrade by [[battery-holder-dat]]
5 9
6 10
- battery upgrade by [[cable-dat]] (Series And Parallel Connection Cable)
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12 16
- battery isolation == rack (specially when have movement or vibration), Insulating Gasket
13 17
14 18
19
+## šŸ”‹ Common Lithium Battery Pack Combinations
20
+
21
+| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Capacity (Ah) | Description |
22
+| ------------- | --------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------------- |
23
+| 1S1P | 3.7V | 3Ah | Single cell |
24
+| 1S2P | 3.7V | 6Ah | 2 cells in parallel |
25
+| 2S1P | 7.4V | 3Ah | 2 cells in series |
26
+| 2S2P | 7.4V | 6Ah | 4 cells total (2 series Ɨ 2 parallel) |
27
+| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **3Ah** | **Common for RC and drones** |
28
+| 3S2P | 11.1V | 6Ah | 6 cells total |
29
+| 4S1P | 14.8V | 3Ah | Laptop batteries, power tools |
30
+| 4S2P | 14.8V | 6Ah | Higher capacity variant |
31
+| 5S1P | 18.5V | 3Ah | Electric tools |
32
+| 5S2P | 18.5V | 6Ah | Longer runtime tools |
33
+| 6S1P | 22.2V | 3Ah | Drones, high-power packs |
34
+| 6S2P | 22.2V | 6Ah | More capacity, same voltage |
35
+| 7S1P | 25.9V | 3Ah | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
36
+| 7S2P | 25.9V | 6Ah | E-bikes, scooters |
37
+| 10S1P | 37V | 3Ah | Standard for e-bike packs |
38
+| 10S2P | 37V | 6Ah | Common e-bike configuration |
39
+| 13S1P | 48.1V | 3Ah | High-voltage e-bike pack |
40
+| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **6Ah** | **E-bikes, scooters** |
41
+| 14S1P | 51.8V | 3Ah | Some 52V e-bike packs |
42
+| 14S2P | 51.8V | 6Ah | Higher capacity |
43
+
15 44
## Simple 1S to 2S management Solutions
16 45
17 46
![](2025-05-12-16-09-09.png)