motor

-https://www.electrodragon.com/product/n20-high-torque-force-reducing-motor/

-Watch me

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-RPM

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-Specs

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-Dimension

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-

-## In sorting

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-

-

-# Peltier

-

-## working principle

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-

-

-

-## product

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-- [[TEC-12706-DAT]] - [[TEC-12712-DAT]]

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-- 12706 [[SCU1033-DAT]] - 12712 [[SCU1035-DAT]]

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-- cooling kit [[SCU1038-DAT]]

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-## specs

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-dimension / voltage / current / watt / cooling watt / particle pairs / max. temp / internal resistance / sealing tech / assembly pressure

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-## note

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-The side with words are the cooling side, and other side is the warm side.

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-## Demos

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-- demo video of the cooling kit

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4TXLpb_8mY

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-## legacy information

-- https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Thermoelectric_Cooler

-- https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Peltier

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-

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-## Tesing

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-- testing with AA battery

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-

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-- code side normally on works side

-- Heat dissipation should always be implemented when using with large current flow

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-

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-## Ref

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-- [Product link](https://www.electrodragon.com/product/tec1-12706-thermoelectric-peltier-cooler-12v-60w/)

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-# TRIAC-dat

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-- compare to - [[SSR-relay-dat]]

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-

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-## Demo

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-https://t.me/electrodragon3/198

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-## intro of triac

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-A TRIAC (Triode for Alternating Current) is a type of semiconductor device that is used to control the flow of electrical power. It is essentially a bidirectional thyristor, meaning it can conduct current in both directions when triggered, making it particularly useful for AC (alternating current) applications.

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-### Key points about TRIAC:

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-- Bidirectional: Unlike a regular thyristor (which only conducts in one direction), a TRIAC can control the current flow in both directions, making it ideal for AC power control.

-- Triggering: It can be triggered by a small current applied to its gate, after which it allows current to pass through it until the current drops below a certain threshold.

-- Applications: TRIACs are commonly used in light dimmers, motor speed controls, and other devices where AC power needs to be modulated.

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-In short, a TRIAC is a specific type of thyristor designed for efficient AC power control.

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-

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-# TRIAC

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-https://www.electrodragon.com/w/Category:TRIAC

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-## chips

-- BT136 DS - https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/848/bt136-600e-1520534.pdf

-- BTA16 DS - https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/848/BTA16-600B-1375641.pdf

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-## demos

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-- arduino control with large triac - https://t.me/electrodragon3/198

-- arduino control [[SCU1041-dat]] - https://t.me/electrodragon3/185

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-

-## thyristor = 可控硅

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-It is a type of semiconductor device used for controlling high-power electric signals, often in switching applications.

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-

-## MOC Triac driver

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-| Feature | MOC3020 (Random-Phase) | MOC3021 (Random-Phase) | MOC3063 (Zero-Cross) |

-|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|

-| **Triggering Behavior** | Random-phase (non–zero–cross); triggers at any point in AC cycle | Random-phase (non–zero–cross); similar to MOC3020 but optimized for lower LED drive | Zero–cross; triggers only near the AC waveform’s zero point, reducing EMI and inrush current |

-| **LED Trigger Current** | Typical trigger current ~30 mA | Typical trigger current ~15 mA | Optimized for zero–cross operation (exact value varies per datasheet) |

-| **Applications** | Phase–control applications (lamp dimmers, motor controls) | Phase–control applications where a lower drive current is desired | AC switching (solid state relays, noise reduction, on/off control) |

-| **Isolation Voltage** | 5,000 Vrms | 5,000 Vrms | 5,000 Vrms |

-| **Off-State Output Voltage**| Minimum 400 V | Minimum 400 V | Minimum 400 V |

-| **dV/dt Rating** | Typically ≥1000 V/µs | Typically ≥1000 V/µs | May be optimized for zero–cross switching (check datasheet for specifics) |

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-# actuator

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-- [[piezo-dat]]

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-- [[TRIAC-dat]]

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-- [[relay-dat]] - [[SSR-relay-dat]]

