BOM-DAT/CONN-DAT/CONN-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
1 1
2 2
# Conn-dat
3 3
4
+
5
+- [[conn-power-dat]]
6
+
4 7
- [[crimp-terminal-dat]]
5 8
6 9
... ...
@@ -102,6 +105,6 @@ solar extension cable
102 105
103 106
## ref
104 107
105
-- [[power-dat]]
108
+- [[power-dat]] - [[current-dat]]
106 109
107 110
- [[BOM-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
BOM-DAT/CONN-DAT/CONN-power-dat/CONN-power-dat.md
... ...
@@ -3,6 +3,41 @@
3 3
4 4
- [[DC-barrel-jack-dat]]
5 5
6
+- [[copper-lug-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[XT60-dat]] - [[XT30-dat]]
9
+
10
+特点
11
+
12
+XT60
13
+
14
+额定电流：60A
15
+
16
+接触材质：镀金铜
17
+
18
+常用于中大型无人机、RC汽车、电动工具
19
+
20
+XT30
21
+
22
+额定电流：30A
23
+
24
+更小巧，适合微型无人机、轻量RC设备
25
+
26
+
27
+- [[HSC-dat]]
28
+
29
+HSC8 can refer to two main things: Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 8 (HSC-8), a U.S. Navy squadron, or HSC8 crimping tools, used for crimping wire ferrules.
30
+
31
+HSC-8 (Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 8):
32
+
33
+HSC-8 is a U.S. Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California.
34
+
35
+It is attached to Carrier Air Wing 11 and deploys aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt.
36
+
37
+HSC-8's mission includes maritime and overland strike, search and rescue, personnel recovery, naval special warfare, anti-surface warfare, and logistics.
38
+
39
+They were redesignated from HS-8 on September 28, 2007.
40
+
6 41
7 42
## ref
8 43
BOM-DAT/CONN-DAT/CONN-power-dat/Copper-Lug-dat/Copper-Lug-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
1
+
2
+# Copper-Lug-dat
3
+
Board-dat/ESP/ESP1000-dat/ESP1000-dat.md
... ...
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pin definitions:
56 56
57 57
Version 1.1
58 58
59
-- Simplfied Power Supply, connect [[serial-dat]] 5V / GND / TXD / RXD to use, [[lithium-battery-dat]] can be charged by USB cable or [[serial-dat]]
59
+- Simplfied Power Supply, connect [[serial-dat]] 5V / GND / TXD / RXD to use, [[li-battery-dat]] can be charged by USB cable or [[serial-dat]]
60 60
61 61
Verion 1.0
62 62
Board-dat/OPM/OPM1146-dat/OPM1146-dat.md
... ...
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Setup for V_fb
36 36
| Lithium ion Li+ | 3x | 12.6V | 3.3K |
37 37
38 38
39
-- [[LFP-dat]] - [[Lithium-Battery-dat]]
39
+- [[LFP-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
40 40
41 41
42 42
Board-dat/SDR/SDR1117-dat/SDR1117-dat.md
... ...
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ expanding PCB by [[PCB-accesories-dat]]
33 33
34 34
- [loading 5KG rover](https://youtube.com/shorts/swxmQqGnBrU?si=fHXPVpV-As7fMK2J)
35 35
36
-- tested 12V power supply == 5S [[lithium-battery-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
36
+- tested 12V power supply == 5S [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
37 37
38 38
39 39
Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN3305-dat/2025-08-19-18-54-09.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN3305-dat/2025-08-19-18-54-09.png differ
Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN3305-dat/2025-08-19-18-55-07.png
... ...
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Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN3305-dat/CN3305-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
1
+
2
+# CN3305-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-08-19-18-54-09.png)
5
+
6
+- [[passive-BMS-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]
7
+
8
+- RCS
9
+
10
+## FB
11
+
12
+VBAT = 1.205 ⅹ (1+R4∕R5)
13
+
14
+for - [[LFP-dat]]
15
+
16
+ = 1.205 x ( 1 + 510k ∕ 100k) = 1.205 ⅹ 6.1 = 7.36V
17
+ = 1.205 x ( 1 + 800k ∕ 100k) = 1.205 ⅹ 9 = 10.845V
18
+ = 1.205 x ( 1 + 1000k ∕ 90k) = 1.205 ⅹ 12.11 = 14.6V
19
+
20
+for - [[li-battery-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+## SCH
26
+
27
+![](2025-08-19-18-55-07.png)
28
+
29
+- including low voltage detection
30
+- [[battery-protection-dat]] - short circuit - [[SCP-protection-dat]]
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+
35
+## ref
36
+
37
+- [[consonance-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN5711-dat/2025-08-19-18-34-10.png
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Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN5711-dat/2025-08-19-18-35-12.png
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Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN5711-dat/CN5711-DS.pdf
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN5711-dat/CN5711-DS.pdf differ
Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CN5711-dat/CN5711-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
1
+
2
+# CN5711-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+High-brightness Light Emitting Diode (LED) Driver Integrated Circuit
6
+
7
+![](2025-08-19-18-34-10.png)
8
+
9
+- [[CN5711-DS.pdf]]
10
+
11
+
12
+## wiring and board
13
+
14
+![](2025-08-19-18-35-12.png)
15
+
16
+
17
+## ref
18
+
19
+- [[CONSONANCE-dat]]
20
+
Chip-cn-dat/CONSONANCE-dat/CONSONANCE-dat.md
... ...
@@ -15,10 +15,15 @@
15 15
16 16
- [datasheet in github](https://github.com/Edragon/Datasheet/tree/master/consonance)
17 17
18
+- [[CN5711-dat]]
18 19
20
+- CN3305
21
+- CN3705 == 5A, Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger
19 22
20 23
21 24
22 25
## ref
23 26
27
+- [[battery-dat]]
28
+
24 29
- [[CONSONANCE]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Circuits-dat/protection-dat/power-protection-dat/power-protection-Vmotor-dat/power-protection-Vmotor-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
1 1
2
-# power-protection-Vmotor-dat
3 2
3
+# general battery protection
4
+
5
+- low voltage detection
6
+- [[battery-protection-dat]] - short circuit - [[SCP-protection-dat]]
7
+- reverse-direction protection - ? [[RDP-protection-dat]]
4 8
5
-## Example 2. for Motor Power Input
9
+- [[CN3305-dat]]
10
+
11
+# power-protection-Vmotor-dat
12
+
13
+Example 2. for Motor Power Input
6 14
7 15
8 16
... ...
@@ -13,6 +21,8 @@
13 21
- inrush-protection == 1R + 10UF
14 22
- [[decoupling-capacitor-dat]]: C3 = 0.1UF + C4 == 0.47UF
15 23
24
+
25
+
16 26
- ref == [[TB6612-dat]]
17 27
18 28
Home.md
... ...
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
17 17
18 18
- [[chip-dat]] - [[chip-cn-dat]]
19 19
20
-- [[Tech-DAT]] - [[power-dat]] - [[display-dat]]
20
+- [[Tech-DAT]] - [[power-dat]] - [[display-dat]] - [[battery-dat]] - [[network-dat]]
21 21
22 22
- [[app-dat]] - [[circuits-dat]] - [[tools-dat]]
23 23
... ...
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
30 30
- [[PCB-dat]] - [[PCBA-dat]] - [[EDA-dat]]
31 31
32 32
33
+
34
+
35
+
33 36
## Weekly Updates
34 37
35 38
- [[weekly-dat]] - [[2025-july-dat]] - [[2025-May-dat]]
PCB-dat/PCB-accesories-dat/PCB-accesories-dat.md
... ...
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
3 3
4 4
- [[heatsink-dat]]
5 5
6
+- [[magnetic-screw-dat]]
7
+
6 8
- PCB stand == [[PMP1036-dat]] - [[PMP1037-dat]]
7 9
8 10
- hexgon spacer == [[PMP1033-dat]] == https://www.electrodragon.com/product/common-used-m3-hexgon-spacing-bar-screw-kit/
... ...
@@ -13,6 +15,11 @@
13 15
14 16
- 三防漆 == Conformal Coating
15 17
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+
16 23
## ref
17 24
18 25
- [[PCB-dat]] - [[rover-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/Network-dat/WIFI-DAT.md
... ...
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
22 22
23 23
- [[xradiotech-dat]] - [[XR829-dat]]
24 24
25
-
25
+- PHY6222, EWM110
26 26
27 27
28 28
... ...
@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@
47 47
48 48
- [[TCPIP-dat]] - [[TCPUDP-dat]]
49 49
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+
50 55
## ref
51 56
52 57
- [[ethernet-dat]]
Tech-dat/Network-dat/network-dat.md
... ...
@@ -34,9 +34,10 @@
34 34
35 35
- [[radio-dat]]
36 36
37
+- [[ethernet-dat]] - [[wifi-dat]]
38
+
37 39
38 40
39
-- [[ethernet-dat]]
40 41
41 42
## RC apps protocols
42 43
Tech-dat/current-dat/current-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
1
+
2
+# current-dat
3
+
4
+- high current connectors - [[CONN-dat]] - [[CONN-power-dat]]
5
+
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/LED-dat/LED-dat.md
... ...
@@ -57,6 +57,29 @@ GPIO4:
57 57
![](2025-08-19-15-51-31.png)
58 58
59 59
60
+## Q5 LED Bead
61
+
62
+### Key Features
63
+- **LED Type**: Cree XR-E Q5 (from Cree XR-E series)
64
+- **Light Output**: ~200–230 lumens (depending on drive current)
65
+- **Drive Current**: Typically 350mA to 1000mA
66
+- **Voltage (Forward Voltage)**: ~3.2–3.7V
67
+- **Luminous Efficiency**: Around 80–100 lm/W
68
+- **Color Temperature**: Available in cool white (6000–7000K) and neutral white options
69
+- **Package Size**: ~7mm × 9mm
70
+- **Beam Angle**: ~90°–100° (depending on lens/reflector design)
71
+- **Lifetime**: >50,000 hours (under proper thermal management)
72
+
73
+---
74
+
75
+### Advantages
76
+- High brightness in compact size
77
+- Energy efficient compared to older LED generations
78
+- Reliable and durable (long lifespan)
79
+- Widely adopted in **flashlights**, **bike lamps**, **spotlights**, and **DIY lighting projects**
80
+
81
+
82
+
60 83
61 84
62 85
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/LED-dat/led-driver-dat/led-driver-dat.md
... ...
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/General/FQP30N06L.pdf
53 53
54 54
- [[powtech-dat]] - [[PT4103-dat]] - [[PT4115-dat]]
55 55
56
+- [[CN5711-dat]] - [[consonance-dat]]
57
+
56 58
### option 3
57 59
58 60
背光驱动
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/magnetic-screw-dat/magnetic-screw-dat.md
... ...
@@ -17,4 +17,10 @@
17 17
18 18
## Demo video
19 19
20
-https://www.youtube.com/shorts/bYAMpQTe3k0
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
0
+https://www.youtube.com/shorts/bYAMpQTe3k0
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+## ref
5
+
6
+- [[PCB-accesories-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/interactive-dat/matrix-display-dat/2025-08-19-18-30-43.png
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Tech-dat/interactive-dat/matrix-display-dat/2025-08-19-18-30-50.png
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Tech-dat/interactive-dat/matrix-display-dat/matrix-display-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
1
+
2
+# matrix-display-dat
3
+
4
+- [[AIP1944-dat]]
5
+
6
+ AiP1948/AiP1944 is a dedicated LED display driver controller IC with a 3-wire serial interface, supporting common-cathode 16 segments × 16 digits or 24 segments × 8 digits, and a 16×2 key matrix scan. It integrates MCU digital interface, data latch, RC oscillator, and other circuits, making it widely suitable for various LED panel applications.
7
+
8
+主要特点
9
+ - AiP1948：SSOP48（0.635mm）
10
+ - AiP1944：LQFP44
11
+
12
+![](2025-08-19-18-30-43.png)
13
+
14
+![](2025-08-19-18-30-50.png)
15
+
16
+
17
+优点
18
+
19
+1、AiP1948/1944可驱动较多LED灯珠，最高可达16*16=256颗LED灯珠；
20
+ 1. AiP1948/1944 can drive a large number of LEDs, up to 16×16 = 256 LEDs.
21
+
22
+2、AiP1948管脚KEYINT为按键中断输出，平时为高电平，有按键被按下时，在键扫周期内出现低电平脉冲；
23
+ 2. The KEYINT pin on AiP1948 provides key interrupt output; it is normally high, and when a key is pressed, a low-level pulse appears during the key scan cycle.
