bat

+

+

+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat

+

+

+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]]

+

+

+

+# Li-Po-battery-dat

+

+

+

+

+- ExtremelySafe

+- Light-weighted

+- Versatileinnature

+- Low self-discharge level

+- Thin with huge capacity

+

+

+## Lithium Polymer Batteries

+

+### Overview

+Lithium Polymer batteries use a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte, making them more efficient and safer. This technology appeared in the 1970s and has recently been adopted in smartphones. LiPo batteries are versatile and available in various shapes and sizes.

+

+### Merits

+1. **Extremely Safe**: LiPo batteries have flexible aluminum packaging that protects them from explosions or hazardous situations.

+2. **Lightweight**: They are highly portable due to the absence of heavy metals or liquid electrolytes.

+3. **Versatile**: LiPo batteries can be customized into different shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design.

+4. **Low Self-Discharge**: They have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they retain charge well when not in use.

+5. **High Capacity**: Despite being thin (even below one millimeter), LiPo batteries have high capacities and are 10 to 15% stronger than other batteries of the same size.

+

+### Demerits

+

+1. **High Cost**: LiPo batteries are more expensive compared to other battery types of the same size and specifications.

+2. **Lower Energy Density**: They are less efficient in terms of energy density and have fewer charge cycles compared to Li-Ion batteries.

+3. **Shorter Lifespan**: The decay cycle of LiPo batteries is shorter, making them less long-lasting than Li-Ion batteries.

+

+

+## Compare

+

+

+

+

+

+

+## Li-ion VS Li-Poly Battery

+

+| Feature | **Li-ion Battery** | **Li-Poly Battery** |

+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|

+| **Electrolyte** | Liquid or gel electrolyte. Requires a hard casing to contain the liquid. Can be more volatile and prone to leakage if damaged. | Solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte. More stable, flexible, and less prone to leakage. |

+| **Shape/Size** | Typically **cylindrical** or **prismatic** in rigid, metal casings. Bulkier design, limiting shape flexibility. | Can be made in **custom shapes** and **sizes**, including thinner, flat, or flexible designs, allowing for more space-efficient configurations. |

+| **Weight/Size** | **Heavier** due to metal casing. Bulkier, typically used for larger devices. | **Lighter** and **more compact** due to the flexible polymer casing, ideal for small, thin devices like smartphones and wearables. |

+| **Energy Density** | Generally **higher energy density**, meaning more power for the same weight and volume. This gives longer battery life in large devices. | **Lower energy density** than Li-ion batteries, meaning slightly shorter battery life per charge, but improvements in technology can minimize this difference. |

+| **Durability/Safety** | **Less durable**; susceptible to damage, leakage, or fire if punctured or overcharged. Requires more protective circuitry to prevent overheating and short circuits. | **More durable and safer**; less prone to leakage, rupture, or combustion. It has a lower risk of damage, making it safer in small, thin devices. |

+| **Charging Speed** | Can **charge faster** due to higher energy density, and faster charging systems are more commonly available. | **Slower charging speed** compared to Li-ion due to higher resistance in the polymer electrolyte, though the difference can be minor depending on the device. |

+| **Lifespan** | Typically lasts **longer** (500-1000 charge cycles), especially for larger applications like laptops, power tools, and electric vehicles. | **Shorter lifespan** (300-500 cycles) compared to Li-ion, though this may be less of an issue in smaller devices or low-drain applications. |

+| **Applications** | Commonly used in **larger, power-demanding devices** such as laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools where higher energy density is a priority. | More often used in **smaller, portable electronics** like smartphones, drones, wearables, and tablets, where compact size and flexibility are important. |

+| **Cost** | **More cost-effective** per unit of energy and storage, especially in larger battery configurations. | **Slightly more expensive** to manufacture due to the polymer design and materials used. |

+| **Performance in Extreme Temperatures** | Li-ion batteries generally have a **wider operating temperature range**, but may degrade faster in high or low temperatures. | Li-Poly batteries are more **sensitive to extreme temperatures**, potentially leading to quicker degradation in high heat or low cold, though this can depend on the specific chemistry used. |

+| **Environmental Impact** | **Higher environmental impact** due to the complexity of materials and disposal, though efforts are being made for recycling improvements. | Typically **lower environmental impact**, with polymer materials that can be easier to recycle than the metals used in Li-ion batteries. However, both types still have significant environmental concerns. |

+

+

+# NCA-dat

+

+镍（Nickel）、钴（Cobalt）、铝（Aluminium）

+

+

+

+# NCM-dat

+

+镍（Nickel）、钴（Cobalt）、锰（Manganese）

+

+

+# battery-NCM-NCA-dat

+

+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCM-dat/NCM-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/NCA-dat/NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat/Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]

+

+Ternary Lithium (NCM / NCA)

+

+**Ternary batteries** use a combination of Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese (or Aluminium) for the cathode.