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-- [[servo-dat]]

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-- [[mosfet-dat]]

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-- [[motor-dat]] - [[vibrator-dat]] - [[dc-motor-dat]]

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-- [[motor-driver-dat]]

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-## Boards

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-- [[SCU1080-dat]] - [[SCU1030-dat]]

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-- [[SCU1050-dat]]

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-## ref

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-- [[sensor-dat]]

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-- [[tech-dat]]

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-# fan-driver-dat

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-The EMC2301 is an SMBus compliant fan controller with a PWM fan driver. The fan driver is controlled by a programmable frequency PWM driver and Fan Speed Control algorithm that operates in either a closed loop fashion or as a directly PWM-controlled device.

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-https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/emc2301

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-# inductive load dat

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-

-

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-## AC Inductive Load

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-- RC Snubber Board - https://www.electrodragon.com/product/2pcs-ac-kickback-absorb-board-inductive-load/

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-

-

-## Cause analysis

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-### ground bounce

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-Almost always, RS232 disconnects are from something called ground bounce, which means that some inductive device like a motor or a solenoid puts a lot of power onto the ground. When that happens, the signaling, which is relative to ground, can end up being high or low.

-

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-### float ground by seperated power supply

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-The problem is worse when the systems all share a ground. If you powered the new board with a battery, not a power supply, this can help to float the ground. Or, if the PC is a laptop, disconnect from the wall and run it on battery. Try that first if you haven’t. if you haven’t tried, change the cycle time, where maybe the motor is on 5 seconds and then off 5 second. That makes it easier to see when the error happens- at the start or the stop of the motor. If the start, it is going to be a voltage drop on the RS232 chip, and a local capacitor of 5uf or so can make a huge difference. If this happens with the motor turning off, this is almost certainly inductive spike causing a ground bounce.

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-### extra capacitances

-I usually put some extra capacitance on CPU, comms chips, and any logic chips and make sure there is a good ground between them- either a ground plane, or at least a 20mil trace. Same with power. The caps will handle all short term power changes-

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-### power trace

-but you need the larger power traces to get that power to or from the chip before the cap is no longer able to keep voltage in limits.

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-

-### oscilloscope check

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-Do you have a DSO oscilloscope? You will never see this with a power supply meter- you need to check for voltage spikes that are much shorter than 0.1 second. Often, they are more like 0.00001s. If you don’t have that test equipment, I do, and maybe you can send the proto board over with just the bare minimum parts- RS232 chip, motor drive chip, controller. I have motors and all that stuff.

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-

-## Solution Tried

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-- add 100uf capacitors to 5V/GND and 3V3/GND

-- use a seperated 12V/2A battery, USB-RS232 board does not keeping reboot, can still can not be opened COM port to use

-- mosfet control is already optocoupler isolated as the design, and used seperated power supply

-- [[DPR1084-dat]] RS232 board only connects with RXD, TXD, GND, no power supply

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-## Solutions

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-- USB_hub is unstable, cause the RS232 or RS584 connection broke

-

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-## Common Application

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-- involve inductive loads- motors

-- fuel injection

-- solenoids- things

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-# BLDC-dat

-

-BLDC stands for Brushless DC Motor. It is a type of electric motor that operates without brushes, unlike traditional brushed DC motors. BLDC motors are more efficient, durable, and generate less noise because they use electronic commutation instead of mechanical brushes.

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-Key Features of BLDC Motors:

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-- Higher Efficiency: Less energy loss compared to brushed motors.

-- Longer Lifespan: No brushes mean less wear and tear.

-- Low Maintenance: No brush replacements needed.

-- Better Speed Control: Precise control using electronic circuits.

-- Less Heat & Noise: Smooth operation with minimal friction.

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-Common Applications:

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-- Electric Vehicles (EVs)

-- Drones

-- Cooling Fans

-- Air Conditioners

-- Power Tools

-- Industrial Automation

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-## ref

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-- [[motor-dat]]

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-# motor-dat

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-## How to identify the common port of a 4-wire motor:

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-Use the resistance * 1 position of the multimeter to measure the four terminals separately.