24
+
25
+3、AiP1948/1944与AiP1628指令兼容，程序移植简单。
26
+ 3. AiP1948/1944 is compatible with AiP1628 instructions, making program migration simple.
27
+
28
+
29
+
30
+## ref
31
+
32
+- [[interactive-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
Tech-dat/tech-dat.md
... ...
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@
22 22
- [[app-dat]] - [[mechanics-dat]]
23 23
24 24
25
-
26
-
27 25
## New Tech And Updates
28 26
29 27
- [[lora-dat]]
... ...
@@ -105,10 +103,16 @@
105 103
106 104
- [[touchpanel-dat]] - [[touch-sensor-dat]]
107 105
106
+- [[led-driver-dat]]
107
+
108 108
- [[button-dat]] - [[switching-dat]] - [[switch-dat]]
109 109
110 110
- [[keyboard-dat]] - [[keypad-dat]] - [[mouse-dat]]
111 111
112
+- [[matrix-display-dat]]
113
+
114
+
115
+
112 116
### Sensors and actuator
113 117
114 118
- [[sensor-dat]] - [[current-sensor-dat]] - [[current-transformer-dat]]
app-dat/Apocalypse-dat/ESS-dat/ESS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Energy storage system (ESS)
9 9
10 10
## Power sotage
11 11
12
-- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[Lithium-battery-dat]]
12
+- [[Lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
13 13
14 14
### And more
15 15
app-dat/RC-dat/rover-dat/rc-car-dat/rc-car-hack-dat/rc-car-hack-dat.md
... ...
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
4 4
5 5
## 1. battery Enlargement
6 6
7
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]]
7
+- [[li-battery-dat]] - [[battery-pack-dat]]
8 8
9 9
10 10
## 2. RC Signal Extension
app-dat/gadget-dat/EDC-dat/EDC-dat.md
... ...
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ Key characteristics of EDC lights usually include:
20 20
EDC lights are popular among people who value preparedness, outdoor enthusiasts, and anyone who might need a reliable light source unexpectedly.
21 21
22 22
23
+## LEDs
24
+
25
+- [[LED-dat]]
26
+
27
+
23 28
## ref
24 29
25 30
- [[gadget-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-06.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-51.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
-
4
-## Method 1.
5
-
6
-How to use single [[TP4056-dat]] to charge 2S lithium battery pack?
7
-
8
-The battery should be built with all pins out:
9
-
10
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-06.png)
11
-
12
-parallel charging by [[TP4056-dat]] directly
13
-
14
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-34.png)
15
-
16
-Board looks like:
17
-
18
-![](2025-05-09-12-59-51.png)
19
-
20
-
21
-## Method 2.
22
-
23
-If building your own charger or pack, include a BMS, and use a charger with current limit and CV/CC behavior.
24
-
25
-如果你自己DIY电池组或充电系统，务必使用保护板（BMS），并选择支持恒流恒压输出的充电器。
26
-
27
-
28
-## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
29
-
30
-These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
31
-
32
-🔧 Example:
33
-
34
-IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
35
-
36
-Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
37
-
38
-
39
-## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
40
-
41
-== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
42
-
43
-
44
-- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
45
-
46
-Example setup:
47
-
48
-Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
49
-
50
-The BMS will:
51
-
52
-- Protect against overcharge
53
-- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
-
58
-## ref
59
-
60
-- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
1
+
2
+# BMS-dat
3
+
4
+- [[passive-BMS-dat]] - [[active-BMS-dat]]
5
+
6
+## 3. Protection Features
7
+
8
+Look for these essential protections:
9
+
10
+| Protection Type | Description |
11
+|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
12
+| Overcharge protection | Stops charging if cell voltage too high|
13
+| Overdischarge protection | Prevents deep discharge that damages cells |
14
+| Overcurrent protection | Cuts off current if it exceeds safe limits |
15
+| Short circuit protection | Immediate cutoff on short circuit detection |
16
+| Balancing | Balances cells to keep voltages equal (especially important for multi-cell packs) |
17
+| Temperature protection | Monitors temperature to avoid overheating |
18
+
19
+- also check the board's temperature rising when dishcarging
20
+
21
+## 🔋 Active vs. Passive BMS
22
+
23
+A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
24
+
25
+
26
+
27
+---
28
+
29
+### ✅ 1. Passive BMS
30
+
31
+#### 🔧 How It Works:
32
+- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
33
+- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
34
+
35
+#### ⚙️ Features:
36
+- Simple and inexpensive
37
+- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
38
+- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
39
+
40
+#### ⚠️ Downsides:
41
+- Wastes energy
42
+- Balancing is slower
43
+- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
44
+
45
+---
46
+
47
+### ✅ 2. Active BMS
48
+
49
+#### 🔧 How It Works:
50
+- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
51
+- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
52
+
53
+#### ⚙️ Features:
54
+- High efficiency
55
+- Faster, more accurate balancing
56
+- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
57
+
58
+#### ⚠️ Downsides:
59
+- More complex and expensive
60
+- Requires advanced control circuitry
61
+
62
+---
63
+
64
+### 🔄 Summary Table
65
+
66
+| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
67
+| ------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
68
+| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
69
+| Efficiency | Low | High |
70
+| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
71
+| Cost | Low | High |
72
+| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
73
+| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
74
+
75
+---
76
+
77
+### 🤔 Which Should You Use?
78
+
79
+- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
80
+- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
81
+
82
+
83
+## BMS Charging
84
+
85
+🔌 Can I Use a 12V AC-DC Plug to Charge a 3S1P Lithium Battery Pack with BMS?
86
+
87
+### 🔋 Battery Overview: 3S1P Lithium-Ion Pack
88
+
89
+- **3S** = 3 cells in series → 3.7V × 3 = **11.1V nominal**
90
+- **Full charge voltage** = 4.2V × 3 = **12.6V**
91
+- **Charging voltage required**: **12.6V constant voltage (CV)**
92
+- **Typical charging current**: 1A–2A (depending on cell & BMS)
93
+
94
+---
95
+
96
+### ⚠️ Can You Use a 12V AC-DC Plug?
97
+
98
+| **Plug Output Voltage** | **Can You Use It?** | **Explanation** |
99
+| ------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
100
+| **12.0V** | ⚠️ Not ideal | Will undercharge the pack (only ~90–95% full) |
101
+| **12.6V regulated** | ✅ Yes | Perfect match for 3S lithium pack |
102
+| **>12.6V (e.g., 13.8V)** | ❌ No | May overcharge and damage the battery/BMS |
103
+| **Unregulated output** | ❌ No | Unsafe — may exceed safe voltage limits |
104
+
105
+---
106
+
107
+### ✅ Best Practice: Use a Dedicated 3S Lithium Charger
108
+
109
+- **Output Voltage**: 12.6V DC (constant voltage)
110
+- **Current Limit**: 1A–2A (match your BMS and battery spec)
111
+- **Charging Profile**: CC/CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage)
112
+
113
+---
114
+
115
+### 🔐 Role of the BMS
116
+
117
+- Provides **protection** (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, etc.)
118
+- **Does NOT regulate** the input voltage
119
+- **Still requires** a proper 12.6V charger to function safely
120
+
121
+---
122
+
123
+### ✅ Summary
124
+
125
+- You **can** charge your 3S1P pack with a **regulated 12.6V charger**.
126
+- A **standard 12.0V plug** is **not recommended** — it won’t fully charge the battery.
127
+- Avoid any charger **above 12.6V** unless it’s specifically designed for lithium charging.
128
+
129
+### Charger
130
+
131
+| Requirement | Needed? | Why |
132
+| ---------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------- |
133
+| Smart chip like TP4056 | ❌ No | Your **BMS provides safety features** |
134
+| Proper voltage (12.6V) | ✅ Yes | Essential for full charge |
135
+| Current limiting | ✅ Yes | Prevents overheating or stress |
136
+| CC/CV charging | ✅ Yes | Ensures correct lithium charging |
137
+
138
+
139
+## Single Cell Protection solution
140
+
141
+### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
142
+
143
+A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
144
+
145
+G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
146
+
147
+![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
148
+
149
+### DW01 + FM8205
150
+
151
+### protection board
152
+
153
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
154
+
155
+
156
+
157
+## Precautions before applying BMS:
158
+
159
+1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
160
+
161
+- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
162
+- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
163
+- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
164
+
165
+The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
166
+
167
+2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
168
+
169
+Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
170
+
171
+3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
172
+
173
+4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
174
+
175
+If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
176
+
177
+A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
178
+
179
+
180
+
181
+## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
182
+
183
+[[18650-dat]]
184
+
185
+### ⚙️ What is a 3S1P Pack?
186
+
187
+- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** → 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
188
+- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** → Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
189
+- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
190
+ - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5A–10A discharge
191
+
192
+---
193
+
194
+### ✅ Recommended BMS Current Ratings
195
+
196
+| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
197
+| ---------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
198
+| Standard 18650 (3A–5A) | 5A–10A | 10A–15A |
199
+| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10A–15A | 15A–20A |
200
+| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
201
+
202
+> ⚠️ Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2×).
203
+
204
+---
205
+
206
+### 🔐 Ideal Protection Settings
207
+
208
+- **Continuous current**: 10–15A
209
+- **Overcurrent trip**: 20–25A
210
+- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
211
+- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
212
+- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
213
+- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
214
+
215
+
216
+## 🔧 Example
217
+
218
+If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
219
+- **Use BMS rated for 10A–15A continuous**
220
+- **Trip limit around 20A–25A**
221
+
222
+## ref
223
+
224
+
225
+
226
+- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/S8261_E.pdf
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/active-BMS-dat/active-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+
2
+# active-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
5
+
6
+An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
7
+
8
+- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
9
+- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
10
+- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
11
+- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
12
+
13
+This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+## capacitive type active BMS
18
+
19
+- 电容式主动均衡板
20
+- 修电池组压差·
21
+- 恢复电池组容量·
22
+- 延长电池组寿命
23
+- 24小时不间断·
24
+- 自动启动·
25
+- 整体均衡
26
+
27
+
28
+![](2025-08-19-19-19-06.png)
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-06.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-34.png
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2025-05-09-12-59-51.png
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat/2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
1
+
2
+# 2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat
3
+
4
+## Method 1.
5
+
6
+How to use single [[TP4056-dat]] to charge 2S lithium battery pack?
7
+
8
+The battery should be built with all pins out:
9
+
10
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-06.png)
11
+
12
+parallel charging by [[TP4056-dat]] directly
13
+
14
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-34.png)
15
+
16
+Board looks like:
17
+
18
+![](2025-05-09-12-59-51.png)
19
+
20
+
21
+## Method 2.
22
+
23
+If building your own charger or pack, include a BMS, and use a charger with current limit and CV/CC behavior.
24
+
25
+如果你自己DIY电池组或充电系统，务必使用保护板（BMS），并选择支持恒流恒压输出的充电器。
26
+
27
+
28
+## IF the 2S pack battery does NOT have the BMS board
29
+
30
+These chargers are designed to charge 2S packs with balanced charging and proper voltage/current control.
31
+
32
+🔧 Example:
33
+
34
+IMAX B6 or similar smart chargers
35
+
36
+Connect via the main power plug and balance plug (JST-XH, for example)
37
+
38
+
39
+## IF the 2S pack battery has the BMS board
40
+
41
+== BMS (Battery Management System) + DC Power Supply
42
+
43
+
44
+- need 2S BMS == 2S 锂电池保护板（BMS）
45
+
46
+Example setup:
47
+
48
+Use an 8.4V Li-ion charger (e.g., 8.4V/1A wall charger)
49
+
50
+The BMS will:
51
+
52
+- Protect against overcharge
53
+- Balance the cells (if it's a balancing BMS)
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+## ref
59
+
60
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat/passive-BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
1
+
2
+# passive-BMS-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+- [[BMS-dat]]
6
+
7
+- [[CN3305-dat]] == 2S ~ 4S - [[CONSONANCE-dat]]
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
12
+
13
+
14
+## ref
15
+
16
+- [[BMS-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-charger-dat/BMS-dat/uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf
... ...
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power-dat/battery-charger-dat/battery-charger-dat.md
... ...
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ The most following charger options are for the lithium-ion battery
6 6
7 7
- [[2S-lithium-battery-charger-dat]]
8 8
9
-- [[battery-charger]]
9
+
10
+
11
+- [[BMS-dat]]
12
+
13
+- [[battery-pack-dat]]
10 14
11 15
## Chip Info
12 16
... ...
@@ -59,9 +63,6 @@ request
59 63
* SIM800 -> 2.8V RTC LDO
60 64
61 65
62
-## ref
63
-
64
-- [[battery-dat]]
65 66
66 67
## voltage map
67 68
... ...