+

+* **High Energy Density:** These batteries are **lighter and smaller** for the same capacity. For a 4-servo robot where weight is a critical factor for mobility, this is a major advantage.

+* **High Voltage & Power:** The nominal voltage is **3.7V** (charging up to 4.2V). This higher voltage allows servos to provide more torque and higher speeds.

+* **Better Cold Resistance:** They maintain efficiency much better than LFP in cold environments.

+* **Drawbacks:** They have lower thermal stability (higher fire risk if damaged) and a shorter cycle life, typically between **800 and 1,500 cycles**.

+

+

+# Ternary-Lithium-Battery-dat.md (NCM/NCA)

+

+

+Ternary lithium batteries (**NCM or NCA**) are a type of **lithium-ion battery** that use **Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Manganese (Mn) or Aluminum (Al)** as the primary cathode materials. They are widely used in **electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and consumer electronics** due to their **high energy density and long cycle life**.

+

+---

+

+## **Features of Ternary Lithium Batteries**

+1. **High Energy Density**

+ - Higher than lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, providing longer driving ranges.

+2. **Excellent Charge/Discharge Performance**

+ - Supports high-power charging and discharging, making fast charging possible.

+3. **Better Low-Temperature Performance**

+ - Performs better than LFP batteries in cold environments.

+4. **Shorter Cycle Life**

+ - Typically **1,000–2,000 cycles**, compared to **4,000+ cycles for LFP batteries**.

+5. **Lower Safety**

+ - **More prone to thermal runaway**, requiring advanced battery management systems (BMS) and cooling solutions.

+6. **Higher Cost**

+ - **Cobalt is expensive and scarce**, increasing production costs.

+

+---

+

+## **Comparison: NCM vs. NCA**

+| Type | Main Composition | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Cost | Safety | Main Applications |

+|-------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|------|------|----------------|

+| **NCM** (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese) | Ni, Co, Mn | High | Medium | High | Medium | Passenger EVs, power tools |

+| **NCA** (Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum) | Ni, Co, Al | Higher | Slightly lower | Higher | Lower | Tesla EVs |

+

+- **NCM batteries** offer a balanced performance.

+- **NCA batteries** provide the highest energy density but are more prone to overheating. Tesla primarily uses NCA batteries.

+

+---

+

+## **Ternary Lithium vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)**

+| Feature | Ternary Lithium (NCM/NCA) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) |

+|----------|----------------------|----------------------|

+| **Energy Density** | High (200–300Wh/kg) | Low (140–180Wh/kg) |

+| **Cycle Life** | 1,000–2,000 cycles | 4,000–8,000 cycles |

+| **Safety** | Lower, prone to thermal runaway | High, stable at high temperatures |

+| **Low-Temperature Performance** | Good, operates at -20°C | Poor, significant capacity loss in cold weather |

+| **Cost** | High (due to expensive cobalt & nickel) | Lower (cobalt-free, cheaper materials) |

+| **Applications** | High-end EVs, consumer electronics | Budget EVs, energy storage |

+

+---

+

+## **Applications of Ternary Lithium Batteries**

+1. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**

+ - Used by **Tesla (NCA), BYD, NIO, XPeng, Li Auto**, and other manufacturers.

+2. **Power Tools**

+ - Common in **electric drills, saws, and screwdrivers** that require high power.

+3. **Consumer Electronics**

+ - Found in **smartphones, laptops, and tablets**.

+

+---

+

+## **Future Trends**

+- **High-Nickel Batteries** (Reducing cobalt to lower costs, e.g., NCM811)

+- **Solid-State Batteries** (Improving safety and energy density)

+- **Recycling and Sustainability** (Reducing environmental impact)

+

+

+

+## ref

+

+

+# li-ion-battery-dat

+

+

+

+

+## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery

+

+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24

+

+constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply

+

+

+## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)

+

+Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.