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-If the resistance value of one terminal is the smallest and equal to that of the other three terminals, then this terminal is the COM terminal, which is the common terminal.

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-The driver board automatically identifies 3-wire or 4-wire brushless motors,

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-4-wire brushless motors can also be connected without COM lines.

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-

-## BLDC motor with Hall sensors

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-

-### Hall Sensor Brushless Motor (有感无刷有霍尔马达)

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-A "**Hall Sensor Brushless Motor**" (有感无刷有霍尔马达) refers to a **BLDC motor with Hall sensors**, also known as a **sensored BLDC motor**.

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-#### Explanation

-- **Brushless (BLDC):** The motor operates without carbon brushes, using electronic commutation, making it more durable and efficient than brushed motors.

-- **Sensored (Hall Sensors):** The motor has **Hall effect sensors** that detect the rotor's position, enabling precise commutation signals. This ensures **smooth operation, better torque control, and easier startup** compared to sensorless BLDC motors.

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-#### Comparison: Sensored vs. Sensorless BLDC Motors

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-| **Type** | **Sensored BLDC (With Hall Sensors)** | **Sensorless BLDC (Without Hall Sensors)** |

-|---------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------|

-| **Startup Performance** | Smooth startup, stable at low speeds | Difficult startup, vibrations at low speed |

-| **Control Complexity** | Easier control, good for high-load applications | Requires advanced algorithms |

-| **Common Applications** | E-bikes, electric scooters, industrial tools | High-speed, low-load applications like drones & fans |

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-#### Typical Applications

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-- **Electric Vehicles (E-bikes, E-scooters):** Requires smooth low-speed control and high torque.

-- **Industrial Automation:** Used in robotics, CNC machines, and power tools.

-- **Home Appliances:** Found in inverter air conditioners and high-end fans.

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-- [[hall-sensor-dat]]

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-

-

-## NEMA 23 Motor

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-### NEMA 23 Motor Overview

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-A **NEMA 23** motor is a **stepper motor** with a standard **mounting flange size** defined by the **National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)**. It is widely used in CNC machines, 3D printers, robotics, and automation systems.

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-#### Key Features of NEMA 23 Motor

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-##### 1. Frame Size

-- The **NEMA 23** standard specifies that the motor has a **2.3-inch (57.15mm) x 2.3-inch (57.15mm) faceplate size** for mounting.

-- The **length of the motor varies**, affecting torque and power output.

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-##### 2. Stepper Type

-- Most **NEMA 23 motors are stepper motors**, typically **1.8° per step** (200 steps per revolution), but variations exist.

-- Some models have finer step angles (e.g., **0.9° per step**, 400 steps per revolution).

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-##### 3. Torque & Power

-- The **torque** varies based on the motor length and current rating, typically ranging from **0.3 Nm to over 3.0 Nm**.

-- Higher torque versions are often **longer and require higher current**.

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-##### 4. Voltage & Current

-- Operates typically on **12V to 48V** (varies based on driver and application).

-- Current ratings range from **2A to 6A per phase**, depending on the winding configuration.

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-##### 5. Shaft & Wiring

-- Shaft diameter is usually **6.35mm (1/4 inch) or 8mm**.

-- Common wiring configurations: **4-wire, 6-wire, or 8-wire** for unipolar or bipolar operation.

-

-#### Common Applications of NEMA 23 Stepper Motors

-- **CNC Machines** (milling, laser cutters, engraving machines)

-- **3D Printers** (especially for larger or industrial-grade machines)

-- **Robotics & Automation Systems**

-- **Textile and Packaging Machines**

-- **Conveyor Belt Systems**

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-# vibrator-dat

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-- [[SCU1028-dat]] - [[SCU1029-dat]]

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-# motor-driver-dat

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-[legacy wiki page](https://www.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Driver_Board)

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-## Board

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-- [[SDR1040-dat]] - [[SDR1102-dat]] - [[SDR1109-dat]] - [[SDR1048-dat]] - [[SDR1059-dat]] - [[SDR1050-dat]]