@@ -75,4 +76,12 @@ request
75 76
76 77
## battery cables
77 78
78
-- [[SM2.54-dat]] - [[JST-dat]] - [[15EDGRKP-3.81mm-dat]] - [[XT-dat]] - [[cable-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
0
+- [[SM2.54-dat]] - [[JST-dat]] - [[15EDGRKP-3.81mm-dat]] - [[XT-dat]] - [[cable-dat]]
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+## ref
5
+
6
+- [[battery-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[battery-charger]]
power-dat/battery-dat/2025-08-19-18-20-56.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/battery-dat/2025-08-19-18-20-56.png differ
power-dat/battery-dat/battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
4 4
5 5
- [[BMS-dat]]
6 6
7
-- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
7
+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]] - [[lead-acid-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-dat]]
8 8
9 9
- [[battery-pack-dat]] - [[battery-holder-dat]]
10 10
... ...
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
20 20
21 21
- [[battery-supply-dat]]
22 22
23
+
24
+
25
+
23 26
## coin battery dat
24 27
25 28
CR2030 provides up to 3V 210~225 mAh, and CR1220 provides up to 3V 38mAh power.
... ...
@@ -109,8 +112,17 @@ Usage: Devices that require more energy or have higher power consumption tend to
109 112
110 113
![](2025-08-19-17-12-34.png)
111 114
115
+
116
+
117
+## BL-5C nokia battery
118
+
119
+![](2025-08-19-18-20-56.png)
120
+
121
+
112 122
## ref
113 123
124
+- [[current-dat]] - [[voltage-dat]]
125
+
114 126
- [[battery]] - [[l76-dat]] - [[super-cap-dat]]
115 127
116 128
- [[XH-414H]] - [[ohm-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png
... ...
Binary files a/power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/2025-02-21-18-52-52.png and /dev/null differ
power-dat/battery-pack-dat/BMS-dat/BMS-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# BMS-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## 3. Protection Features
6
-
7
-Look for these essential protections:
8
-
9
-| Protection Type | Description |
10
-|--------------------------|----------------------------------------|
11
-| Overcharge protection | Stops charging if cell voltage too high|
12
-| Overdischarge protection | Prevents deep discharge that damages cells |
13
-| Overcurrent protection | Cuts off current if it exceeds safe limits |
14
-| Short circuit protection | Immediate cutoff on short circuit detection |
15
-| Balancing | Balances cells to keep voltages equal (especially important for multi-cell packs) |
16
-| Temperature protection | Monitors temperature to avoid overheating |
17
-
18
-- also check the board's temperature rising when dishcarging
19
-
20
-## 🔋 Active vs. Passive BMS
21
-
22
-A **Battery Management System (BMS)** monitors and protects battery packs, especially lithium-based ones, from overcharging, overdischarging, and overheating. It also performs **cell balancing** to maintain consistent voltage across cells.
23
-
24
-
25
-
26
----
27
-
28
-### ✅ 1. Passive BMS
29
-
30
-#### 🔧 How It Works:
31
-- **Dissipates excess energy** from high-voltage cells as **heat** using resistors.
32
-- Bleeds off charge from full cells so others can catch up during charging.
33
-
34
-#### ⚙️ Features:
35
-- Simple and inexpensive
36
-- Uses resistors and MOSFETs
37
-- Common in e-bikes, power tools, and budget battery systems
38
-
39
-#### ⚠️ Downsides:
40
-- Wastes energy
41
-- Balancing is slower
42
-- Less efficient for large or high-performance systems
43
-
44
----
45
-
46
-### ✅ 2. Active BMS
47
-
48
-#### 🔧 How It Works:
49
-- **Transfers charge** from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones using capacitors, inductors, or DC-DC converters.
50
-- Recycles energy instead of burning it off.
51
-
52
-#### ⚙️ Features:
53
-- High efficiency
54
-- Faster, more accurate balancing
55
-- Used in electric vehicles (EVs), drones, and large battery banks
56
-
57
-#### ⚠️ Downsides:
58
-- More complex and expensive
59
-- Requires advanced control circuitry
60
-
61
----
62
-
63
-### 🔄 Summary Table
64
-
65
-| Feature | **Passive BMS** | **Active BMS** |
66
-| ------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
67
-| Energy Handling | Dissipates as heat | Transfers charge between cells |
68
-| Efficiency | Low | High |
69
-| Complexity | Simple | Complex |
70
-| Cost | Low | High |
71
-| Speed of Balancing | Slow | Fast |
72
-| Common Use Cases | E-bikes, power tools, small packs | EVs, solar storage, high-end systems |
73
-
74
----
75
-
76
-### 🤔 Which Should You Use?
77
-
78
-- **Passive BMS**: Ideal for small to medium systems with basic balancing needs.
79
-- **Active BMS**: Best for large, high-value, or performance-critical battery systems.
80
-
81
-
82
-## BMS Charging
83
-
84
-🔌 Can I Use a 12V AC-DC Plug to Charge a 3S1P Lithium Battery Pack with BMS?
85
-
86
-### 🔋 Battery Overview: 3S1P Lithium-Ion Pack
87
-
88
-- **3S** = 3 cells in series → 3.7V × 3 = **11.1V nominal**
89
-- **Full charge voltage** = 4.2V × 3 = **12.6V**
90
-- **Charging voltage required**: **12.6V constant voltage (CV)**
91
-- **Typical charging current**: 1A–2A (depending on cell & BMS)
92
-
93
----
94
-
95
-### ⚠️ Can You Use a 12V AC-DC Plug?
96
-
97
-| **Plug Output Voltage** | **Can You Use It?** | **Explanation** |
98
-| ------------------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
99
-| **12.0V** | ⚠️ Not ideal | Will undercharge the pack (only ~90–95% full) |
100
-| **12.6V regulated** | ✅ Yes | Perfect match for 3S lithium pack |
101
-| **>12.6V (e.g., 13.8V)** | ❌ No | May overcharge and damage the battery/BMS |
102
-| **Unregulated output** | ❌ No | Unsafe — may exceed safe voltage limits |
103
-
104
----
105
-
106
-### ✅ Best Practice: Use a Dedicated 3S Lithium Charger
107
-
108
-- **Output Voltage**: 12.6V DC (constant voltage)
109
-- **Current Limit**: 1A–2A (match your BMS and battery spec)
110
-- **Charging Profile**: CC/CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage)
111
-
112
----
113
-
114
-### 🔐 Role of the BMS
115
-
116
-- Provides **protection** (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, etc.)
117
-- **Does NOT regulate** the input voltage
118
-- **Still requires** a proper 12.6V charger to function safely
119
-
120
----
121
-
122
-### ✅ Summary
123
-
124
-- You **can** charge your 3S1P pack with a **regulated 12.6V charger**.
125
-- A **standard 12.0V plug** is **not recommended** — it won’t fully charge the battery.
126
-- Avoid any charger **above 12.6V** unless it’s specifically designed for lithium charging.
127
-
128
-### Charger
129
-
130
-| Requirement | Needed? | Why |
131
-| ---------------------- | ------- | ------------------------------------- |
132
-| Smart chip like TP4056 | ❌ No | Your **BMS provides safety features** |
133
-| Proper voltage (12.6V) | ✅ Yes | Essential for full charge |
134
-| Current limiting | ✅ Yes | Prevents overheating or stress |
135
-| CC/CV charging | ✅ Yes | Ensures correct lithium charging |
136
-
137
-
138
-## Single Cell Protection solution
139
-
140
-### A1870 + 3GJG (bad quality combination)
141
-
142
-A1870 - [[uc1870+ver1_x76b.pdf]]
143
-
144
-G3JQ - S8261 - [[S8261_E.pdf]]
145
-
146
-![](2025-02-21-18-52-52.png)
147
-
148
-### DW01 + FM8205
149
-
150
-### protection board
151
-
152
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
153
-
154
-
155
-
156
-## Precautions before applying BMS:
157
-
158
-1. Before installing the protection board, make sure the batteries are matched:
159
-
160
-- the voltage difference between each battery should not exceed 0.05V,
161
-- the internal resistance difference should not exceed 5mΩ
162
-- and the capacity difference should be less than 30mAh.
163
-
164
-The smaller the voltage difference between the batteries, the better the performance of the protection board.
165
-
166
-2. Connect the batteries in parallel first, then in series, and ensure correct welding (use nickel strips for spot welding on 18650 batteries, and solder for other batteries).
167
-
168
-Never use screws to fasten them, as this may damage the IC of the protection board.
169
-
170
-3. If you are replacing the protection board on old batteries, please check whether the batteries are in good condition before purchasing.
171
-
172
-4. During installation, use a multimeter to check whether the voltage of each battery in the series is the same.
173
-
174
-If the voltage difference exceeds 1.0V, it may indicate a fault such as poor range, power cut-off at startup, or short charging time, which are often caused by battery cell issues.
175
-
176
-A protection board fault typically results in: inability to charge, or the battery has voltage but cannot discharge.
177
-
178
-
179
-
180
-## example BMS for 3S1P 18650
181
-
182
-[[18650-dat]]
183
-
184
-### ⚙️ What is a 3S1P Pack?
185
-
186
-- **3S** = 3 cells in **series** → 11.1V nominal (12.6V fully charged)
187
-- **1P** = 1 cell in **parallel** → Capacity = 1 cell's capacity
188
-- Common cell type: **18650** or **LiPo pouch**
189
- - Example: 18650, 3.7V, 3000mAh, max 5A–10A discharge
190
-
191
----
192
-
193
-### ✅ Recommended BMS Current Ratings
194
-
195
-| **Battery Type** | **Max Cell Discharge** | **Recommended BMS Current** |
196
-| ---------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
197
-| Standard 18650 (3A–5A) | 5A–10A | 10A–15A |
198
-| High-Drain 18650 (10A) | 10A–15A | 15A–20A |
199
-| LiPo Pouch (10C+) | Varies | 15A+ |
200
-
201
-> ⚠️ Tip: Choose a BMS with a **trip current slightly above** your system's max current (about 1.2×).
202
-
203
----
204
-
205
-### 🔐 Ideal Protection Settings
206
-
207
-- **Continuous current**: 10–15A
208
-- **Overcurrent trip**: 20–25A
209
-- **Short-circuit protection**: Yes (fast cut-off)
210
-- **Overvoltage cutoff**: ~4.25V/cell
211
-- **Undervoltage cutoff**: ~2.5V/cell
212
-- **Charge current**: ~5A or as per charger rating
213
-
214
-
215
-## 🔧 Example
216
-
217
-If using 3000mAh 18650 cells rated at 10A max:
218
-- **Use BMS rated for 10A–15A continuous**
219
-- **Trip limit around 20A–25A**
220
-
221
-## ref
222
-
223
-
224
-
225
-- [[BMS]] - [[battery]]
... ...
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... ...