+

+- [[battery-charger-dat]]

+

+- [[BMS-dat]]

+

+

+

+## ref

+

+

+# battery-LFP-20S-dat

+

+- [[battery-volumn-dat]]

+

+- [[battery-LFP-20S-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-pack-dat]]

+

+## 20S2P

+

+

+

+

+

+## protector

+

+

+

+

+## ref

+

+

+

+

+# battery-LFP-dat

+

+

+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]

+

+- [[battery-pack-dat]]

+

+- [[blade-battery-dat]]

+

+- [[32650-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]

+

+- [[battery-rechargerable-dat]] - [[battery-LI-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-dat]]

+

+legacy wiki page == https://www.electrodragon.com/w/LFP_Battery

+

+

+这种电池通常被称为“铁锂”。它的正极材料使用的是磷酸铁锂。

+

+

+## LFP charger

+

+- [[TP5000-dat]] - [[TP-dat]]

+

+

+

+## battery order link

+

+https://www.electrodragon.com/product/special-offer-series-limited-qty-1/

+

+

+

+## info

+

+== LFP == LiFePO4-Battery == Lithium Iron Phosphate == LiFePO₄

+

+LiFePO₄ (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is a type of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, but it uses iron phosphate (FePO₄) as the cathode material instead of more commonly used materials like cobalt, manganese, or nickel.

+

+Key Characteristics:

+

+Chemistry: The main difference lies in the cathode material. LiFePO₄ batteries use iron phosphate instead of traditional lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) or other lithium-based cathode materials used in regular Li-ion batteries.

+

+

+

+A **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. It is known for its durability, safety, and efficiency, making it ideal for a variety of applications.

+

+## Key Features and Benefits:

+

+1. **Long Lifespan**

+ - Typically lasts for **2,000–5,000 charge cycles** or more, compared to 300–500 cycles for lead-acid batteries.

+ - Highly durable and cost-effective over time.

+

+2. **Safety**

+ - Chemically stable, with a lower risk of overheating or catching fire compared to other lithium-ion batteries.

+ - Less prone to thermal runaway.

+

+3. **Lightweight**

+ - Significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, ideal for portable applications.

+

+4. **High Energy Density**

+ - Provides high energy capacity relative to size and weight. Outperforms lead-acid batteries, though less energy-dense than some lithium-ion types.

+

+5. **Wide Temperature Range**

+ - Performs efficiently between **-20°C and 60°C**.

+

+6. **Fast Charging**

+ - Can accept higher charge currents, allowing faster recharging.

+

+7. **Low Self-Discharge**

+ - Retains charge for long periods when not in use.

+

+8. **Environmentally Friendly**

+ - Free of toxic heavy metals like lead or cadmium and more recyclable than other batteries.

+

+---

+

+## Common Applications:

+1. **Solar Power Systems**

+ - Used in residential and off-grid solar setups for energy storage.

+

+2. **Electric Vehicles (EVs)**

+ - Popular for e-bikes, e-scooters, and some electric cars due to safety and longevity.

+

+3. **Marine and RV Batteries**

+ - Ideal for boats, campers, and caravans due to lightweight and deep-cycle performance.

+

+4. **Backup Power**

+ - Used in UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) and energy storage systems.

+

+5. **Portable Electronics**

+ - Found in power tools, medical devices, and portable power banks.

+

+6. **Treasure Hunting/Outdoor Activities**

+ - Useful for portable metal detectors and outdoor equipment due to durability and long-lasting power.

+

+---

+

+## Comparison with Lead-Acid Batteries:

+

+| Feature | LiFePO4 Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |

+|--------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|

+| Lifespan | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 300–500 cycles |

+| Weight | ~50% lighter | Heavier |

+| Maintenance | Maintenance-free | Requires maintenance |

+| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80–100% | 50–60% |

+| Energy Efficiency | ~95% | ~70% |

+| Charging Time | 2–4 hours (fast charging) | 6–12 hours |

+

+

+

+

+

+## Key Differences Between LiFePO4 and Lithium-Ion Batteries

+

+| Feature | **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)** | **Generic Lithium-Ion (e.g., LiCoO₂)** |

+|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|

+| **Chemistry** | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), etc. |

+| **Lifespan** | 2,000–5,000+ cycles | 500–1,000 cycles |

+| **Energy Density** | Lower (~90–120 Wh/kg) | Higher (~150–250 Wh/kg) |

+| **Safety** | Extremely safe, resistant to overheating or fire | Less safe, more prone to overheating and thermal runaway |

+| **Cost** | Typically more expensive upfront | Less expensive upfront |

+| **Weight** | Slightly heavier | Lighter |

+| **Temperature Range** | Performs well in wide temperatures (-20°C to 60°C) | Narrower operating range |

+| **Discharge Rate** | Can handle high discharge rates | May degrade faster under high discharge |

+| **Environmental Impact** | More eco-friendly, contains no cobalt | May use cobalt, which has environmental and ethical concerns |

+

+## Why is LiFePO4 considered a type of lithium-ion battery?