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-- [[SDR1090-dat]] - [[SDR1079-dat]] - [[SDR1062-dat]]

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-## chips

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-- [[ti-motor-dat]]

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-- [[toshiba-dat]]

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-## stepper motor

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-- [[A4988-dat]] - [[TB67H450-dat]] - [[TB6612-dat]] - [[LV8729-dat]]

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-- [[L293-dat]] - [[L298-dat]]

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-- [[DRV8833-dat]] - [[DRV8825-dat]] - [[drv8837-dat]] - [[drv8313-dat]]

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-- [[ULN2003-dat]]

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-- [[PCA9685-dat]]

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-## Chip function lists

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-- overcurrent / thermal shutdown protection / microstepping / precise motor control

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-## ref

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-- [[FOC-dat]]

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-# piezo-dat

-

-

-# SSR-relay-dat

-

-

-

-## drawbacks of the SSR relay

-

-While SSRs offer numerous advantages over mechanical relays, they also have some drawbacks:

-

-- Temperature Sensitivity: SSRs can be sensitive to high temperatures, which can affect their performance and lifespan. Operating them within their specified temperature range is crucial.

-- Turn-on Surge Current: SSRs can draw a large surge current during turn-on, which can cause voltage drops in the power supply or damage sensitive loads. This can be mitigated by using surge suppressors or soft-start circuits.

-- Higher Cost: SSRs are generally more expensive than mechanical relays, especially for high-current applications.

-- Limited Current and Voltage Ratings: SSRs have limitations on the maximum current and voltage they can handle. Exceeding these limits can lead to damage or failure.

-- Susceptibility to Transient Voltages: SSRs can be sensitive to transient voltages, which can cause premature failure. Proper shielding and grounding can help protect them from these transients.

-- Potential for Latching: In some cases, SSRs can latch on or off, making it difficult to control their state. This can be prevented by using appropriate drive circuits and control methods.

-

-

-

-## standalone type SSR relay

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-

-

-

-

-

-## PCB Type of SSR relay

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-output - 2A/240V

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-

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-output - 5V/240V

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-

-

-## SSR VS TRIAC

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-| Feature | TRIAC | Solid State Relay (SSR) |

-| --------------- | ------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------- |

-| Basic Function | AC power control through triggering | Switching AC or DC loads with isolation |

-| Structure | Single semiconductor device | Complete isolated switching unit |

-| Triggering | Directly through gate terminal | Low-voltage control signal (AC or DC) |

-| Isolation | No inherent isolation | Opto-isolation between control and load sides |

-| Switching Speed | Fast but can be noisy with inductive loads | Fast, smooth, and silent switching |

-| Durability | Moderate (affected by wear and tear) | High (no mechanical parts) |

-| Applications | Light dimming, motor control, heaters | Industrial automation, temperature control |

-| Cost | Lower | Higher, but with added features |

-

-

-### Choosing Guide:

-

-- If **safety** and **isolation** are critical (e.g., in industrial environments or sensitive electronics), an SSR is usually the better choice.

-- For **simple AC power control** and **cost-sensitive applications**, especially where isolation isn't a concern, a TRIAC will suffice.

-- If you’re dealing with **high-frequency switching, inductive loads**, or need reliable performance in harsh environments, an SSR would be preferable.

-- For **microcontroller-based projects** that require easy, safe switching, go with an SSR due to its ease of interfacing and built-in isolation.

-

-

-In summary:

-

-- **Choose TRIAC** if you need basic AC control, minimal cost, and don't require isolation.

-- **Choose SSR** if you need isolation, durability, fast switching, or you’re controlling sensitive systems or loads frequently.