@@ -18,28 +18,29 @@
18 18
19 19
## 🔋 Common Lithium Battery Pack Combinations
20 20
21
-| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Capacity (Ah) | Description |
22
-| ------------- | --------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------------- |
23
-| 1S1P | 3.7V | 3Ah | Single cell |
24
-| 1S2P | 3.7V | 6Ah | 2 cells in parallel |
25
-| 2S1P | 7.4V | 3Ah | 2 cells in series |
26
-| 2S2P | 7.4V | 6Ah | 4 cells total (2 series × 2 parallel) |
27
-| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **3Ah** | **Common for RC and drones** |
28
-| 3S2P | 11.1V | 6Ah | 6 cells total |
29
-| 4S1P | 14.8V | 3Ah | Laptop batteries, [[power-tools-dat]] |
30
-| 4S2P | 14.8V | 6Ah | Higher capacity variant |
31
-| 5S1P | 18.5V | 3Ah | Electric tools |
32
-| 5S2P | 18.5V | 6Ah | Longer runtime tools |
33
-| 6S1P | 22.2V | 3Ah | Drones, high-power packs |
34
-| 6S2P | 22.2V | 6Ah | More capacity, same voltage |
35
-| 7S1P | 25.9V | 3Ah | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
36
-| 7S2P | 25.9V | 6Ah | E-bikes, scooters |
37
-| 10S1P | 37V | 3Ah | Standard for e-bike packs |
38
-| 10S2P | 37V | 6Ah | Common e-bike configuration |
39
-| 13S1P | 48.1V | 3Ah | High-voltage e-bike pack |
40
-| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **6Ah** | **E-bikes, scooters** |
41
-| 14S1P | 51.8V | 3Ah | Some 52V e-bike packs |
42
-| 14S2P | 51.8V | 6Ah | Higher capacity |
21
+
22
+| Configuration | Voltage (V) | Full Charge Voltage (V) | Description |
23
+| ------------- | --------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
24
+| 1S1P | 3.7V | 4.2V | Single cell |
25
+| 1S2P | 3.7V | 4.2V | 2 cells in parallel |
26
+| 2S1P | 7.4V | 8.4V | 2 cells in series |
27
+| 2S2P | 7.4V | 8.4V | 4 cells total (2 series × 2 parallel) |
28
+| **3S1P** | **11.1V = 12V** | **12.6V** | **Common for RC and drones** |
29
+| 3S2P | 11.1V | 12.6V | 6 cells total |
30
+| 4S1P | 14.8V | 16.8V | Laptop batteries, [[power-tools-dat]] |
31
+| 4S2P | 14.8V | 16.8V | Higher capacity variant |
32
+| 5S1P | 18.5V | 21.0V | Electric tools |
33
+| 5S2P | 18.5V | 21.0V | Longer runtime tools |
34
+| 6S1P | 22.2V | 25.2V | Drones, high-power packs |
35
+| 6S2P | 22.2V | 25.2V | More capacity, same voltage |
36
+| 7S1P | 25.9V | 29.4V | E-bikes, mid-size packs |
37
+| 7S2P | 25.9V | 29.4V | E-bikes, scooters |
38
+| 10S1P | 37V | 42.0V | Standard for e-bike packs |
39
+| 10S2P | 37V | 42.0V | Common e-bike configuration |
40
+| 13S1P | 48.1V | 54.6V | High-voltage e-bike pack |
41
+| **13S2P** | **48.1V** | **54.6V** | **E-bikes, scooters** |
42
+| 14S1P | 51.8V | 58.8V | Some 52V e-bike packs |
43
+| 14S2P | 51.8V | 58.8V | Higher capacity |
43 44
44 45
common apps - [[Electric-tools-dat]] - [[drone-battery-dat]]
45 46
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/active-battery-balancing-board-dat/active-battery-balancing-board-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# active-battery-balancing-board-dat
3
-
4
-An **active battery balancing board** for lithium batteries ensures that all cells in a battery pack maintain the same voltage level during charging and discharging. It actively redistributes energy between cells, transferring charge from higher-voltage cells to lower-voltage ones. This helps:
5
-
6
-- **Improve Battery Life**: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging of individual cells, reducing wear and extending the overall lifespan of the battery pack.
7
-- **Enhance Performance**: Ensures consistent voltage across cells, improving the efficiency and reliability of the battery.
8
-- **Increase Safety**: Reduces the risk of overheating, overcharging, or cell failure due to imbalances.
9
-- **Optimize Capacity**: Maximizes the usable capacity of the battery pack by ensuring all cells are equally charged.
10
-
11
-This is especially important in applications like electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage systems.
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat.md
... ...
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
4 4
# rechargerable-battery-dat
5 5
6 6
7
+
8
+
7 9
| **Battery Type** | **Typical Charge Time** | **Notes** |
8 10
|----------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
9 11
| **Lead-acid** | 8-12 hours | Slow charge time, can be faster with a fast charger. |
... ...
@@ -17,4 +19,13 @@
17 19
18 20
## Types
19 21
20
-- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
0
+- [[Lead-Acid-Battery-dat]] - [[li-battery-dat]]
1
+
2
+- [[LFP-dat]]
3
+
4
+- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+## ref
8
+
9
+- [[battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-app-dat/li-battery-app-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-app-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+## calculata density
6
+
7
+If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
8
+
9
+Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
10
+
11
+Substituting the values:
12
+
13
+Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
14
+
15
+So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
16
+
17
+
18
+To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
19
+
20
+For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
21
+
22
+For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
23
+
24
+**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
25
+
26
+
27
+
28
+## ref
29
+
30
+
31
+- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
32
+
33
+- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
1
+
2
+# lithium-battery-dat
3
+
4
+## info
5
+
6
+- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
7
+
8
+- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]] - [[battery-soldering-dat]]
9
+
10
+- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
11
+
12
+## Classification Summary
13
+
14
+By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
15
+
16
+By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
17
+
18
+By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
19
+
20
+
21
+### By Apps
22
+
23
+Robot tank battery
24
+
25
+![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
26
+
27
+![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
28
+
29
+## Classification
30
+
31
+
32
+### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
33
+
34
+#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
35
+
36
+- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
37
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
38
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
39
+
40
+- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
41
+ - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
42
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
43
+
44
+- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
45
+ - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
46
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
47
+
48
+- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
49
+ - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
50
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
51
+
52
+- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
53
+ - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
54
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
55
+
56
+#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
57
+
58
+- **Graphite**
59
+ - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
60
+ - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
61
+
62
+- **Silicon-based Materials**
63
+ - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
64
+ - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
65
+
66
+- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
67
+ - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
68
+ - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
69
+
70
+- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
71
+ - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
72
+ - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
73
+
74
+---
75
+
76
+
77
+
78
+### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
79
+
80
+Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
81
+
82
+---
83
+
84
+#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
85
+
86
+Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
87
+
88
+##### **Common Sizes:**
89
+
90
+- **18650**
91
+ - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
92
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
93
+ - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
94
+
95
+- **21700**
96
+ - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
97
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
98
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
99
+
100
+- **26650**
101
+ - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
102
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
103
+ - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
104
+
105
+---
106
+
107
+#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
108
+
109
+Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
110
+
111
+##### **Common Sizes:**
112
+
113
+- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
114
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
115
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
116
+ - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
117
+
118
+- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
119
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
120
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
121
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
122
+
123
+---
124
+
125
+#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
126
+
127
+Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
128
+
129
+##### **Common Sizes:**
130
+
131
+- **Small Pouch Batteries**
132
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
133
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
134
+ - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
135
+
136
+- **Large Pouch Batteries**
137
+ - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
138
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
139
+ - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
140
+
141
+---
142
+
143
+#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
144
+
145
+Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
146
+
147
+##### **Common Sizes:**
148
+
149
+- **CR2032**
150
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
151
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
152
+ - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
153
+
154
+- **CR2025**
155
+ - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
156
+ - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
157
+ - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
158
+
159
+---
160
+
161
+### **Summary**
162
+
163
+Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
164
+
165
+| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
166
+|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
167
+| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
168
+| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
169
+| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
170
+| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
171
+
172
+This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
173
+
174
+
175
+
176
+## li-battery tech
177
+
178
+### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
179
+
180
+Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
181
+
182
+If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
183
+
184
+
185
+
186
+
187
+### Lithium battery Check
188
+
189
+- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
190
+
191
+
192
+
193
+
194
+## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
195
+
196
+| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
197
+|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
198
+| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
199
+| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
200
+| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
201
+| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
202
+| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
203
+| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
204
+| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
205
+
206
+
207
+🧠 Which to Choose?
208
+18650: Most versatile and widely used.
209
+
210
+21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
211
+
212
+26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
213
+
214
+Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
215
+
216
+
217
+
218
+
219
+## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
220
+
221
+Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
222
+
223
+Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
224
+
225
+LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
226
+
227
+## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
228
+
229
+Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
230
+
231
+Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
232
+
233
+
234
+
235
+
236
+
237
+## large battery
238
+
239
+48V
240
+200AH
241
+
242
+![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
243
+
244
+## ref
245
+
246
+- [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/LFP-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
1
+
2
+# LFP-dat
3
+
4
+== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
5
+
6
+LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
7
+
8
+Key Characteristics:
9
+
10
+Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
15
+
16
+## Key Features and Benefits:
17
+
18
+1. **Long Lifespan**
19
+ - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
20
+ - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
21
+
22
+2. **Safety**
23
+ - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
24
+ - Less prone to thermal runaway.
25
+
26
+3. **Lightweight**
27
+ - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
28
+
29
+4. **High Energy Density**
30
+ - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
31
+
32
+5. **Wide Temperature Range**
33
+ - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
34
+
35
+6. **Fast Charging**
36
+ - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
37
+
38
+7. **Low Self-Discharge**
39
+ - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
40
+
41
+8. **Environmentally Friendly**
42
+ - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
43
+
44
+---
45
+
46
+## Common Applications:
47
+1. **Solar Power Systems**
48
+ - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
49
+
50
+2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
51
+ - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
52
+
53
+3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
54
+ - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
55
+
56
+4. **Backup Power**
57
+ - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
58
+
59
+5. **Portable Electronics**
60
+ - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
61
+
62
+6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
63
+ - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
64
+
65
+---
66
+
67
+## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
68
+
69
+| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
70
+|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
71
+| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
72
+| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
73
+| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
74
+| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
75
+| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
76
+| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
77
+
78
+
79
+
80
+
81
+
82
+## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
83
+
84
+| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
85
+|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
86
+| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
87
+| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
88
+| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
89
+| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
90
+| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
91
+| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
92
+| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
93
+| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
94
+| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
95
+
96
+## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
97
+
98
+Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
99
+
100
+The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
101
+- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
102
+- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
103
+
104
+
105
+## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
106
+
107
+1. Safety is a priority:
108
+LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
109
+
110
+2. Long lifespan needed:
111
+Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
112
+
113
+3. High discharge/charge rates:
114
+Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
115
+
116
+4. Eco-consciousness:
117
+LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
118
+
119
+
120
+
121
+
122
+
123
+## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
124
+
125
+The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
126
+
127
+- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
128
+- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
129
+- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
130
+
131
+- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
132
+
133
+
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
1
+
2
+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
3
+
4
+
5
+Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
6
+
7
+---
8
+
9
+## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
10
+1. **High Energy Density**
11
+ - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
12
+2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
13
+ - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
14
+3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
15
+ - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
16
+4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
17
+ - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
18
+5. **Lower Safety**
19
+ - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
20
+6. **Higher Cost**
21
+ - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
22
+
23
+---
24
+
25
+## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
26
+| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
27
+|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
28
+| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
29
+| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
30
+
31
+- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
32
+- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
33
+
34
+---
35
+
36
+## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
37
+| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
38
+|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
39
+| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
40
+| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
41
+| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
42
+| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
43
+| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
44
+| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
45
+
46
+---
47
+
48
+## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
49
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
50
+ - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
51
+2. **Power Tools**
52
+ - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
53
+3. **Consumer Electronics**
54
+ - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
55
+
56
+---
57
+
58
+## **Future Trends**
59
+- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
60
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
61
+- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-material-dat
3
+
4
+- [[LFP-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
5
+
6
+
7
+- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
... ...
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1
+
2
+# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
+
6
+
7
+- ExtremelySafe
8
+- Light-weighted
9
+- Versatileinnature
10
+- Low self-discharge level
11
+- Thin with huge capacity
12
+
13
+
14
+## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
+
16
+### Overview
17
+Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
+
19
+### Merits
20
+1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
+2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
+3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
+4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
+5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
+
26
+### Demerits
27
+
28
+1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
+2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
+3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
+
32
+
33
+## Compare
34
+
35
+![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
+
37
+
38
+
39
+
40
+## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
+
42
+| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
+| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
+| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
+| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
+| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
+| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
+| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
+| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
+| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
+| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
+| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
+| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
... ...
Binary files /dev/null and b/power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png differ
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
1
+
2
+# li-ion-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
+
7
+## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
+
9
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
+
11
+constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
+
13
+
14
+## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
+
16
+Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
+
18
+- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
+
20
+- [[BMS-dat]]
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+## ref
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
1
+
2
+# 18650
3
+
4
+18mm x 65mm
5
+
6
+![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
7
+
8
+- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9
+
10
+## discharge current
11
+
12
+### 🔧 Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
13
+
14
+| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
15
+|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
16
+| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2A–3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
17
+| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
18
+| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10A–15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
19
+| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600–3000mAh |
20
+| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25A–30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+### 📌 Notes
25
+
26
+- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5–2× the continuous rating.
27
+- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
28
+ - Continuous discharge current
29
+ - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
30
+ - Required cooling
31
+- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
32
+ - Temperature
33
+ - Battery aging
34
+ - Internal resistance
35
+
36
+---
37
+
38
+### ⚠️ Warning
39
+
40
+Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
41
+- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
42
+- Reduce lifespan drastically
43
+- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
44
+
45
+---
46
+
47
+### ✅ Recommended Use
48
+
49
+| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
50
+|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
51
+| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5A–10A) |
52
+| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15A–30A) |
53
+| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
58
+
59
+| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
60
+| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
61
+| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
62
+| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
63
+| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
64
+| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
65
+| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
66
+| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
67
+| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
68
+| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
69
+| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
70
+
71
+
72
+
73
+
74
+## **18650 Battery Types**
75
+
76
+| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
77
+| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
78
+| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
79
+| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
80
+| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
81
+| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
82
+
83
+---
84
+
85
+## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
86
+| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
87
+| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
88
+| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
89
+| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
90
+
91
+Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
92
+
93
+
94
+The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
95
+
96
+## safety concern
97
+
98
+After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
99
+
100
+To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
101
+
102
+However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
103
+
104
+In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
105
+
106
+- [[battery-protection-dat]]
107
+
108
+
109
+## CID safety
110
+
111
+The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
112
+
113
+Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
114
+
115
+
116
+### CID reset trick
117
+
118
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
119
+
120
+
121
+
122
+### 🔒 What is CID Safety for 18650 Batteries?