+

+Both LiFePO4 and other lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes.

+

+The key difference lies in the cathode material (正极材料):

+- LiFePO4 uses **lithium iron phosphate**. (磷酸铁锂)

+- Generic lithium-ion batteries often use **cobalt-based chemistries** (e.g., LiCoO₂). (基于钴的化学材料)

+

+

+## When to Choose LiFePO4 Over Other Lithium-Ion Chemistries?

+

+1. Safety is a priority:

+LiFePO4 is more thermally stable and less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode.

+

+2. Long lifespan needed:

+Ideal for applications requiring thousands of charge/discharge cycles (e.g., solar systems, EVs, backup power).

+

+3. High discharge/charge rates:

+Suitable for applications like power tools or outdoor equipment.

+

+4. Eco-consciousness:

+LiFePO4 batteries are free of cobalt, which is often associated with environmental and ethical issues.

+

+

+

+

+

+## safest battery - Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)

+

+The safest batteries to use, especially in terms of preventing fires or explosions, are Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. They are known for their thermal and chemical stability compared to other lithium-ion batteries. Here are some key points about them:

+

+- Safety: LiFePO4 batteries are less likely to overheat, catch fire, or explode because of their higher thermal runaway threshold. They also have better stability during overcharging and short-circuit conditions.

+- Longer lifespan: These batteries tend to last longer than other types, reducing the need for frequent replacements.

+- Stable chemistry: Their chemical structure is more resistant to thermal changes, which makes them safer even in extreme conditions.

+

+- LiFePO4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07BS6QY3wI8&ab_channel=HighTechLab

+

+

+

+

+## example

+

+xiaolu - 3.2V15AH == 48Wh // 20x 48wh == 1000 Wh == 1kWh == 64V

+

+

+

+

+## ref

+

+- [[battery-pack]]

+

+- [[battery-LFP]] - [[li-battery-material]] - [[li-battery]]

+

+

+# battery-LFP-pack-dat

+

+- [[battery-LFP-20S-dat]] - [[battery-LFP-pack-dat]]

+

+- [[battery-capacity-dat]]

+

+# blade-battery-dat

+

+- [[BYD-dat]] - [[CATL-dat]] - [[EVE-dat]]

+

+- [[LFP-dat]]

+

+- [[solar-power-dat]]

+

+- [[battery-system-dat]] - [[battery-dat]]

+

+

+

+## specs

+

+

+

+149 - 18 - 99

+

+亿纬 - 3.7v - 19.5AH - (高倍率30c）

+

+

+## ref

+

+- [[LFP-dat]]

+

+## battery li types

+

+All three of these options belong to the broader **lithium battery** family. However, differences in their **internal chemistry (cathode materials or electrolyte states)** result in distinct characteristics regarding safety, lifespan, energy density (runtime), and physical form factors.

+

+Here is a quick summary of how they fit into practical applications:

+* **Li-ion (Standard Lithium-Ion):** The dependable long-distance runner. It offers a highly balanced blend of energy density and cost-effectiveness (e.g., standard 18650/21700 cylindrical cells).

+* **Li-po (Lithium Polymer):** The shape-shifter. It can be made incredibly thin, lightweight, and molded into custom shapes tailored to slim consumer tech.

+* **LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate / LFP):** The rugged tank. It is highly resilient, features an exceptionally long cycle life, and is incredibly safe, though it carries more weight.

+

+---

+

+## 1. Technical and Chemical Specifications Comparison

+

+To visualize the engineering trade-offs, we can compare their performance metrics side-by-side:

+

+| Specification Dimension | Li-ion (Standard Lithium-Ion) | Li-po (Lithium Polymer) | LiFePO4 (LFP / Lithium Iron Phosphate) |

+| :---------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------- |

+| **Cathode Material** | NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) | NMC / LCO (Similar chemistry to Li-ion) | LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) |

+| **Electrolyte State** | Liquid Electolyte | Solid or Gel-like Polymer | Liquid Electrolyte |

+| **Nominal / Full Voltage** | 3.6V - 3.7V / **4.2V** | 3.7V - 3.8V / **4.2V - 4.35V** | 3.2V / **3.65V** |