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-## test of SSR

-

-

-

-## datasheet

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-- [[omron-dat]]

-

-

-## ref

-

-- [[relay]] - [[relay-dat]] - [[ssr-relay]]

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-# relay dat

-

-- legacy wiki page - https://w.electrodragon.com/w/Category:Relay

-

-### SPST relay

-

-HF32F-G-5-HS

-- Common - open,

-- 10A

-- 250VAC or 30VDC

-

-

-

-### Relay types and vendors

-

-

-- [[songle-dat]] - [[hongfa-dat]] - [[omron-dat]]

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-- [[SSR-relay-dat]]

-

-## relay control schematic

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-## using N-mos mosfet control

-

-

-

-## using NPN transistor drive

-

-

-

-- [[transistor-dat]]

-

-

-### fly back diode

-

-A flyback diode (also known as a freewheeling diode or reverse protection diode) is used to protect a relay or other inductive loads. When the relay coil is de-energized, it generates a high voltage reverse current (called back EMF) due to its inductive nature. This reverse current can damage other components in the control circuit.

-

-To prevent this, a flyback diode is typically placed in parallel with the relay coil. The diode allows normal current to flow through the coil when the relay is energized, but when the relay is turned off, the diode provides a low-resistance path for the stored energy to dissipate, preventing the high voltage spike from damaging the circuit.

-

-### how to choose fly back diode

-

-- [[diode-dat]]

-

-Choosing the right flyback diode involves considering the following key factors:

-

-1. Diode Type:

-Standard diodes like 1N4007 are commonly used for slower switching relays.

-Fast recovery diodes like 1N5819 or Schottky diodes may be necessary if the relay is switching quickly or if you need fast recovery times.

-

-2. Voltage Rating:

-The reverse voltage rating of the diode should be at least twice the supply voltage to ensure the diode can handle the reverse voltage spikes from the inductive load. For example, if the relay operates on a 12V supply, a diode with a voltage rating of at least 24V is recommended.

-

-3. Current Rating:

-The current rating of the diode should be equal to or greater than the current flowing through the relay coil. To determine the required current rating, check the current drawn by the relay's coil (usually provided in the relay datasheet). Choose a diode that can handle this current continuously.

-

-4. Switching Speed:

-If the relay operates at high switching frequencies, you may need a diode with fast recovery characteristics. Schottky diodes, for instance, have lower forward voltage drop and faster switching times, making them ideal for high-speed applications.

-

-5. Power Dissipation:

-Ensure that the diode can handle the power dissipation, which is a function of the voltage drop across the diode and the current passing through it. Diodes with low forward voltage (like Schottky diodes) can help minimize power loss.

-

-6. Package Type:

-Choose a package type (e.g., through-hole or surface-mount) based on your circuit design and the space available on the PCB.

-

-Example Selection:

-

-For a 12V relay drawing 0.5A, a 1N4007 diode (rated for 1000V, 1A) would be a suitable and cost-effective choice for general applications.

-For fast-switching applications, a 1N5819 Schottky diode (rated 40V, 1A) might be a better option due to its fast recovery time and lower forward voltage.

-

-## ref

-

-- [[relay]]

-

-# servo

-

-

-## products

-

-- Micro servo - [[SCU1030-DAT]] - [[SCU1031-dat]]

-- MG995 micro servo - [[SCU1012-DAT]]

-

-## Knowledge

-

-The control of the steering gear generally requires a time base pulse of about 20ms. The high level part of the pulse is generally the angle control pulse part in the range of 0.5ms-2.5ms, and the total interval is 2ms.

-Taking the 180-degree angle servo as an example, the corresponding control relationship is as follows:

-

-- 0.5ms------------ 0 degrees;

-- 1.0ms------------ 45 degrees;

-- 1.5ms------------ 90 degrees;

-- 2.0ms------------ 135 degrees;

-- 2.5ms------------ 180 degrees;

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-

-

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-

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-# stepper-dat

-

-## robot tank with camera

-- https://github.com/YahboomTechnology/Raspberry-pi-G1-Tank

-## tech

-- [[RPI-dat]] - [[camera-dat]] - [[PS2-console-dat]]

-- [[Camera-dat]] - [[RC-car-dat]] - [[video-transmission-dat]]

-- [[video-rc-car-dat]]

-- add information for [[fiber-optic-transceiver-dat]]

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