123
+
124
+#### What is CID?
125
+
126
+- **CID** stands for **Current Interrupt Device**.
127
+- It is a **built-in safety mechanism** inside many 18650 lithium-ion cells.
128
+- Designed to **prevent dangerous overpressure and overheating**.
129
+
130
+---
131
+
132
+#### How Does CID Work?
133
+
134
+- The CID is a **pressure-sensitive switch** inside the cell.
135
+- When internal gas pressure rises above a certain threshold (due to:
136
+ - Overcharging,
137
+ - Short circuit,
138
+ - Thermal runaway),
139
+
140
+ the CID **disconnects the internal current path**.
141
+- This **interrupts current flow**, effectively stopping the battery from further charging or discharging.
142
+- It **helps prevent cell rupture, fire, or explosion**.
143
+
144
+---
145
+
146
+#### Why Is CID Important?
147
+
148
+- Lithium-ion cells generate gas if damaged or overcharged.
149
+- Pressure build-up can cause catastrophic failure.
150
+- CID acts as a **last-resort safety valve** inside the cell.
151
+- It **works alongside external protection circuits and BMS**.
152
+
153
+---
154
+
155
+#### Summary Table
156
+
157
+| Feature | Description |
158
+|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|
159
+| Purpose | Prevent overpressure and overheating |
160
+| Mechanism | Pressure-activated internal switch |
161
+| Activation Threshold | Specific pressure level inside the cell |
162
+| Effect | Interrupts internal circuit to stop current flow |
163
+| Role | Safety backup inside individual 18650 cells |
164
+
165
+---
166
+
167
+#### Important Notes
168
+
169
+- CID **does not reset** after activation; cell is permanently disabled.
170
+- Cells with CID still **require external protection** (BMS).
171
+- Not all lithium cells have CID — mostly found in high-quality 18650s.
172
+
173
+### short test
174
+
175
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
176
+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
177
+
178
+
179
+## 🔋 How to Use 18650 Batteries Safely
180
+
181
+### 1. Choose Quality Batteries
182
+
183
+- Buy from **reputable brands** (Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sony, Molicel)
184
+- Avoid cheap or counterfeit cells
185
+- Check for **safety features** like CID and PCM
186
+
187
+---
188
+
189
+### 2. Use Proper Chargers
190
+
191
+- Use a charger designed for **Li-ion 18650 cells**
192
+- Prefer chargers with **constant current / constant voltage (CC/CV)** charging profile
193
+- Avoid using chargers designed for other chemistries
194
+
195
+---
196
+
197
+### 3. Never Overcharge or Overdischarge
198
+
199
+- Do not charge above **4.2V per cell**
200
+- Do not discharge below **2.5V per cell**
201
+- Use a **Battery Management System (BMS)** for packs
202
+
203
+---
204
+
205
+### 4. Avoid Short Circuits
206
+
207
+- Do not let battery terminals touch metal objects
208
+- Use protective holders or cases
209
+- Handle with care to avoid damaging the cell casing
210
+
211
+---
212
+
213
+### 5. Prevent Physical Damage
214
+
215
+- Avoid dropping, crushing, or puncturing cells
216
+- Do not expose to extreme temperatures (keep between 0°C and 45°C for charging)
217
+
218
+---
219
+
220
+### 6. Store Properly
221
+
222
+- Store batteries in a **cool, dry place**
223
+- Keep batteries at around **40-60% charge** for long-term storage
224
+- Use battery cases to prevent accidental shorts
225
+
226
+---
227
+
228
+### 7. Monitor Battery Health
229
+
230
+- Check for swelling, corrosion, or leaks
231
+- Dispose of damaged or old batteries safely at designated recycling centers
232
+
233
+---
234
+
235
+### 8. Use Appropriate Protection Circuits
236
+
237
+- For battery packs, use a **BMS** to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and short circuit
238
+- Individual protected 18650 cells include an internal **PCM (Protection Circuit Module)**
239
+
240
+---
241
+
242
+### Summary Table
243
+
244
+| Safety Tip | Description |
245
+|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|
246
+| Buy quality cells | Avoid counterfeit or low-grade cells |
247
+| Use correct charger | CC/CV chargers designed for Li-ion |
248
+| Avoid overcharge/discharge | Charge max 4.2V, discharge min 2.5V |
249
+| Prevent short circuits | Use protective cases and careful handling |
250
+| Avoid physical damage | Do not crush, puncture, or overheat |
251
+| Store at partial charge | 40–60% SOC in cool, dry place |
252
+| Use BMS/PCM | Protect against electrical faults |
253
+
254
+
255
+
256
+## how to revive 18650 batteries at 0V
257
+
258
+## ✅ Tools You’ll Need
259
+- Multimeter
260
+- Smart charger (with 0V recovery mode) *or* TP4056 / bench power supply
261
+- Optional: Resistor (10–50Ω) for current limiting
262
+
263
+### 🔧 Method 1: Smart Charger with 0V Recovery
264
+Some chargers (e.g., **LiitoKala Lii-500**, **Nitecore**) can automatically revive 0V cells.
265
+
266
+#### Steps:
267
+1. Insert the battery into the charger.
268
+2. If supported, it will trickle charge until voltage reaches ~3.0V.
269
+3. Then it continues normal charging.
270
+4. Monitor temperature and voltage during charging.
271
+
272
+> ✅ **Low risk**
273
+> ✅ **Recommended method**
274
+> ✅ **High success rate** for mildly over-discharged cells
275
+
276
+---
277
+
278
+### 🔧 Method 2: Manual Trickle Charge (Bench PSU / TP4056)
279
+Only attempt if you are **experienced with electronics**.
280
+
281
+#### Steps:
282
+1. Set PSU to **3.0–3.2V**, current limit to **50–100mA**.
283
+2. Connect positive and negative terminals (double-check polarity!).
284
+3. Charge slowly until voltage rises to **2.5–3.0V**.
285
+4. Disconnect and let the cell rest for 10–15 minutes.
286
+5. If voltage holds, continue charging normally to **4.2V at 500–1000mA**.
287
+6. If voltage drops again → **discard the cell**.
288
+
289
+> ⚠️ **Medium risk**
290
+> ⚠️ **Requires attention and monitoring**
291
+
292
+---
293
+
294
+### ✅ After Revival
295
+Check:
296
+- 🔋 Voltage stability: Does it stay above 3.0V after rest?
297
+- 🌡️ Temperature: Any excessive heat during charging or discharging?
298
+- 🔋 Capacity: Use a charger/tester to measure actual mAh.
299
+
300
+---
301
+
302
+### ❌ Do NOT Attempt Revival If:
303
+- Battery is **swollen**, **leaking**, or **rusty**
304
+- Voltage **does not rise** after 10–20 mins of trickle charge
305
+- Cell gets **hot quickly** during charging
306
+
307
+---
308
+
309
+### ♻️ Safe Disposal
310
+Dispose of dead batteries at **electronics recycling** centers.
311
+Do **not** throw in regular trash.
312
+
313
+---
314
+
315
+### 🔄 Summary Table
316
+
317
+| Method | Risk Level | Tools Needed | Notes |
318
+|------------------------|------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|
319
+| Smart Charger (0V mode)| ✅ Low | Li-ion charger | Safest and easiest method |
320
+| Manual Trickle Charge | ⚠️ Medium | Bench PSU or TP4056 | Monitor voltage & temperature |
321
+| Force-Charge (unsafe) | ❌ High | Not recommended | Risk of fire or explosion |
322
+
323
+
324
+
325
+
326
+
327
+## battery rack
328
+
329
+- [[week-4-8-dat]]
330
+
331
+## ref
332
+
333
+- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
334
+
335
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
1
+
2
+# 26650-dat
3
+
4
+- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
5
+
6
+## motorbike battery
7
+
8
+- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
+- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
+- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
+- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
+
13
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
+
15
+![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+## 1. Overview
21
+- **26650** = Cylindrical cell, **26 mm diameter**, **65 mm length**.
22
+- Commonly Li-ion chemistry (LiCoO₂, LiNiMnCo, LiFePO₄, etc.).
23
+
24
+## 2. Typical Specs (Li-ion NMC type)
25
+| Parameter | Common Value Range |
26
+|------------------------|---------------------------|
27
+| Nominal Voltage | 3.6–3.7 V |
28
+| Capacity | 4,000–5,500 mAh |
29
+| Energy (Wh) | 14.4–20.35 Wh |
30
+
31
+> **Energy formula**:
32
+> `Energy (Wh) = Nominal Voltage × Capacity (Ah)`
33
+
34
+Example:
35
+- 5000 mAh (5.0 Ah) × 3.65 V ≈ **18.25 Wh**
36
+
37
+## 3. LiFePO₄ 26650 Variant
38
+| Parameter | Common Value Range |
39
+|------------------------|---------------------------|
40
+| Nominal Voltage | 3.2–3.3 V |
41
+| Capacity | 3,000–3,500 mAh |
42
+| Energy (Wh) | 9.6–11.55 Wh |
43
+
44
+## 4. Summary
45
+- **NMC/NCA Li-ion 26650**: ~18 Wh typical.
46
+- **LiFePO₄ 26650**: ~10 Wh typical.
47
+- Actual usable energy is slightly less due to discharge cut-off and efficiency losses.
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+## ref
52
+
53
+- [[26650-lithium-battery]] - [[li-battery-size]] - [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/li-battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
1
+
2
+# li-battery-size-dat
3
+
4
+- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
5
+
6
+- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
7
+
8
+
9
+- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
10
+- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
11
+- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
12
+- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
13
+- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
14
+- 32650 / 32700: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
15
+
16
+
17
+## ref
18
+
19
+- [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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1
+
2
+# pouch-battery-dat
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
+## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
+1. **Lightweight Design**
10
+ - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
+2. **High Energy Density**
12
+ - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
+3. **Better Safety**
14
+ - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
+4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
+ - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
+5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
+ - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
+6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
+ - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
+
22
+---
23
+
24
+## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
+| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
+|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
+| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
+| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
+| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
+
31
+---
32
+
33
+## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
+ - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
+2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
+ - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
+3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
+ - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
+4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
+ - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
+
43
+---
44
+
45
+## **Future Trends**
46
+- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
+- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
+
50
+---
51
+
52
+## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
+
54
+
55
+A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
+
57
+1. Good safety performance:
58
+
59
+The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
+
61
+2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
+
63
+in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
+
65
+3. The internal resistance is small:
66
+
67
+We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
+
69
+4. Flexible planning:
70
+
71
+the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
+
73
+![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
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\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
1
+
2
+# lithium-power-battery-dat
3
+
4
+![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
5
+
6
+for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/li-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
... ...
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+
2
+# portable-power-bank-dat
3
+
4
+### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
+
6
+The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
+
8
+1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
+ * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
+
11
+2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
+ * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
+
14
+3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
+ * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
+ * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
+
18
+4. **Calculation Example:**
19
+ * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
+ * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
+ * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
+ * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
+
24
+**Key Considerations:**
25
+
26
+* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
+* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
+* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
+
30
+
31
+## ref
32
+
33
+
34
+- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
+
36
+
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/2025-03-04-17-42-39.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-app-dat/li-battery-app-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-app-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-## calculata density
6
-
7
-If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
8
-
9
-Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000
10
-
11
-Substituting the values:
12
-
13
-Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh
14
-
15
-So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.
16
-
17
-
18
-To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).
19
-
20
-For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh
21
-
22
-For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh
23
-
24
-**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**
25
-
26
-
27
-
28
-## ref
29
-
30
-
31
-- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]
32
-
33
-- [[power-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/LFP-dat/LFP-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# LFP-dat
3
-
4
-== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄
5
-
6
-LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.
7
-
8
-Key Characteristics:
9
-
10
-Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.
15
-
16
-## Key Features and Benefits:
17
-
18
-1. **Long Lifespan**
19
- - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.
20
- - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.
21
-
22
-2. **Safety**
23
- - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.
24
- - Less prone to thermal runaway.
25
-
26
-3. **Lightweight**
27
- - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.
28
-
29
-4. **High Energy Density**
30
- - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.
31
-
32
-5. **Wide Temperature Range**
33
- - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.