+| **Discharge Cut-off Voltage** | Typically 2.5V - 3.0V | Typically 3.0V | Typically 2.0V - 2.5V |

+| **Energy Density (Runtime)** | **High** (Compact and power-dense) | **Very High** (Best capacity-to-weight ratio) | **Lower** (Heavier and bulkier for the same capacity) |

+| **Cycle Life** | ~500 - 1,000 cycles | ~300 - 800 cycles | **Exceptional: 2,000 - 5,000+ cycles** |

+| **Safety Profile** | Moderate (Prone to thermal runaway if abused) | Lower (Prone to swelling, highly sensitive to punctures) | **Extremely High** (Very stable, will not explode during puncture tests) |

+| **Common Packaging** | Rigid metal cylinder (18650) or aluminum can | Soft aluminum-laminated pouch | Cylindrical steel cans (32700) or large prismatic blocks |

+

+---

+

+## 2. In-Depth Breakdown: Pros, Cons, and Use Cases

+

+### 🔋 Li-ion (Standard Lithium-Ion, e.g., Cylindrical 18650 / 21700)

+* **Design & Mechanics:** Contains a liquid electrolyte inside a rigid steel or aluminum casing. This heavy-duty metal housing keeps the liquid secure and handles high internal pressures.

+* **Pros:** Highly mature technology, highly standardized across manufacturing lines, and **cost-effective**. Packs a high amount of energy into a compact volume.

+* **Cons:** Fixed rigid shapes limit form-factor integration. In rare cases of catastrophic failure, the rigid metal cylinder can act like a pressure vessel, increasing explosion risks.

+* **Common Applications:** Laptop battery packs, power tools, high-intensity flashlights, e-bikes, and robotics mobile platforms (e.g., Rover drive-train power).

+

+### 📱 Li-po (Lithium Polymer Pouches)

+* **Design & Mechanics:** Replaces the free-flowing liquid electrolyte with a **gel-like or solid polymer matrix**. It sheds the heavy metal shell in favor of a soft, flexible aluminum-laminated foil pouch.

+* **Pros:** **Extremely low profile and lightweight**. Can be manufactured in almost any shape or thickness. Offers exceptionally high discharge rates (high C-ratings) for quick power bursts.

+* **Cons:** Very vulnerable to physical damage; a sharp object can easily puncture the pouch. Prone to **swelling (off-gassing)** as the battery ages or degrades. Typically more expensive to manufacture.

+* **Common Applications:** Smartphones, tablets, RC drones, smartwatches, and ultra-thin laptops.

+

+### 🛠️ LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate / LFP)

+* **Design & Mechanics:** Features an olivine crystal structure in the iron-phosphate cathode. This molecular arrangement is exceptionally robust and remains stable even under high heat or electrical abuse.

+* **Pros:**

+ 1. **Incredible Longevity:** Easily lasts over 10 years of daily full cycles—often 4 to 5 times longer than other lithium variations.

+ 2. **Unmatched Safety:** Highly resistant to thermal runaway. Even under severe damage like a nail-puncture test or short-circuits, it will vent smoke without bursting into flames.

+* **Cons:** **Heavier and bulkier** (energy density is roughly 30% to 40% lower than standard NMC lithium options). Performance drops noticeably in cold sub-zero environments.

+* **Common Applications:** Electric vehicles (EVs), solar energy storage walls, portable camping power stations, and UPS backup power systems.

+

+---

+

+> 💡 **Component Selection Guide:**

+> * Choose **Li-po (Polymer)** if your hardware project demands **minimal weight, ultra-thin profiles, or high instantaneous burst currents** (e.g., quadcopters or slim handheld devices).

+> * Choose **Li-ion (Cylindrical Cells)** if you need an **affordable, balanced power source with high energy density** enclosed in a protective physical frame (e.g., standard robotic drivetrains or custom battery modules).

+> * Choose **LiFePO4 (LFP)** if weight is not a constraint, the system is installed in a fixed location, and you prioritize **maximum safety along with a multi-decade operational lifespan** (e.g., home energy storage or stationary backup systems).

+

+

+

+

+

+

+# li-battery-material-dat

+

+- [[battery-LFP-dat]]

+

+- [[battery-NCM-NCA-dat]]

+-

+

+

+

+- [[NCA-dat]] - [[NCM-dat]]

+

+

+- [[battery-li-dat]]

+

+

+

+

+## LFP vs ternary lithium batteries.