34
-
35
-6. **Fast Charging**
36
- - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.
37
-
38
-7. **Low Self-Discharge**
39
- - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.
40
-
41
-8. **Environmentally Friendly**
42
- - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.
43
-
44
----
45
-
46
-## Common Applications:
47
-1. **Solar Power Systems**
48
- - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.
49
-
50
-2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
51
- - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.
52
-
53
-3. **Marine and RV Batteries**
54
- - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.
55
-
56
-4. **Backup Power**
57
- - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.
58
-
59
-5. **Portable Electronics**
60
- - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.
61
-
62
-6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**
63
- - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.
64
-
65
----
66
-
67
-## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:
68
-
69
-| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
70
-|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
71
-| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |
72
-| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |
73
-| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |
74
-| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |
75
-| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |
76
-| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |
77
-
78
-
79
-
80
-
81
-
82
-## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries
83
-
84
-| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |
85
-|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
86
-| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |
87
-| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |
88
-| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |
89
-| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |
90
-| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |
91
-| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |
92
-| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |
93
-| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |
94
-| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |
95
-
96
-## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?
97
-
98
-Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.
99
-
100
-The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):
101
-- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)
102
-- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)
103
-
104
-
105
-## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?
106
-
107
-1. Safety is a priority:
108
-LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.
109
-
110
-2. Long lifespan needed:
111
-Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).
112
-
113
-3. High discharge/charge rates:
114
-Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.
115
-
116
-4. Eco-consciousness:
117
-LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.
118
-
119
-
120
-
121
-
122
-
123
-## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
124
-
125
-The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:
126
-
127
-- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.
128
-- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
129
-- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.
130
-
131
-- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab
132
-
133
-
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat.md
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat.md
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)
3
-
4
-
5
-Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.
6
-
7
----
8
-
9
-## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
10
-1. **High Energy Density**
11
- - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.
12
-2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**
13
- - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.
14
-3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**
15
- - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.
16
-4. **Shorter Cycle Life**
17
- - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.
18
-5. **Lower Safety**
19
- - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.
20
-6. **Higher Cost**
21
- - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.
22
-
23
----
24
-
25
-## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**
26
-| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |
27
-|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|
28
-| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |
29
-| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |
30
-
31
-- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.
32
-- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.
33
-
34
----
35
-
36
-## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**
37
-| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |
38
-|----------|----------------------|----------------------|
39
-| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |
40
-| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |
41
-| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |
42
-| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |
43
-| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |
44
-| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |
45
-
46
----
47
-
48
-## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**
49
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
50
- - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.
51
-2. **Power Tools**
52
- - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.
53
-3. **Consumer Electronics**
54
- - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.
55
-
56
----
57
-
58
-## **Future Trends**
59
-- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)
60
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)
61
-- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-dat/li-battery-material-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-material-dat
3
-
4
-- [[LFP-dat]] - [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]
5
-
6
-
7
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-13-40.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat/Li-Po-battery-dat.md
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1
-
2
-# Li-Po-battery-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-03-07-14-13-40.png)
5
-
6
-
7
-- ExtremelySafe
8
-- Light-weighted
9
-- Versatileinnature
10
-- Low self-discharge level
11
-- Thin with huge capacity
12
-
13
-
14
-## Lithium Polymer Batteries
15
-
16
-### Overview
17
-Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.
18
-
19
-### Merits
20
-1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.
21
-2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.
22
-3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.
23
-4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.
24
-5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.
25
-
26
-### Demerits
27
-
28
-1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.
29
-2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.
30
-3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.
31
-
32
-
33
-## Compare
34
-
35
-![](2025-03-07-14-20-01.png)
36
-
37
-
38
-
39
-
40
-## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery
41
-
42
-| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |
43
-|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
44
-| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |
45
-| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |
46
-| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |
47
-| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |
48
-| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |
49
-| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |
50
-| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |
51
-| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |
52
-| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |
53
-| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |
54
-| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/2025-03-07-14-11-10.png
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-material-status-dat/li-ion-battery-dat/li-ion-battery-dat.md
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@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-ion-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-![](2025-03-07-14-11-10.png)
6
-
7
-## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery
8
-
9
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24
10
-
11
-constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply
12
-
13
-
14
-## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)
15
-
16
-Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.
17
-
18
-- [[battery-charger-dat]]
19
-
20
-- [[BMS-dat]]
21
-
22
-
23
-
24
-## ref
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/18650-dat/18650-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,335 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 18650
3
-
4
-18mm x 65mm
5
-
6
-![](2024-03-29-15-59-09.png)
7
-
8
-- [[18650-battery-holder-dat]]
9
-
10
-## discharge current
11
-
12
-### 🔧 Typical Discharge Ratings by Category
13
-
14
-| **Category** | **Examples** | **Max Continuous Discharge** | **Notes** |
15
-|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
16
-| **Standard Energy Cells** | Panasonic NCR18650B | 2A–3A | High capacity (up to 3400mAh), low drain |
17
-| | LG MJ1, Samsung 35E | 5A | Up to ~3500mAh |
18
-| **Balanced Cells** | Samsung 30Q, LG HG2 | 10A–15A | Good mix of capacity (3000mAh) and power |
19
-| **High-Drain Cells** | Sony VTC6, Molicel P26A | 20A | Often 2600–3000mAh |
20
-| **Extreme High-Drain** | Sony VTC5A, Molicel P28A | 25A–30A | Used in power tools, e-skates, vaping |
21
-
22
----
23
-
24
-### 📌 Notes
25
-
26
-- **Pulse current** (short bursts) may be 1.5–2× the continuous rating.
27
-- Always check **manufacturer datasheet** for:
28
- - Continuous discharge current
29
- - Pulse current (duration & cooldown)
30
- - Required cooling
31
-- Actual safe discharge also depends on:
32
- - Temperature
33
- - Battery aging
34
- - Internal resistance
35
-
36
----
37
-
38
-### ⚠️ Warning
39
-
40
-Using a cell above its rated discharge current may:
41
-- Cause overheating or thermal runaway
42
-- Reduce lifespan drastically
43
-- Trigger BMS protection or cause fire risk
44
-
45
----
46
-
47
-### ✅ Recommended Use
48
-
49
-| **Application** | **Recommended Cell Type** |
50
-|-----------------------|---------------------------------|
51
-| Flashlights, DIY packs | Standard or balanced (5A–10A) |
52
-| E-bikes, e-scooters | High-drain (15A–30A) |
53
-| Power tools, drones | High to extreme high-drain |
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
-## 14500 vs 18650 vs 21700 batteries
58
-
59
-| Feature | AA Size Lithium (14500) | 18650 Lithium-Ion | 21700 Lithium-Ion |
60
-| ---------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- |
61
-| **Typical Size (mm)** | 14 x 50 | 18 x 65 | 21 x 70 |
62
-| **Nominal Voltage** | 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V | 3.6V – 3.7V |
63
-| **Capacity Range** | 500 – 800 mAh | 1800 – 3500 mAh | 4000 – 5000+ mAh |
64
-| **Max Continuous Discharge** | 1 – 3A | 5 – 20A | 10 – 35A |
65
-| **Common C-Rate** | 1C – 3C | 1C – 10C | 1C – 10C+ |
66
-| **Rechargeable** | Yes | Yes | Yes |
67
-| **Common Use Cases** | Small flashlights, sensors | Laptops, power tools, vapes | EVs, e-bikes, power tools |
68
-| **Weight (approx.)** | ~20g | ~45g | ~70g |
69
-| **Energy Density** | Low – Medium | Medium | High |
70
-
71
-
72
-
73
-
74
-## **18650 Battery Types**
75
-
76
-| **Type** | **Main Composition** | **Features** | **Applications** |
77
-| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- |
78
-| **NCM/NCA** | Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese / Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum | High energy density, medium safety | EVs (Tesla Model S/X), laptop batteries |
79
-| **LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | Lithium Iron Phosphate | Long lifespan, high safety, lower energy density | Energy storage, power tools, e-bikes |
80
-| **LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide)** | Lithium Cobalt Oxide | High energy density, shorter lifespan | Laptops, battery packs |
81
-| **IMR (Lithium Manganese Oxide)** | Lithium Manganese Oxide | High discharge rate, heat resistance | High-power flashlights, vaping devices |
82
-
83
----
84
-
85
-## **18650 vs. 21700 Batteries**
86
-| **Model** | **Size** | **Energy Density** | **Common Uses** |
87
-| --------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- |
88
-| **18650** | 18 × 65 mm | 2000 – 3500mAh | Laptops, EVs, tools |
89
-| **21700** | 21 × 70 mm | 4000 – 5000mAh | Tesla batteries, energy storage |
90
-
91
-Tesla originally used **18650 batteries** in **Model S/X** but later switched to **21700** for **Model 3/Y** and is now moving towards **4680** cells for higher efficiency.
92
-
93
-
94
-The 18650 battery should fall under the Lithium-ion Battery category, as it is a specific form factor of the lithium-ion battery, commonly used in applications such as laptops, power tools, flashlights, and electric vehicles.
95
-
96
-## safety concern
97
-
98
-After 30 years of development, the preparation process of 18650 battery has been very mature. In addition to the great improvement in performance, its safety is also perfect.
99
-
100
-To prevent the metal casing from exploding, the battery is now fitted with a safety valve at the top. The safety valve is now a standard part of every 18650 Li-ion battery and is the most important barrier. When the pressure inside the cell becomes too high, the top safety valve opens to vent and depressurize, preventing an explosion.
101
-
102
-However, when the safety valve is open, chemicals leaking from inside the battery can react with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and still cause a fire.
103
-
104
-In addition, most 18650 batteries now also come with their own protection panel with overcharge and overdischarge and short circuit protection, which has high safety performance.
105
-
106
-- [[battery-protection-dat]]
107
-
108
-
109
-## CID safety
110
-
111
-The CID (Current Interrupt Device) in an 18650 battery is a safety feature designed to prevent overheating and potential hazards. If the internal pressure of the battery gets too high (usually due to overcharging or overheating), the CID disconnects the circuit, stopping the current flow to prevent a dangerous situation, such as thermal runaway or explosion.
112
-
113
-Each manufacturer might have slightly different specifications, but the CID is a common safety component in lithium-ion batteries, especially in high-capacity cells like the 18650.
114
-
115
-
116
-### CID reset trick
117
-
118
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhUtKvCV6fs&ab_channel=WalamusPrime
119
-
120
-
121
-
122
-### 🔒 What is CID Safety for 18650 Batteries?
123
-
124
-#### What is CID?
125
-
126
-- **CID** stands for **Current Interrupt Device**.
127
-- It is a **built-in safety mechanism** inside many 18650 lithium-ion cells.
128
-- Designed to **prevent dangerous overpressure and overheating**.
129
-
130
----
131
-
132
-#### How Does CID Work?
133
-
134
-- The CID is a **pressure-sensitive switch** inside the cell.
135
-- When internal gas pressure rises above a certain threshold (due to:
136
- - Overcharging,
137
- - Short circuit,
138
- - Thermal runaway),
139
-
140
- the CID **disconnects the internal current path**.
141
-- This **interrupts current flow**, effectively stopping the battery from further charging or discharging.
142
-- It **helps prevent cell rupture, fire, or explosion**.
143
-
144
----
145
-
146
-#### Why Is CID Important?
147
-
148
-- Lithium-ion cells generate gas if damaged or overcharged.
149
-- Pressure build-up can cause catastrophic failure.
150
-- CID acts as a **last-resort safety valve** inside the cell.
151
-- It **works alongside external protection circuits and BMS**.
152
-
153
----
154
-
155
-#### Summary Table
156
-
157
-| Feature | Description |
158
-|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|
159
-| Purpose | Prevent overpressure and overheating |
160
-| Mechanism | Pressure-activated internal switch |
161
-| Activation Threshold | Specific pressure level inside the cell |
162
-| Effect | Interrupts internal circuit to stop current flow |
163
-| Role | Safety backup inside individual 18650 cells |
164
-
165
----
166
-
167
-#### Important Notes
168
-
169
-- CID **does not reset** after activation; cell is permanently disabled.
170
-- Cells with CID still **require external protection** (BMS).
171
-- Not all lithium cells have CID — mostly found in high-quality 18650s.
172
-
173
-### short test
174
-
175
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQzfrO6WBA&ab_channel=EngineerX
176
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUMiSk1D4Xg&ab_channel=DIYTech%26Repairs
177
-
178
-
179
-## 🔋 How to Use 18650 Batteries Safely
180
-
181
-### 1. Choose Quality Batteries
182
-
183
-- Buy from **reputable brands** (Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sony, Molicel)
184
-- Avoid cheap or counterfeit cells
185
-- Check for **safety features** like CID and PCM
186
-
187
----
188
-
189
-### 2. Use Proper Chargers
190
-
191
-- Use a charger designed for **Li-ion 18650 cells**
192
-- Prefer chargers with **constant current / constant voltage (CC/CV)** charging profile
193
-- Avoid using chargers designed for other chemistries
194
-
195
----
196
-
197
-### 3. Never Overcharge or Overdischarge
198
-
199
-- Do not charge above **4.2V per cell**
200
-- Do not discharge below **2.5V per cell**
201
-- Use a **Battery Management System (BMS)** for packs
202
-
203
----
204
-
205
-### 4. Avoid Short Circuits
206
-
207
-- Do not let battery terminals touch metal objects
208
-- Use protective holders or cases
209
-- Handle with care to avoid damaging the cell casing
210
-
211
----
212
-
213
-### 5. Prevent Physical Damage
214
-
215
-- Avoid dropping, crushing, or puncturing cells
216
-- Do not expose to extreme temperatures (keep between 0°C and 45°C for charging)
217
-
218
----
219
-
220
-### 6. Store Properly
221
-
222
-- Store batteries in a **cool, dry place**
223
-- Keep batteries at around **40-60% charge** for long-term storage
224
-- Use battery cases to prevent accidental shorts
225
-
226
----
227
-
228
-### 7. Monitor Battery Health
229
-
230
-- Check for swelling, corrosion, or leaks
231
-- Dispose of damaged or old batteries safely at designated recycling centers
232
-
233
----
234
-
235
-### 8. Use Appropriate Protection Circuits
236
-
237
-- For battery packs, use a **BMS** to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, and short circuit
238
-- Individual protected 18650 cells include an internal **PCM (Protection Circuit Module)**
239
-
240
----
241
-
242
-### Summary Table
243
-
244
-| Safety Tip | Description |
245
-|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|
246
-| Buy quality cells | Avoid counterfeit or low-grade cells |
247
-| Use correct charger | CC/CV chargers designed for Li-ion |
248
-| Avoid overcharge/discharge | Charge max 4.2V, discharge min 2.5V |
249
-| Prevent short circuits | Use protective cases and careful handling |
250
-| Avoid physical damage | Do not crush, puncture, or overheat |
251
-| Store at partial charge | 40–60% SOC in cool, dry place |
252
-| Use BMS/PCM | Protect against electrical faults |
253
-
254
-
255
-
256
-## how to revive 18650 batteries at 0V
257
-
258
-## ✅ Tools You’ll Need
259
-- Multimeter
260
-- Smart charger (with 0V recovery mode) *or* TP4056 / bench power supply
261
-- Optional: Resistor (10–50Ω) for current limiting
262
-
263
-### 🔧 Method 1: Smart Charger with 0V Recovery
264
-Some chargers (e.g., **LiitoKala Lii-500**, **Nitecore**) can automatically revive 0V cells.
265
-
266
-#### Steps:
267
-1. Insert the battery into the charger.
268
-2. If supported, it will trickle charge until voltage reaches ~3.0V.
269
-3. Then it continues normal charging.
270
-4. Monitor temperature and voltage during charging.
271
-
272
-> ✅ **Low risk**
273
-> ✅ **Recommended method**
274
-> ✅ **High success rate** for mildly over-discharged cells
275
-
276
----
277
-
278
-### 🔧 Method 2: Manual Trickle Charge (Bench PSU / TP4056)
279
-Only attempt if you are **experienced with electronics**.
280
-
281
-#### Steps:
282
-1. Set PSU to **3.0–3.2V**, current limit to **50–100mA**.
283
-2. Connect positive and negative terminals (double-check polarity!).
284
-3. Charge slowly until voltage rises to **2.5–3.0V**.
285
-4. Disconnect and let the cell rest for 10–15 minutes.
286
-5. If voltage holds, continue charging normally to **4.2V at 500–1000mA**.
287
-6. If voltage drops again → **discard the cell**.
288
-
289
-> ⚠️ **Medium risk**
290
-> ⚠️ **Requires attention and monitoring**
291
-
292
----
293
-
294
-### ✅ After Revival
295
-Check:
296
-- 🔋 Voltage stability: Does it stay above 3.0V after rest?
297
-- 🌡️ Temperature: Any excessive heat during charging or discharging?
298
-- 🔋 Capacity: Use a charger/tester to measure actual mAh.
299
-
300
----
301
-
302
-### ❌ Do NOT Attempt Revival If:
303
-- Battery is **swollen**, **leaking**, or **rusty**
304
-- Voltage **does not rise** after 10–20 mins of trickle charge
305
-- Cell gets **hot quickly** during charging
306
-
307
----
308
-
309
-### ♻️ Safe Disposal
310
-Dispose of dead batteries at **electronics recycling** centers.
311
-Do **not** throw in regular trash.
312
-
313
----
314
-
315
-### 🔄 Summary Table
316
-
317
-| Method | Risk Level | Tools Needed | Notes |
318
-|------------------------|------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|
319
-| Smart Charger (0V mode)| ✅ Low | Li-ion charger | Safest and easiest method |
320
-| Manual Trickle Charge | ⚠️ Medium | Bench PSU or TP4056 | Monitor voltage & temperature |
321
-| Force-Charge (unsafe) | ❌ High | Not recommended | Risk of fire or explosion |
322
-
323
-
324
-
325
-
326
-
327
-## battery rack
328
-
329
-- [[week-4-8-dat]]
330
-
331
-## ref
332
-
333
-- [[lithium-battery-dat]]
334
-
335
-
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@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# 26650-dat
3
-
4
-- [[battery-capacity-dat]]
5
-
6
-## motorbike battery
7
-
8
-- 12-14 milliohm internal resistance
9
-- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]]
10
-- internal 4x2 = 14.5 V
11
-- 10C / Instant discharge 20C
12
-
13
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-15.png)
14
-
15
-![](2025-05-08-01-12-27.png)
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
-
20
-## 1. Overview
21
-- **26650** = Cylindrical cell, **26 mm diameter**, **65 mm length**.
22
-- Commonly Li-ion chemistry (LiCoO₂, LiNiMnCo, LiFePO₄, etc.).
23
-
24
-## 2. Typical Specs (Li-ion NMC type)
25
-| Parameter | Common Value Range |
26
-|------------------------|---------------------------|
27
-| Nominal Voltage | 3.6–3.7 V |
28
-| Capacity | 4,000–5,500 mAh |
29
-| Energy (Wh) | 14.4–20.35 Wh |
30
-
31
-> **Energy formula**:
32
-> `Energy (Wh) = Nominal Voltage × Capacity (Ah)`
33
-
34
-Example:
35
-- 5000 mAh (5.0 Ah) × 3.65 V ≈ **18.25 Wh**
36
-
37
-## 3. LiFePO₄ 26650 Variant
38
-| Parameter | Common Value Range |
39
-|------------------------|---------------------------|
40
-| Nominal Voltage | 3.2–3.3 V |
41
-| Capacity | 3,000–3,500 mAh |
42
-| Energy (Wh) | 9.6–11.55 Wh |
43
-
44
-## 4. Summary
45
-- **NMC/NCA Li-ion 26650**: ~18 Wh typical.
46
-- **LiFePO₄ 26650**: ~10 Wh typical.
47
-- Actual usable energy is slightly less due to discharge cut-off and efficiency losses.
48
-
49
-
50
-
51
-## ref
52
-
53
-- [[26650-lithium-battery]] - [[li-battery-size]] - [[lithium-battery]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/li-battery-size-dat/li-battery-size-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# li-battery-size-dat
3
-
4
-- [[18650-dat]] - [[21700-dat]] - [[26650-dat]] - [[32650-dat]] - [[32700-dat]] - [[A123-battery-dat]] - [[LFP-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-18650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-26650-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32700-battery-dat]] - [[LTO-32650-battery-dat]]
5
-
6
-- [[pouch-battery-dat]]
7
-
8
-
9
-- 21700: 21mm diameter, 70mm length. Increasingly popular, offering higher capacity than 18650.
10
-- 26650: 26mm diameter, 65mm length. Larger capacity and often higher discharge current capability than 18650.
11
-- 14500: 14mm diameter, 50mm length. Same physical size as a standard AA battery.
12
-- 16340: 16mm diameter, 34mm length. Same physical size as a CR123A battery.
13
-- 10440: 10mm diameter, 44mm length. Same physical size as a standard AAA battery.
14
-- 32650 / 32700: 32mm diameter, 65mm or 70mm length. Often used for LiFePO4 chemistry, providing high power and capacity.
15
-
16
-
17
-## ref
18
-
19
-- [[18650]]
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
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1
-
2
-# pouch-battery-dat
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-## **Characteristics of Pouch Batteries**
9
-1. **Lightweight Design**
10
- - Uses **aluminum-plastic film**, making it lighter than metal-cased batteries.
11
-2. **High Energy Density**
12
- - Pouch batteries have **10%-15% higher volumetric energy density** than prismatic and cylindrical batteries, ideal for long-range applications.
13
-3. **Better Safety**
14
- - In case of damage, pouch batteries **swell and vent gas instead of exploding**, making them safer than cylindrical cells.
15
-4. **Flexible Shape and Size**
16
- - Can be **customized to fit different device designs**, making them ideal for **compact electronic devices and high-end EVs**.
17
-5. **Lower Mechanical Strength**
18
- - The **soft casing is more prone to damage** and requires additional structural protection.
19
-6. **Higher Production Cost**
20
- - Manufacturing is **more complex and expensive** than cylindrical or prismatic cells.
21
-
22
----
23
-
24
-## **Pouch vs. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Batteries**
25
-| **Type** | **Casing Material** | **Energy Density** | **Safety** | **Weight** | **Applications** |
26
-|---------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------|----------------|
27
-| **Pouch Battery** | Aluminum-plastic film | **Highest** | High (Swells instead of exploding) | **Lightest** | **High-end EVs, smartphones, laptops, drones** |
28
-| **Cylindrical Battery (18650/21700)** | Stainless steel shell | Medium | Medium (Has safety valves) | Heavy | **EVs (Tesla), laptops, power tools** |
29
-| **Prismatic Battery** | Aluminum or steel case | High | Medium (Rigid structure) | Medium | **EVs, energy storage systems** |
30
-
31
----
32
-
33
-## **Applications of Pouch Batteries**
34
-1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
35
- - Used by **BYD, NIO, Hyundai, BMW**, and other manufacturers.
36
-2. **Consumer Electronics**
37
- - Common in **smartphones, laptops, tablets**, and other portable devices.
38
-3. **Energy Storage Systems**
39
- - Some **home and commercial energy storage systems** use pouch batteries for higher energy density.
40
-4. **Drones & E-Mobility**
41
- - Due to their **lightweight design**, pouch batteries are preferred for **drones, e-skateboards, and lightweight EVs**.
42
-
43
----
44
-
45
-## **Future Trends**
46
-- **High-Nickel Chemistry** (Improving energy density, reducing cobalt usage)
47
-- **Solid-State Batteries** (Enhancing safety and increasing energy capacity)
48
-- **Recycling & Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact and improving recyclability)
49
-
50
----
51
-
52
-## Soft-pack (pouch) battery
53
-
54
-
55
-A Soft-pack Pouch Lithium Battery (or Pouch-type Lithium Battery) refers to a specific form factor of Lithium-ion or Lithium-Polymer (Li-Poly) batteries that is encased in a flexible, soft pouch made of materials like aluminum foil. This type of battery is typically lighter and more compact compared to cylindrical cells (like 18650) or prismatic cells, and it offers certain advantages in terms of flexibility, form factor, and space efficiency.
56
-
57
-1. Good safety performance:
58
-
59
-The soft packing battery does not cause an explosion accident as like the steel shell battery or aluminum shell battery. Generally, in the case of a safety hazard, the outer casing will only bulge at most.
60
-
61
-2. Small size, light weight, high energy:
62
-
63
-in terms of weight, the soft pack battery is 40% lighter than the equivalent capacity of the steel casing lithium battery, and 20% lighter than the aluminum casing battery. In terms of capacity, the soft-pack lithium battery is 10-15% higher than the steel casing battery of the same specification scale, and 5-10% higher than the aluminum casing battery.
64
-
65
-3. The internal resistance is small:
66
-
67
-We all know that the lithium battery itself will have an inevitable self-discharge reaction, and the greater the internal resistance, the more intense the self-discharge. Relatively speaking, the internal resistance of the soft-pack lithium battery is small, which greatly reduces the self-consumption of the battery.