+

+Technical Summary Table

+

+| Feature | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) | Ternary Lithium (NCM) |

+| :----------------------- | :--------------------------- | :----------------------------- |

+| **Nominal Cell Voltage** | 3.2V | 3.7V |

+| **Cycle Life** | 2000 - 5000 times | 800 - 1500 times |

+| **Energy Density** | Lower (Heavier) | High (Lighter) |

+| **Safety** | Excellent (Stable) | Average (Thermal runaway risk) |

+| **High Temp Resistance** | Excellent | Average |

+

+

+

+

+| **Battery Type** | **Common Sizes** | **Applications** |

+| ------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |

+| **Cylindrical Batteries** | 18650, 21700, 26650 | Laptops, electric vehicles, power banks, flashlights |

+| **Prismatic Batteries** | Custom sizes, 50mm x 70mm - 100mm x 150mm | Electric vehicles, energy storage, industrial applications |

+| **Pouch Batteries** | Custom sizes | Smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, drones, EVs |

+| **Coin Cell Batteries** | CR2032, CR2025 | Watches, medical devices, remote controls |

+| Type | Size (mm) | Capacity Range (approx.) | Common Uses |

+| ----- | --------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------- |

+| 14500 | 14 x 50 | 600–1000 mAh | Flashlights, small electronics |

+| 16340 | 16 x 34 | 700–1400 mAh | Flashlights, laser pointers |

+| 18350 | 18 x 35 | 800–1400 mAh | Compact flashlights, vaping mods |

+| 18650 | 18 x 65 | 1800–3500+ mAh | Laptops, power banks, e-bikes |

+| 21700 | 21 x 70 | 3000–5000+ mAh | Electric cars, high-performance tools |

+| 26650 | 26 x 65 | 4000–6000+ mAh | Flashlights, power tools, e-bikes |

+| 32650 | 32 x 65 | 6000–7000+ mAh | Energy storage, high-capacity uses |

+

+# li-ion-battery-dat

+

+

+

+

+## How to revive / repair / fix a li-ion battery

+

+- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-rqGF3NW8M&list=PLNgzTn8HTYzZhmBzrffCIMSWORd4BJm_l&index=24

+

+constant charging by a 4.3V 300mA CC/CV power supply

+

+

+## Check the Battery's Protection Circuit (BMS)

+

+Some lithium batteries have a protection circuit that cuts off charging if the voltage drops too low (below 2.5V or so). In some cases, you may need to bypass or reset the BMS to allow charging again. However, this can be risky, and it’s not recommended unless you’re experienced with battery repair.

+

+- [[battery-charger-dat]]

+

+- [[BMS-dat]]

+

+

+

+## ref

+

+# li-battery-app-dat

+

+### By Apps

+

+Robot tank battery

+

+3x 3000mAH x 3.7 == 33.3 Wh / 12.5V == **2.66 Ah (2660 mAh)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+for electric-bike, electric-kart, electric-scooter, electric-skateboard, etc

+

+

+

+- [[power-tools-dat]] - [[Electric-tools-battery-dat]]

+

+3x 18650

+

+

+

+

+

+power tool battery == 3S=3P/6P/6P == 15 batteries

+

+

+

+- [[battery-pack-dat]]

+

+

+single-unit large battery

+

+48V / 200AH

+

+

+

+3S10P == 30 batteries == 12V 30000 mAH

+

+

+

+3S5P == 15 batteries == 12V 15000 mAH

+

+

+

+

+

+

+## calculata density

+

+If the battery voltage is 72V, you can use the following formula to calculate the energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh):

+

+Energy (kWh) = (Battery Capacity (AH) × Voltage (V)) / 1000

+

+Substituting the values:

+

+Energy (kWh) = (50 AH × 72 V) / 1000 = 3.6 kWh

+

+So, a 50AH battery with a voltage of 72V equals 3.6 kWh.

+

+

+To calculate how many kilometers can be traveled per 1 kWh, we need to divide the total range (100-150 km) by the total energy (3.6 kWh).

+

+For the lower range (100 km): Kilometers per kWh = 100 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 27.78 km/kWh

+

+For the higher range (150 km): Kilometers per kWh = 150 km / 3.6 kWh ≈ 41.67 km/kWh

+

+**So, for each 1 kWh, the vehicle can travel between 27.78 km and 41.67 km depending on conditions.**

+

+

+

+## ref

+

+

+- [[li-battery-app]] - [[lithium-battery]]

+

+- [[power-dat]]