68
-
69
-4. Flexible planning:
70
-
71
-the shape of the soft pack battery can be determined by specific business needs, customized planning according to the detailed dimensions of the battery box, perhaps through a variety of battery arrangements to achieve full use of the internal space of the battery box, to meet Differentiated needs.
72
-
73
-![](2025-02-21-15-06-43.png)
... ...
\ No newline at end of file
power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/lithium-battery-dat.md
... ...
@@ -1,246 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# lithium-battery-dat
3
-
4
-## info
5
-
6
-- [[BMS-dat]] - [[battery-charger-dat]]
7
-
8
-- [[active-battery-balancing-board-dat]] - [[battery-soldering-dat]]
9
-
10
-- high current wires == [[AWG-wires-dat]]
11
-
12
-## Classification Summary
13
-
14
-By Electrode Materials - [[LFP-dat]] - [[Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]
15
-
16
-By Electrode Materials Status - [[li-ion-battery-dat]] - [[lipo-battery-dat]]
17
-
18
-By size - [[18650-dat]] - [[26650-dat]]
19
-
20
-
21
-### By Apps
22
-
23
-Robot tank battery
24
-
25
-![](2025-03-28-15-59-52.png)
26
-
27
-![](2025-03-28-16-00-03.png)
28
-
29
-## Classification
30
-
31
-
32
-### **1. Classification by Electrode Materials**
33
-
34
-#### **(1) Positive Electrode Materials**
35
-
36
-- **Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂)**
37
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density, suitable for portable devices, but expensive and less thermally stable with shorter cycle life.
38
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, laptops, cameras, etc.
39
-
40
-- **Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA)**
41
- - **Characteristics**: High energy density and long cycle life, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs).
42
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
43
-
44
-- **Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)**
45
- - **Characteristics**: Balanced performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. The performance can vary depending on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
46
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, battery packs, etc.
47
-
48
-- **Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄)**
49
- - **Characteristics**: High safety, good thermal stability, low cost, but lower energy density.
50
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, low-power devices.
51
-
52
-- **Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄)**
53
- - **Characteristics**: Safe and stable, but slightly lower energy density and capacity compared to lithium cobalt oxide.
54
- - **Applications**: Power tools, e-bikes, battery packs.
55
-
56
-#### **(2) Negative Electrode Materials**
57
-
58
-- **Graphite**
59
- - **Characteristics**: Most common negative electrode material, low cost, good conductivity, and cycle performance.
60
- - **Applications**: Most Li-ion batteries, including smartphones and laptops.
61
-
62
-- **Silicon-based Materials**
63
- - **Characteristics**: Silicon has a high theoretical capacity but suffers from expansion and contraction issues, usually used in composite materials with graphite.
64
- - **Applications**: High-capacity batteries, electric vehicles, smartphones.
65
-
66
-- **Silicon-Carbon Composite**
67
- - **Characteristics**: Combines the high energy density of silicon with the stability of carbon, offering better performance than traditional graphite.
68
- - **Applications**: High-performance batteries, especially in electric vehicles and storage systems.
69
-
70
-- **Lithium Titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)**
71
- - **Characteristics**: Better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density, stable discharge voltage.
72
- - **Applications**: High-power, long-lifetime applications.
73
-
74
----
75
-
76
-
77
-
78
-### **Classification of Lithium-ion Batteries by Size**
79
-
80
-Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into different sizes depending on their **form factor**, **capacity**, and **voltage**. The most common types of lithium-ion batteries based on size include cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch batteries. Below is a detailed classification based on size:
81
-
82
----
83
-
84
-#### **1. Cylindrical Lithium-ion Batteries**
85
-
86
-Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are among the most common and widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. These batteries come in standardized sizes, providing easy options for manufacturers to integrate them into their products.
87
-
88
-##### **Common Sizes:**
89
-
90
-- **18650**
91
- - **Dimensions**: 18mm diameter, 65mm length
92
- - **Capacity**: Typically 2,000mAh - 3,500mAh
93
- - **Applications**: Laptops, power banks, electric vehicles, flashlights, etc.
94
-
95
-- **21700**
96
- - **Dimensions**: 21mm diameter, 70mm length
97
- - **Capacity**: Typically 3,000mAh - 5,000mAh
98
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, power tools, energy storage systems.
99
-
100
-- **26650**
101
- - **Dimensions**: 26mm diameter, 65mm length
102
- - **Capacity**: Typically 4,000mAh - 5,500mAh
103
- - **Applications**: Power tools, high-capacity power banks, solar energy storage.
104
-
105
----
106
-
107
-#### **2. Prismatic Lithium-ion Batteries**
108
-
109
-Prismatic lithium-ion batteries have a rectangular shape and are commonly used in applications where space utilization is critical. They are often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as they can be more efficient in terms of volume compared to cylindrical batteries.
110
-
111
-##### **Common Sizes:**
112
-
113
-- **Small Prismatic Batteries**
114
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes, ranging from 50mm x 70mm to 100mm x 150mm
115
- - **Capacity**: Typically 1,000mAh - 5,000mAh
116
- - **Applications**: Consumer electronics, portable devices, and small power tools.
117
-
118
-- **Medium/High-Capacity Prismatic Batteries**
119
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for electric vehicles or energy storage systems
120
- - **Capacity**: Typically 10,000mAh - 50,000mAh
121
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, industrial applications, solar energy storage.
122
-
123
----
124
-
125
-#### **3. Pouch Lithium-ion Batteries**
126
-
127
-Pouch lithium-ion batteries are flexible and can be designed into various shapes and sizes, making them ideal for applications where space and weight are important factors, such as in portable devices and wearable technologies.
128
-
129
-##### **Common Sizes:**
130
-
131
-- **Small Pouch Batteries**
132
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for portable electronics, typically under 50mm x 100mm
133
- - **Capacity**: Typically 500mAh - 3,000mAh
134
- - **Applications**: Smartphones, tablets, drones, wearable devices.
135
-
136
-- **Large Pouch Batteries**
137
- - **Dimensions**: Custom sizes for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and larger applications
138
- - **Capacity**: Typically 5,000mAh - 30,000mAh
139
- - **Applications**: Electric vehicles, energy storage systems, large power banks.
140
-
141
----
142
-
143
-#### **4. Coin Cell Lithium-ion Batteries**
144
-
145
-Coin cell batteries are small, disc-shaped batteries typically used in low-power applications where size and weight are critical, such as in hearing aids, remote controls, and watches.
146
-
147
-##### **Common Sizes:**
148
-
149
-- **CR2032**
150
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 3.2mm thickness
151
- - **Capacity**: Typically 200mAh - 300mAh
152
- - **Applications**: Watches, medical devices, remote controls.
153
-
154
-- **CR2025**
155
- - **Dimensions**: 20mm diameter, 2.5mm thickness
156
- - **Capacity**: Typically 150mAh - 200mAh
157
- - **Applications**: Key fobs, fitness devices, and other small electronics.
158
-
159
----
160
-
161
-### **Summary**
162
-
163
-Lithium-ion batteries are classified based on their **size**, which influences their capacity, applications, and design flexibility. The most common categories based on size include **cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and coin cell**. Below is a summary of the typical sizes:
164
-
165
-| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |
166
-|---------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
167
-| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |
168
-| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |
169
-| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |
170
-| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |
171
-
172
-This classification helps manufacturers and consumers select the appropriate battery type based on the size, capacity, and specific requirements of the application.
173
-
174
-
175
-
176
-## li-battery tech
177
-
178
-### Low Battery Voltage (Below Safe Threshold)
179
-
180
-Protection boards are designed to protect lithium batteries from over-discharge, overcharge, and short circuits. Many lithium battery protection circuits cut off the battery's output if the voltage drops below a certain threshold, often around 2.5V to 2.8V.
181
-
182
-If the battery is at **2.6V**, it's very close to this cutoff threshold, and the protection circuit may be designed to prevent any further discharge to avoid damaging the battery, which could explain the drop to 0V.
183
-
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-
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-
186
-
187
-### Lithium battery Check
188
-
189
-- battery voltage B+/B- = OK, output == 0V, BMS problem
190
-
191
-
192
-
193
-
194
-## 📋 Common Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Types
195
-
196
-| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |
197
-|----------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
198
-| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |
199
-| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |
200
-| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |
201
-| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |
202
-| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools|
203
-| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |
204
-| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |
205
-
206
-
207
-🧠 Which to Choose?
208
-18650: Most versatile and widely used.
209
-
210
-21700: Replacing 18650 in high-drain applications (e.g., Tesla).
211
-
212
-26650: Best for high-capacity flashlights and tools where size is less of a concern.
213
-
214
-Smaller types (e.g., 14500): Used in compact or AA-sized electronics.
215
-
216
-
217
-
218
-
219
-## 🔌 Notes on Battery Chemistry
220
-
221
-Most of these are Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):
222
-
223
-Li-ion: Higher energy density, common in consumer electronics.
224
-
225
-LiFePO₄: Lower energy density, but longer cycle life and more stable — often used in solar and industrial applications.
226
-
227
-## 🔒 Protected vs Unprotected
228
-
229
-Protected cells: Include a small circuit to prevent overcharge, overdischarge, and short-circuit.
230
-
231
-Unprotected cells: Require careful handling but are often used in custom battery packs or devices with built-in protection.
232
-
233
-
234
-
235
-
236
-
237
-## large battery
238
-
239
-48V
240
-200AH
241
-
242
-![](2025-03-04-17-42-39.png)
243
-
244
-## ref
245
-
246
-- [[lithium-battery]]
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1
-
2
-# lithium-power-battery-dat
3
-
4
-![](2025-04-03-18-42-45.png)
5
-
6
-for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc
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power-dat/battery-rechargerable-dat/lithium-battery-dat/portable-power-bank-dat/portable-power-bank-dat.md
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@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
1
-
2
-# portable-power-bank-dat
3
-
4
-### How Power Bank Capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is Calculated
5
-
6
-The capacity advertised on a power bank, such as 20000 mAh, typically represents the **total combined capacity of its internal battery cells**. Here's the breakdown:
7
-
8
-1. **Internal Battery Cells:**
9
- * Power banks contain one or more individual battery cells, usually Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-polymer (Li-Po).
10
-
11
-2. **Individual Cell Capacity:**
12
- * Each internal cell has its own capacity rating, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh). Examples include 2500mAh, 3350mAh, 5000mAh per cell.
13
-
14
-3. **Parallel Connection:**
15
- * To achieve a higher total capacity, these individual cells are connected **in parallel** inside the power bank.
16
- * In a parallel circuit, the total capacity is the sum of the individual capacities.
17
-
18
-4. **Calculation Example:**
19
- * A 20000 mAh power bank might be constructed using:
20
- * 4 cells × 5000 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
21
- * 6 cells × ~3350 mAh/cell ≈ `20100 mAh` (often rounded down or marketed as 20000 mAh)
22
- * 8 cells × 2500 mAh/cell = `20000 mAh`
23
-
24
-**Key Considerations:**
25
-
26
-* **Cell Voltage:** This advertised capacity (e.g., 20000 mAh) is based on the **nominal voltage of the internal cells** (typically 3.6V or 3.7V).
27
-* **Output Voltage & Efficiency:** When charging a device, the power bank converts the internal cell voltage to the required output voltage (e.g., 5V, 9V, 12V via USB). This conversion process isn't 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat.
28
-* **Rated Capacity:** Because of the voltage conversion and efficiency losses, the actual amount of charge delivered *to your device* at the output voltage will be lower than the internal cell capacity. This usable output is often listed separately as the **Rated Capacity** (e.g., "Rated Capacity: 12500mAh at 5V").
29
-
30
-
31
-## ref
32
-
33
-
34
-- [[injoinic-dat]] - [[IP5306-dat]] - [[IP5316-dat]]
35
-
36
-
service-dat/fab-dat/fab-Stencil-DAT/2025-08-19-17-53-38.png
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service-dat/fab-dat/fab-Stencil-DAT/fab-stencil-dat.md
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24 24
- thickness 0.1 mm
25 25
- "cutting" precision 0.005 mm
26 26
- or 0.01 mm
27
-- "machine" bias 0.05 mm
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0
+- "machine" bias 0.05 mm
1
+
2
+
3
+## stencil printer
4
+
5
+![](2025-08-19-17-53-38.png)
6
+
7
+
8
+## ref
9
+
10
+- [[stencil]] - [[stencil-print]]
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service-dat/fab-dat/fab-dat.md
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@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
13 13
14 14
- [[CAD-dat]] - [[onshape-dat]] - [[drawing-dat]] - [[assembly-dat]] - [[step-dat]]
15 15
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
16 20
## ref
17 21
18 22
- [[mechanics-dat]]
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